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In this article, we explore how women in different social classes had differential access to resources and services to enhance their 'wellness'-resulting in classed roles in alcohol consumption. We analyse data from a qualitative study on alcohol by midlife women in South Australia and employ the analogy of a 'toolkit' in order to understand the structural patterning of 'wellness tools'. Bourdieu's relational model of class guides our exploration of women's inequitable opportunities for wellness. Higher social class women had 'choices' facilitated by bulging wellness toolkits, such as yoga, exercise and healthy eating regimens-alcohol consumption was not essential to promoting 'wellness' and did not have an important place in their toolkits. Middle-class women had less well-stocked toolkits and consumed alcohol in a 'compensation approach' with other wellness tools. Alcohol consumption received positive recognition and was a legitimised form of enjoyment, fun and socialising, which needed counterbalancing with healthy activities. Working-class women had sparse toolkits-other than alcohol-which was a tool for dealing with life's difficulties. Their focus was less on 'promoting wellness' and more on 'managing challenging circumstances'. Our social class-based analysis is nestled within the sociology of consumption and sociological critiques of the wellness industry.

Government responses to COVID-19 have dramatically altered the social quality of daily circumstances. Consequently, theoretical questions about social cohesion require recalibration as we explore new models of social quality. Central to this article is trust, one of the fundamental tenets of social cohesion. We present data from interviews with 40 women in midlife (45–64 years) regarding their everyday experiences of “life in lockdown” during the pandemic. Key themes focus on women’s (dis)trust in individuals (e.g., politicians, public health experts, family, themselves) and systems (e.g., politics, medicine, the media). This study provides insights into the differential impact of the pandemic in shaping public trust and hence social cohesion—in authority, institutions, and “each other”—with important lessons for how future efforts can rebuild trust in post-pandemic times.

Background: Evidence-based practice in social care and health is widely promoted. Making it a reality remains challenging, partly because practitioners generally see practice-based knowledge as more relevant than empirical research. A further challenge regarding the creative, contextual use of research and other evidence including lived experience and practice-based knowledge is that practitioners, especially in frontline care services, are often seen not as innovators, but recipients of rules and guidelines or followers of pre-determined plans. Likewise, older people are not generally recognised as co-creators of knowledge, learning and development but as passive recipients of care, or objects of research. Aims: This study aimed to address the above issues, through a collaborative and appreciative endeavour involving researchers; social care and health practitioners; managers; older people and carers in 6 sites across Wales and Scotland. Methods: We used participatory action research methodology, applying a dialogic storytelling approach, which enabled participants to explore and address 7 already published research-based ‘Challenges’ regarding what matters most to older people with high-support needs. Findings: Participants discovered and addressed five elements required in developing evidence-enriched practice; the creation of supportive and relationship-centred research and practice environments; the valuing of diverse types of evidence; the use of engaging narratives to capture and share evidence; the use of dialogue-based approaches to learning and development; and the recognition and resolution of systemic barriers to development. Discussion and conclusion: Although existing literature covers each element, this project was novel in collectively exploring and addressing all five elements together, and in its use of multiple forms of story, which engaged hearts and minds, positive outcomes were achieved.

Background: Late linkage to care and delay in antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation threaten the clinical and public health benefits of ART such as: preventing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS related morbidities and mortality, as well as reducing new infections. The prevalence of both of these poor care outcomes remains high in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Quantitative synthesises of the existing data are lacking, which would help ascertain the best evidence-based interventions. This review aimed to systematically synthesise the available literature on factors affecting linkage to care and ART initiation amongst HIV infected adults in SSA. Methods: Systematic searches were undertaken of the following databases: Emcare, Medline, PubMed and Web of Science. In our review, we included observational studies that analysed factors affecting linkage to HIV care and ART initiation amongst adults (age ≥19 years) in SSA, and were published between January 1, 2015 and June 1, 2021. All included studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RevMan-5 software was used to conduct meta-analyses and Mantel-Haenszel statistics to pool outcomes with 95% confidence interval and Results: Forty-six studies were included in the systematic review, of which 18 fulfilled requirements for meta-analysis. Health care delivery, psychosocial, behavioural and sociodemographic factors were identified as determinants of late linkage to care and delay in ART initiation. The meta-analyses showed that people of a younger age group (2 = 74%) and 45% (OR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.49-0.63, I2 = 0%) less likely to be linked to care and initiate ART respectively compared to people of an older age group (≥35 years). Employed people and people who travelled for more than an hour to reach a clinic were more than 1.3 (OR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.14-1.52, I2 = 14%) and 1.2 (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.15-1.39, I2 = 57%) times more likely to be presented late for care, respectively. The likelihood of linkage to care decreased by 26% (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.62-0.87, I2 = 25%) for people who were unable to disclose their HIV status and 50% (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.42-0.60, I2 = 0%) for those who had a baseline CD4 count >350cells/mm3 compared to CD4 count ≤350cells/mm3, but increased by 65% (OR: 1.65; 95%CI: 1.16-2.34, I2 = 0%) for those who were diagnosed through health facility-based testing approaches compared to community-based approaches. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analyses identified a range of risk factors for late linkage to care and delayed ART initiation amongst HIV infected adults in SSA including: health service delivery, psychosocial, behavioural and sociodemographic circumstances. We recommend implementation of patient-centred intervention approaches to alleviate these barriers.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women globally. Sex and advancing age represent the dominant risk factors, with strong evidence of alcohol as a modifiable risk factor. The carcinogenic nature of alcohol has been known for over twenty years; however, this has failed to translate into significant behavioural, practice, or policy change. As a result, women have not benefitted from this research and, by extension, have been exposed to unnecessary breast cancer risk. Participatory research presents a solution to research translation in public health through the collaboration of impacted populations with academics in research. This systematic review examines peer-reviewed research studies where participants were involved in the research process and the outcomes related to breast cancer prevention (either alcohol or broader lifestyle modification). Seven of the eight studies reported positive effects, and the collaboration between academic researchers and impacted populations may have supported positive outcomes. Women were receptive and responsive to participatory approaches, and their participation is important to address socially entrenched behaviours such as alcohol consumption. Participatory research presents opportunities for future interventions to improve (or address) modifiable risk factors for breast cancer.

Background The practices of transnational corporations (TNCs) affect population health through unhealthy products, shaping social determinants of health, or influencing the regulatory structures governing their activities. There has been limited research on community exposures to TNC policies and practices. The aim of this paper was to adapt existing Health Impact Assessment methods that were previously used for both a fast food and an extractives industry corporation in order to assess Carlton and United Breweries (CUB) operations within Australia. CUB is an Australian alcohol company owned by a large transnational corporation Asahi Group Holdings. Data identifying potential impacts were sourced through document analysis, including corporate literature; media analysis, and 12 semi-structured interviews. The data were mapped against a corporate health impact assessment framework which included CUB’s political and business practices; products and marketing; workforce, social, environmental and economic conditions; and consumers’ adverse health impacts. We also conducted an ecological study for estimating alcohol attributable fractions and burdens of death due to congestive heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, breast cancer, bowel cancer and injury in Australia. Beer attributable fractions and deaths and CUB’s share were also estimated. Results We found both positive and adverse findings of the corporation’s operations across all domains. CUB engage in a range of business practices which benefit the community, including sustainability goals and corporate philanthropy, but also negative aspects including from taxation arrangements, marketing practices, and political donations and lobbying which are enabled by a neoliberal regulatory environment. We found adverse health impacts including from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and violence and aggression which disproportionately affect Indigenous and other disadvantaged populations. Conclusion Our research indicates that studying a TNC in a rapidly changing global financialised capitalist economy in a world which is increasingly being managed by TNCs poses methodological and conceptual challenges. It highlights the need and opportunity for future research. The different methods revealed sufficient information to recognise that strong regulatory frameworks are needed to help to avoid or to mediate negative health impacts.

Narrative recording in case records and individual plans within social services represents the means by which stories can be constructed with and about the people with whom services work, influencing relationship building and outcomes. Identities and decision-making are forged in records, shaping people’s lives. Yet, limited attention is paid to narrative recording in research and practice. Indeed, recording, which increasingly veers towards ‘box-ticking’, is viewed by practitioners as a bureaucratic burden, limiting time for the ‘real job’ of face-to-face work. Drawing on Ricoeur’s narrative hermeneutics in exploring qualitative data from a carer support organisation, we identify the potential contribution of narrative recording. Carers often seek support when their sense of identity and quality of life is diminished by their unpaid caring role. We explore practitioners’ views about the role of the narrative record in holding memories, feeding into recognition of capable agency, clarifying possibilities for action, restoration of identity and wellbeing. Applying a Ricoeurian lens demonstrates how attaining these benefits require recording practice which supports recognition through relational practice, in pursuit of better outcomes for carers. Carer benefits could be enhanced by carers holding a copy of and being able to reflect on and further contribute to their own plan.

UNSTRUCTURED Safety issues for researchers conducting and disseminating research on social media have been inadequately addressed in institutional policies and practice globally, despite posing significant challenges to research staff and student well-being. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and given the myriad of advantages that web-based platforms offer researchers over traditional recruitment, data collection, and research dissemination methods, developing a comprehensive understanding of and guidance on the safe and effective conduct of research in web-based spaces has never been more pertinent. In this paper, we share our experience of using social media to recruit participants for a study on abortion stigma in Australia, which brought into focus the personal, professional, and institutional risks associated with conducting web-based research that goes viral. The lead researcher (KV), a postgraduate student, experienced a barrage of harassment on and beyond social media. The supportive yet uncoordinated institutional response highlighted gaps in practice, guidance, and policy relating to social media research ethics, researcher safety and well-being, planning for and managing web-based and offline risk, and coordinated organizational responses to adverse events. We call for and provide suggestions to inform the development of training, guidelines, and policies that address practical and ethical aspects of using social media for research, mental and physical health and safety risks and management, and the development of coordinated and evidence-based institutional- and individual-level responses to cyberbullying and harassment. Furthermore, we argue the case for the urgent development of this comprehensive guidance around researcher safety on the web, which would help to ensure that universities have the capacity to maximize the potential of social media for research while better supporting the well-being of their staff and students.

We present an overview of Gossypium genome evolution and the implications of this understanding for targeted breeding objectives. The cotton genus (Gossypium) contains more than 50 species distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropic and subtropics. Following the genus origin approximately 10–15 million years ago, a rapid global radiation leads to eight major genome groups (A through G and K) of diploids (n = 13). Allopolyploid cottons appeared within the last 1–2 million years, as a consequence of transoceanic dispersal of an A-genome taxon to the New World and subsequent hybridization with an indigenous D-genome diploid. The nascent allopolyploid radiated into three modern lineages of seven described species, including the agronomically important species G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. These two allopolyploids, together with two A-genome diploids from Africa-Asia, G. arboreum L. and G. herbaceum L., were independently domesticated for their seed fiber, representing a remarkable case of human-driven parallel evolution. Recent investigations have clarified many aspects of this evolutionary history of Gossypium with genomic insights, including the paleopolyploid history of diploid species, a surprisingly high frequency of natural interspecific hybridization within and among genome groups, myriad interactions of molecular mechanisms underlying allopolyploid genome evolution, and a much-refined evolutionary relationship among gene pools of each of the four cultivated species. The extraordinary natural diversity in Gossypium in fiber morphology, stress tolerance, and other agronomic characteristics provides ample resources for breeders to develop new cotton varieties.

Background: Qualitative studies evaluating maternal mental health services are lacking in Ethiopia, and the available evidence targets severe mental illnesses in the general population. We conducted a qualitative study to explore barriers to, enablers of, or opportunities for perinatal depression health services implementations in Ethiopia.Methods: We conducted a total of 13 face to face interviews with mental and maternal health service administrators from different levels of the Ethiopian healthcare system. We interviewed in Amharic (a local language), transcribed and translated into English, and imported into NVivo. We analysed the translated interviews inductively using thematic framework analysis. Results: The study identified: (i) health administrators’ low literacy about perinatal depression as individual level barriers; (ii) community low awareness, health-seeking behaviours and cultural norms about perinatal depression as socio-cultural level barriers; (iii) lack of government capacity, readiness, and priority of screening and managing perinatal depression as organisational level barriers; and (iv) lack of mental health policy, strategies, and healthcare systems as structural level barriers of perinatal mental health implementation in Ethiopia. The introduction of the new Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGap), health professionals’ commitment, and simplicity of screening programs were identified enablers of, or opportunities for, perinatal mental health service implementation.Conclusions: This qualitative inquiry identified important barriers and potential opportunities that could be used to address perinatal depression in Ethiopia. Building the capacity of policy makers and planners, strengthening the mental healthcare system and governance should be a priority issue for an effective integration of maternal mental health care with the routine maternal health services in Ethiopia.

Therapist self‐disclosure (TSD) usage varies greatly among different psychotherapy orientations. Anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that there are reasons for its judicious use, and a small number...

Collaborative, person-centered approaches to care planning are increasingly recognized as instrumental in supporting attainment of personal recovery outcomes. Yet, while much is known about factors which support person-centered planning, successful implementation often remains an elusive goal. This paper reviews international efforts to promote Person-Centered Care Planning (PCCP) in the context of a randomized clinical trial in the United States and in the “Meaningful and Measurable” initiative, a collaborative action research project involving diverse provider organizations in Scotland. The authors review the history of international efforts to implement PCCP and offer preliminary evidence regarding its positive impact on both process outcomes (i.e., the nature of the primary therapeutic relationship and the service-user’s experience) and personal recovery outcomes (e.g., quality of life, community belonging, and valued roles). PCCP will be defined through description of key principles and practices as they relate to both relational aspects (i.e., shifts in stakeholder roles and conversations) and documentation/recording aspects (i.e., how person-centered relationships are captured in written or electronic records). Similarities and differences across the US and Scottish experience of person-centered care planning will be highlighted and a series of recommendations offered to further implementation of this essential recovery-oriented practice.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the gap between recovery-oriented processes and clinical outcomes in peer support, an exemplar of recovery-oriented services, and offer suggestions for bridging this gap. Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint is a brief review of literature on peer support services and gaps in outcome measurement towards building an evidence base for recovery-oriented services. Findings Clinical outcomes like hospitalizations or symptoms remain a focus of research, practice and policy in recovery-oriented services and contribute to a mixed evidence base for peer support services, in which recovery-oriented outcomes like empowerment, self-efficacy and hopefulness have more evidentiary support. One approach is to identify the theoretical underpinnings of peer support services and the corresponding change mechanisms in models that would make these recovery-oriented outcomes mediators or process outcomes. A better starting point is to consider which outcomes are valued by the people who use services and develop an evaluation approach according to those stated goals. User driven measurement approaches and more participatory types of research can improve both the quality and impact of health and mental health services. Originality/value This viewpoint provides a brief review of peer support services and the challenges of outcome measurement in establishing an evidence base and recommends user driven measurement as a starting point in evaluation of recovery-oriented services.

Evaluating Outcomes in Health and Social Care is the fifth in a series of five books on health and social care partnerships, recently updated to take account of new studies and changing policy developments since first published in 2008. The book is aimed at students, practitioners, managers and policy-makers in health and social work/care. Health and social care partnership is in itself a topic which has presented considerable challenges to policy and practice in different countries for decades. In addition, this book also aims to tackle the complex issues of evaluation and outcomes, which is no mean feat. The authors usefully blend context and history, an overview of evaluation methods, theoretical approaches, practical examples and links to reading and resources in pursuing their quest.

After qualifying, completing house jobs, and doing a short service commission in the Royal Navy, Frank Martin Hull, always known as Robin, entered rural general practice in Wellesbourne, Warwickshire in 1960. In 1973 he took a sabbatical from the practice as visiting professor in general practice at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. On returning to the practice, alongside his clinical work, …

This paper reports on a ten year programme of collaborative action research supporting the development and implementation of a personal outcomes approach in health and social care, culminating in the recent Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded ‘Meaningful and Measurable’ project. The research brought together academic researchers with practice partners from statutory adult health and social care services, children and families, and third sector carer and mental health organisations. Our primary focus has been working together to find ways to make best use of routinely collected outcomes data, recorded for each service user in the form of a proportionate narrative, to inform individual and collective decision making. Our methodology combined local action research projects in diverse settings with a series of audio-recorded dialogic ‘data retreats’ for all partners, and knowledge exchange events with wider stakeholders, including commissioning and regulatory bodies. Alongside this, a series of focused workshops were co-created and delivered in response to emergent practice needs, addressing issues including having outcomes focused conversations, outcomes recording practices and pragmatic approaches to qualitative outcomes data analysis and reporting. This paper focuses on the ‘how’ questions, examining the collaborative mechanisms that proved critical in: ‘lifting the rock’ to expose hidden assumptions and challenges, including conceptual ambiguities and the subtle yet pervasive nature of positivist influences; learning from local and sectoral differences in establishing the value of different forms of knowledge; appreciating the hermeneutic circularity of shared understanding; and triggering those ‘light bulb’ moments. The importance of attending to different and at times conflicting perspectives is underscored.

Background: Bioactive compounds are the constituents of foods, especially functional foods, that provide beneficial health properties. For example, these benefits include antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and various additional preventative properties, which illustrates how bioactive compounds are the real-life example of Hippocrates’ notion “let thy food be thy medicine” [1]. Originally, many definitions of functional foods neglected to acknowledge the importance of bioactive compounds [2]. Bioactive compounds are the constituents that enhance functional foods and therefore are necessary to incorporate under the umbrella of functional foods. Functional foods are able to provide health benefits though bioactive compounds, as these compounds target mechanisms that manage, prevent, and/or treat disease [2]. The Functional Food Center asserts that bioactive compounds are quintessential of functional foods and essential for optimal health, thereby leading to the inclusion of bioactive compounds in the most recent definition of functional foods [1].

The dipole interaction model (assembled into the computer package DInaMo) uses a classical electromagnetic theory for calculating the far UV circular dichroism (CD) of peptides and proteins. DInaMo reduces all amide chromophores to a single point with anisotropic polarizability and all nonchomophoric aliphatic atoms to points with isotropic polarizability. By determining interactions among the chomophoric and nonchromoporic parts of the molecule using empirically derived polarizabilities, the rotational and dipole strengths are determined leading to the calculation of CD. Polarizabilities are largest for the chromophoric points and smaller for the nonchromophoric points with hydrogens having the smallest polarizabilities. It is possible to collapse hydrogen polarizability onto the atom to which it is bound or ignore it in the CD calculation creating a united atom approach. Ignoring CH3 group hydrogens and treating only the π-π∗ transition reproduces experiment in the region of 180 to 210 nm well, showing bands with similar morphology and absorption maxima for the π-π∗ transition. Recent calculations on small peptides and proteins in which both CH3 and CH2 group hydrogens have been ignored seem to produce better CD results than ignoring only the CH3 group hydrogens. Also, preliminary calculations using the mean polarizability values of the CH3 and CH2 groups show some good prospects of further improving the CD calculations with the DinaMo package. In addition, initial calculations indicate that DInaMo has the potential of including the n-π∗ transition in the CD calculations.