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Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) repressively regulates protein translation through phosphorylating eEF2. We previously showed that expression and activity of eEF2K are increased in isolated mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) contributing to development of essential hypertension. Furthermore, we have recently shown that 7-Amino-1-cyclopropyl-3-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (A484954), a selective eEF2K inhibitor, induces endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated mesenteric arteries from SHR inducing an antihypertensive effect. In order to test the hypothesis that inhibition of eEF2K activity induces vasodilatation by suppressing sympathetic nerve activity, we examined the effects of A484954 on perivascular sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced contraction in isolated renal artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Electrodes were placed near the isolated renal arteries that were applied with transmural nerve stimulation (TNS). Then, contraction of the arteries was isometrically measured. A484954 inhibited TNS-induced contraction. The A484954-mediated inhibition of TNS-induced contraction was significantly prevented by N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. In SHR isolated renal artery, TNS-induced contraction was enhanced compared with normotensive Wistar rats. Furthermore, A484954-mediated inhibition of TNS-induced contraction in SHR was enhanced compared with Wistar rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that A484954 inhibits perivascular sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction at least in part perhaps through nitric oxide (NO) release from NO-operating nerve., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Reflex cardiorespiratory alterations elicited after instillation of nociceptive agents intra-arterially (i.a) are termed as 'vasosensory reflex responses'. The present study was designed to evaluate such responses produced after i.a. instillation of histamine (1 mM; 10 mM; 100 mM) and to delineate the pathways i.e. the afferents and efferents mediating these responses. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and respiratory excursions were recorded before and after injecting saline/histamine, in a local segment of femoral artery in urethane anesthetized rats. Paw edema and latencies of responses were also estimated. Separate groups of experiments were conducted to demonstrate the involvement of somatic nerves in mediating histamine-induced responses after ipsilateral femoral and sciatic nerve sectioning (+NX) and lignocaine pre-treatment (+Ligno). In addition, another set of experiments was performed after bilateral vagotomy (+VagX) and the responses after histamine instillation were studied. Histamine produced concentration-dependent hypotensive, bradycardiac, tachypnoeic and hyperventilatory responses of shorter latencies (2-7 s) favouring the neural mechanisms in eliciting the responses. Instillation of saline (time matched control) in a similar fashion produced no response, excluding the possibilities of ischemic/stretch effects. Paw edema was absent in both hind limbs indicating that the histamine did not reach the paws and did not spill out into the systemic circulation. +NX, +VagX, +Ligno attenuated histamine-induced cardiorespiratory responses significantly. These observations conclude that instillation of 10 mM of histamine produces optimal vasosensory reflex responses originating from the local vascular bed; afferents and efferents of which are mostly located in ipsilateral somatic and vagus nerves respectively., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Some studies have suggested that patients with diabetes and foot complications have worse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk profiles, higher degrees of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness and a higher inflammatory background than patients with diabetes without diabetic foot complications. Patients with diabetes mellitus have an alteration in the sympathovagal balance as assessed by means of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which is also related to the presence of endothelial dysfunction. Other studies suggest a possible role of inflammation coexisting with the alteration in the sympathovagal balance in favor of the atherosclerotic process in a mixed population of healthy subjects of middle and advanced age., Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of alteration of sympathovagal balance, assessed by HRV analysis, in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus with diabetic foot and in control subjects without diabetic foot compared with a population of healthy subjects and the possible correlation of HRV parameters with inflammatory markers and endothelial dysfunction indices., Methods: We enrolled all patients with diabetic ulcerative lesions of the lower limb in the Internal Medicine with Stroke Care ward and of the diabetic foot outpatient clinic of P. Giaccone University Hospital of Palermo between September 2019 and July 2020. 4-h ECG Holter was performed. The following time domain HRV measures were analyzed: average heart rate, square root of the mean of successive differences of NN (RMSSD), standard deviation or square root of the variance (SD), and standard deviation of the means of the NN intervals calculated over a five-minute period (SDANN/5 min). The LF/HF ratio was calculated, reactive hyperemia was evaluated by endo-PAT, and serum levels of vaspine and omentin-1 were assessed by blood sample collection., Results: 63 patients with diabetic foot, 30 patients with diabetes and without ulcerative complications and 30 patients without diabetes were enrolled. Patients with diabetic ulcers showed lower mean diastolic blood pressure values than healthy controls, lower MMSE scores corrected for age, lower serum levels of omentin-1, lower RHI values, higher body weight values and comparable body height values, HF% and LF/HF ratio values. We also reported a negative correlation between the RHI value and HRV indices and the expression of increased parasympathetic activity (RMSDD and HF%) in subjects with diabetic foot and a statistically significant positive correlation with the LF/HF ratio and the expression of the sympathovagal balance., Discussion: Patients with diabetic foot show a higher degree of activation of the parasympathetic system, expressed by the increase in HF values, and a lower LF/HF ratio. Our findings may corroborate the issue that a parasympathetic dysfunction may have a possible additive role in the pathogenesis of other vascular complications in subjects with diabetic foot., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Zinc, an abundant transition metal, serves as a signalling molecule in several biological systems. Zinc transporters are genetically associated with cardiovascular diseases but the function of zinc in vascular tone regulation is unknown. We found that elevating cytoplasmic zinc using ionophores relaxed rat and human isolated blood vessels and caused hyperpolarization of smooth muscle membrane. Furthermore, zinc ionophores lowered blood pressure in anaesthetized rats and increased blood flow without affecting heart rate. Conversely, intracellular zinc chelation induced contraction of selected vessels from rats and humans and depolarized vascular smooth muscle membrane potential. We demonstrate three mechanisms for zinc-induced vasorelaxation: (1) activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 to increase calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling from perivascular sensory nerves; (2) enhancement of cyclooxygenase-sensitive vasodilatory prostanoid signalling in the endothelium; and (3) inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels in the smooth muscle. These data introduce zinc as a new target for vascular therapeutics.

Cerebral ischemic injury exhibits both high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional research of the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury has focused on separate analyses of the involved cell types. In recent years, the neurovascular unit (NVU) mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury has been proposed in modern medicine. Hence, more effective strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury may be provided through comprehensive analysis of brain cells and the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies that have investigated the function of the NVU in cerebral ischemic injury have been insufficient. In addition, the metabolism and energy conversion of the NVU depend on interactions among multiple cell types, which make it difficult to identify the unique contribution of each cell type. Therefore, in the present review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects and recovery mechanisms of four major cell types (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, brain-microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons) in the NVU under cerebral ischemic injury, as well as discuss the interactions among these cell types in the NVU. Furthermore, we discuss the common signaling pathways and signaling factors that mediate cerebral ischemic injury in the NVU, which may help to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive elucidation of cerebral ischemic injury., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

New Findings: What is the topic of this review? This symposium report discusses the previously unrecognized pro-contractile role of chloride ions in rat arteries at early stages of postnatal development. What advances does it highlight? It highlights the postnatal decline in the contribution of chloride ions to regulation of arterial contractile responses and potential trophic role of sympathetic nerves in these developmental alterations., Abstract: Chloride ions are important for smooth muscle contraction in adult vasculature. Arterial smooth muscle undergoes structural and functional remodelling during early postnatal development, including changes in K + currents, Ca 2+ handling and sensitivity. However, developmental change in the contribution of Cl - to regulation of arterial contraction has not yet been explored. Here, we provide the first evidence that the role of Cl - in α 1 -adrenergic arterial contraction prominently decreases during early postnatal ontogenesis. The trophic influence of sympathetic nerves is a potential mechanism for postnatal decline of the contribution of Cl - to the vascular contraction., (© 2019 The Authors. Experimental Physiology © 2019 The Physiological Society.)

Penile erection requires well-coordinated interactions between vascular and nervous systems. Penile neurovascular dysfunction is a major cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with diabetes, which causes poor response to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Dickkopf2 (DKK2), a Wnt antagonist, is known to promote angiogenesis. Here, using DKK2-Tg mice or DKK2 protein administration, we demonstrate that the overexpression of DKK2 in diabetic mice enhances penile angiogenesis and neural regeneration and restores erectile function. Transcriptome analysis revealed that angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 are target genes for DKK2. Using an endothelial cell-pericyte coculture system and ex vivo neurite sprouting assay, we found that DKK2-mediated juxtacrine signaling in pericyte-endothelial cell interactions promotes angiogenesis and neural regeneration through an angiopoietin-1-Tie2 pathway, rescuing erectile function in diabetic mice. The dual angiogenic and neurotrophic effects of DKK2, especially as a therapeutic protein, will open new avenues to treating diabetic ED., (© 2018 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Whether sympathetic withdrawal or endothelial dilators such as nitric oxide (NO) contributes to cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) events is unclear. We measured blood flow and finger skin temperature (T finger ) of the index finger in nine participants during hand immersion in a water bath at 35 °C for 30 min, then at 8 °C for 30 min. Data were binned into 10 s averages for the entire 60 min protocol for laser-Doppler flux (LDF) and T finger . At baseline, T finger was 35.3 ± 0.2 °C and LDF was 227 ± 28 PU. During hand cooling, minimum T finger was 10.9 ± 0.4 °C and LDF was 15 ± 4 PU. All participants exhibited at least one CIVD event (T finger increase ≥ 1 °C), with a mean peak T finger 13.2 ± 0.8 °C and a corresponding peak LDF of 116 ± 34 PU. A Morlet mother wavelet was then used to perform wavelet analysis on the LDF signal, with frequency ranges of 0.005-0.01 Hz (endothelial NO-independent), 0.01-0.02 Hz (endothelial NO-dependent), and 0.02-0.05 Hz (neurogenic). The synchronicity of wavelet fluctuations with rising LDF coincident with CIVD events was then quantified using Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average time-series analysis. Fluctuations in neural activity were strongly synchronized in real time with increasing LDF (stationary-r 2  = 0.73 and Ljung-box statistic > 0.05), while endothelial activities were only moderately synchronized (NO-independent r 2  = 0.15, > 0.05; NO dependent r 2  = 0.16, > 0.05). We conclude that there is a direct, real-time correlation of LDF responses with neural activity but not endothelial-mediated mechanisms. Importantly, it seems that neural activity is consistently reduced prior to CIVD, suggesting that sympathetic withdrawal directly contributes to CIVD onset.

Electrical dynamics of freshly isolated cerebral endothelium have not been determined independently of perivascular nerves and smooth muscle. We tested the hypothesis that endothelium of cerebral and skeletal muscle arteries differentially utilizes purinergic and muscarinic signaling pathways to activate endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Changes in membrane potential ( V m ) were recorded in intact endothelial tubes freshly isolated from posterior cerebral and superior epigastric arteries of male and female C57BL/6 mice (age: 3-8 months). V m was measured in response to activation of purinergic (P2Y) and muscarinic (M 3 ) receptors in addition to small- and intermediate-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (SK C a /IK C a ) and inward rectifying K + (K IR ) channels using ATP (100 μmol·L -1 ), acetylcholine (ACh; 10 μmol·L -1 ), NS309 (0.01-10 μmol·L -1 ), and 15 mmol·L -1 KCl, respectively. Intercellular coupling was demonstrated via transfer of propidium iodide dye and electrical current (±0.5-3 nA) through gap junctions. With similarities observed across gender, peak hyperpolarization to ATP and ACh in skeletal muscle endothelial tubes was ~twofold and ~sevenfold higher, respectively, vs cerebral endothelial tubes, whereas responses to NS309 were similar (from resting V m ~-30 mV to maximum ~-80 mV). Hyperpolarization (~8 mV) occurred during 15 mmol·L -1 KCl treatment in cerebral but not skeletal muscle endothelial tubes. Despite weaker hyperpolarization during endothelial GPCR stimulation in cerebral vs skeletal muscle endothelium, the capability for robust SK C a /IK C a activity is preserved across brain and skeletal muscle. As vascular reactivity decreases with aging and cardiovascular disease, endothelial K + channel activity may be calibrated to restore blood flow to respective organs regardless of gender.

Sympathetic hyperactivation, a common feature of obesity and metabolic syndrome, is a key trigger of hypertension. However, some obese subjects with autonomic imbalance present a dissociation between sympathetic activity-mediated vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Here, we aimed to determine in a rat model of metabolic syndrome whether the endothelium endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS)-NO pathway contributes to counteract the vasopressor effect of the sympathetic system. Rats were fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet for 15 wk. Sympathovagal balance was evaluated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability and plasmatic catecholamine measurements. Blood pressure was measured in the presence or absence of N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) to inhibit the contribution of eNOS. Vascular reactivity was assessed on isolated aortic rings in response to α 1 -adrenergic agonist. The HFS diet increased sympathetic tone, which is characterized by a higher low on the high-frequency spectral power ratio and a higher plasmatic concentration of epinephrine. Despite this, no change in blood pressure was observed. Interestingly, HFS rats exhibited vascular hyporeactivity (-23.6%) to α 1 -adrenergic receptor stimulation that was abolished by endothelial removal or eNOS inhibition (l-NAME). In addition, eNOS phosphorylation (Ser 1177 ) was increased in response to phenylephrine in HFS rats only. Accordingly, eNOS inhibition in vivo revealed higher blood pressure in HFS rats compared with control rats (147 vs. 126 mmHg for mean blood pressure, respectively). Restrain of adrenergic vasopressor action by endothelium eNOS is increased in HFS rats and contributes to maintained blood pressure in the physiological range. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite the fact that prohypertensive sympathetic nervous system activity is markedly increased in rats with early metabolic syndrome, they present with normal blood pressure. These observations appear to be explained by increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase response to adrenergic stimulation, which results in vascular hyporeactivity to α-adrenergic stimulation, and therefore blood pressure is preserved in the physiological range. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2017 .

Background: Impairments in macrovascular, microvascular and autonomic function are present in asymptomatic youths with clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors. This study determines the within-day reliability and between-day reliability of a single protocol to non-invasively assess these outcomes in adolescents., Methods: Forty 12- to 15-year-old adolescents (20 boys) visited the laboratory in a fasted state on two occasions, approximately 1 week apart. One hour after a standardized cereal breakfast, macrovascular function was determined via flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Heart rate variability (root mean square of successive R-R intervals; RMSSD) was determined from the ECG-gated ultrasound images acquired during the FMD protocol prior to cuff occlusion. Microvascular function was simultaneously quantified as the peak (PRH) and total (TRH) hyperaemic response to occlusion in the cutaneous circulation of the forearm via laser Doppler imaging. To address within-day reliability, a subset of twenty adolescents (10 boys) repeated these measures 90 min afterwards on one occasion., Results: The within-day typical error and between-day typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation of these outcomes are as follows: ratio-scaled FMD, 5·1% and 10·6%; allometrically scaled FMD, 4·4% and 9·4%; PRH, 11% and 13·3%; TRH, 29·9% and 23·1%; and RMSSD, 17·6% and 17·6%. The within- and between-day test-retest correlation coefficients for these outcomes were all significant (r > 0·54 for all)., Conclusion: Macrovascular, microvascular and autonomic functions can be simultaneously and non-invasively determined in adolescents using a single protocol with an appropriate degree of reproducibility. Determining these outcomes may provide greater understanding of the progression of cardiovascular disease and aid early intervention., (© 2016 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) after acute ischemic stroke is frequent and may be linked to stroke-induced autonomic imbalance. In the present study, the interaction between SDB and peripheral endothelial dysfunction (ED) was investigated in patients with acute ischemic stroke and at 1-year follow-up., Methods and Results: SDB was assessed by transthoracic impedance records in 101 patients with acute ischemic stroke (mean age, 69 years; 61% men; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 4) while being on the stroke unit. SDB was defined by apnea-hypopnea index ≥5 episodes per hour. Peripheral endothelial function was assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT-2000). ED was defined by reactive hyperemia index ≤1.8. Forty-one stroke patients underwent 1-year follow-up (390±24 days) after stroke. SDB was observed in 57% patients with acute ischemic stroke. Compared with patients without SDB, ED was more prevalent in patients with SDB (32% versus 64%; P <0.01). After adjustment for multiple confounders, presence of SDB remained independently associated with ED (odds ratio, 3.1; [95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.9]; P <0.05). After 1 year, the prevalence of SDB decreased from 59% to 15% ( P <0.001). Interestingly, peripheral endothelial function improved in stroke patients with normalized SDB, compared with patients with persisting SDB ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: SDB was present in more than half of all patients with acute ischemic stroke and was independently associated with peripheral ED. Normalized ED in patients with normalized breathing pattern 1 year after stroke suggests a mechanistic link between SDB and ED., Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de. Unique identifier: DRKS00000514., (© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

We evaluated the endothelial function of patients with Buerger disease using peripheral arterial tonometry test, and examined the factors that are significantly correlated with the endothelial dysfunction in these patients. We performed the peripheral arterial tonometry test in 22 patients with Buerger disease. We recorded the patients' characteristics, including ankle brachial pressure index and reactive hyperemia index, which reflect the endothelial dysfunction. We divided the patients with Buerger disease into the conservative treatment and lumbar sympathectomy group. While the reactive hyperemia index was not significantly different between these two groups, the ankle brachial pressure index was significantly different (1.12 versus 0.83, P =0.003). Furthermore, the reactive hyperemia index was significantly correlated with the ankle brachial pressure index value in the patients in the lumbar sympathectomy group ( ρ =0.848, P =0.005). Given that patients with Buerger disease show impairment of the sympathetic nervous system, we should consider the after-effects of such an impaired system on the condition of these patients. The patients treated with lumbar sympathectomy might be more appropriate to evaluate their endothelial function by a peripheral arterial tonometry test., Competing Interests: Disclosure This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Objective: Angiotensin II (AngII) has been shown to regulate angiogenesis and at high pathophysiological doses to cause vasoconstriction through the AngII receptor type 1. Angiotensin 1 to 7 (Ang-(1-7)) acting through the Mas1 receptor can act antagonistically to high pathophysiological levels of AngII by inducing vasodilation, whereas the effects of Ang-(1-7) signaling on angiogenesis are less defined. To complicate the matter, there is growing evidence that a subpressor dose of AngII produces phenotypes similar to Ang-(1-7)., Approach and Results: This study shows that low-dose Ang-(1-7), acting through the Mas1 receptor, promotes angiogenesis and vasodilation similar to a low, subpressor dose of AngII acting through AngII receptor type 1. In addition, we show through in vitro tube formation that Ang-(1-7) augments the angiogenic response in rat microvascular endothelial cells. Using proteomic and genomic analyses, downstream components of Mas1 receptor signaling were identified, including Rho family of GTPases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase D1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular signal-related kinase signaling. Further experimental antagonism of extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling inhibited endothelial tube formation and vasodilation when stimulated with equimolar, low doses of either AngII or Ang-(1-7)., Conclusions: These results significantly expand the known Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 receptor signaling pathway and demonstrate an important distinction between the pathological effects of elevated and suppressed AngII compared with the beneficial effects of AngII normalization and Ang-(1-7) administration. The observed convergence of Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 and AngII/AngII receptor type 1 signaling at low ligand concentrations suggests a nuanced regulation in vasculature. These data also reinforce the importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase signaling in maintaining vascular function., (© 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Background: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute cardiomyopathy associated with intense physical or emotional stress. The precise mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. The aim of this study was to study alterations in endothelial function, vascular compliance and structure and muscle sympathetic activity in the stable phase of the disease., Methods: In this prospective observational study, patients with TTS and controls matched for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors and medications were recruited. Flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) as a measure of endothelial dysfunction was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included measurements of arterial stiffness, carotid atherosclerosis, quality of life and laboratory parameters. In a subset of patients, muscle sympathetic activity was measured before and after stress tests., Results: The study included 22 TTS patients and 21 matched controls. A significant increase in endothelial dysfunction was seen in TTS compared to controls (FMD 3.4±2.4% vs. 4.8±1.9%, p=0.016). No significant differences in arterial stiffness, intima-media thickness, quality of life and laboratory markers including endothelin-1 were noted. TTS patients showed a reduced carotid total plaque area compared to controls (TPA 17.3±15.1 vs 24.7±12.8mm 2 , p=0.02). A trend of increased muscle sympathetic activity at rest was observed in TTS patients vs. controls (53.5±28.4 vs. 29.4±16.5 bursts/100 heart beats, p=0.09) with no significant differences in muscle sympathetic activity in response to stress., Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of endothelial dysfunction in patients with TTS which may be involved in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. CLINICALTRIALS., Gov Identifier: NCT01249599., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Rationale: Arterial endothelial cells are morphologically, functionally, and molecularly distinct from those found in veins and lymphatic vessels. How arterial fate is acquired during development and maintained in adult vessels is incompletely understood., Objective: We set out to identify factors that promote arterial endothelial cell fate in vivo., Methods and Results: We developed a functional assay, allowing us to monitor and manipulate arterial fate in vivo, using arteries isolated from quails that are grafted into the coelom of chick embryos. Endothelial cells migrate out from the grafted artery, and their colonization of host arteries and veins is quantified. Here we show that sympathetic innervation promotes arterial endothelial cell fate in vivo. Removal of sympathetic nerves decreases arterial fate and leads to colonization of veins, whereas exposure to sympathetic nerves or norepinephrine imposes arterial fate. Mechanistically, sympathetic nerves increase endothelial ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activity via adrenergic α1 and α2 receptors., Conclusions: These findings show that sympathetic innervation promotes arterial endothelial fate and may lead to novel approaches to improve arterialization in human disease., (© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), a method for activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways, could suppress endothelial activation and minimize tissue injury during inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic VNS on endothelial impairments and the inflammatory profile in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (7-8 months old) were randomly assigned to the following four groups: sham-OVX, OVX, OVX+sham-VNS, and OVX+VNS. Throughout the experimental period, the OVX+VNS group received VNS for 3h (20.0 Hz, 1.0 mA, and 10.00 ms pulse width) at the same time every other day. After 12 weeks of VNS, blood samples and thoracic aortas were collected for further analyses. Light microscopy and electron microscopy analyses showed that chronic VNS prevented endothelial swelling, desquamation and even necrosis in the OVX rats. In addition, it obviously improved endothelial function in the OVX rats by restoring the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) and serum endothelin-1 level. Increased expression of cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin) in the thoracic aortas and increases in the levels of circulating cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and CINC/KC) were also observed in the OVX rats. Chronic VNS significantly restored these detrimental changes partly by increasing the ACh concentrations in vascular walls and blocking NF-κB pathway activity. The results of this in vivo study have shown that the administration of chronic VNS during, in the early stage of estrogen deficiency, protects OVX rats from endothelial impairments and the inflammatory profile. These findings indicate that activation of the vagus nerve could be a promising supplemental therapy for reducing the risks of suffering from further CVDs in postmenopausal women., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Metabolic activity of cells within a neurovascular unit is among the factors determining structural and functional integritY of the blood-brain barrier and the an- giogenesis process. in order to verify the hypothesis about the role Of g1YcolYtic activity in the perivascula astroglialcells associated with lactate release in the development of functioning of cerebral microvessel endothelial cells, we have used a three-component model of the brain neurovascular unit in vitro. The cells o f n o n -en d o th elia l o rig in w ere in c u b a te d in th e p rese n ce o f m o d u la to rs o f la c ta te pro d u c n ago ni glu c ose ta a G ly c o s o) , bas t h e oe t a n t a at- blocker of monocarboxylate transporters MCTlprCT and recepltiors of3Ctate0produasan (2-donisyoflactate G e8 breceptor) Iasa estbishe vthat that te suppression of lactate production and transport, prdc o1,adrcpin(C-O-Aa n (2gdoxysgflucoase as a glycolysis inhibitor), transport (phloretin as a sukr of lacaroduto transport , aswellasastimultionof3lactate receptors in astroglial cells, lead to aberrant development of endothelial layer, ther by u g g e tin t h efor atio o f anti ngi gencmi roen ircm ent for cerebral endothelium due to inappropriate lactate-m ediated effects. KeYw.ords:-n-eur-ovascular unit; metabolism; glYcolysis; lactate.

We studied the vascular endothelial vasomotor function in healthy young individuals, depending on the type of character accentuation, levels of neuroticism, depression and anxiety. It is shown that the types of character accentuation effect on endothelial vasomotor function in healthy men and women. Personality characteristics of a person can be a significant risk factor for disease, the pathogenesis of which is the starting element of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction.