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3. Risks and opportunities associated with pollinators’ conservation and management of pollination services in Latin America

Author

GALETTO, L., AIZEN, M. A., ARIZMENDI, M. del C., FREITAS, B. M., GARIBALDI, L. A., GIANNINI, T. C., LOPES, A. V., ESPÍEIRTO SANTO, M. M. do, MAUES, M. M., NATES-PARRA, G., RODRIGUEZ, J. I., QUEZADA-EUAN, J. J. G., VANDAME, R., VIANA, B. F., IMPERATRIZ-FONSECA, V. L., LEONARDO GALETTO, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, MARCELO A. AIZEN, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, M. DEL CORO ARIZMENDI, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, BRENO M. FREITAS, UFC, LUCAS A. GARIBALDI, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, TEREZA C. GIANNINI, Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, ARIADNA V. LOPES, UFPE, MÁRIO M. DO ESPÍRITO SANTO, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, MARCIA MOTTA MAUES, CPATU, GUIOMAR NATES-PARRA, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, JAIME I. RODRIGUEZ, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia, JOSÉ J. G. QUEZADA-EUAN, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, REMY VANDAME, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, BLANDINA F. VIANA, UFBA, and VERA LUCIA IMPERATRIZ-FONSECA, Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel.

Subjects
Política Ambiental, Ecology, Environmental Policies, Biodiversidade, Serviços de polinização, Biodiversity, Ecología, Agricultura (General), Pollination Services, Traditional Local Knowledge, Polinização, Déficit de polinização, Inseto Polinizador, Conhecimento local tradicional, Biodiversidad y Conservación, Pollination Deficit, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Declínio de polinizadores, Pollinator Decline
Abstract

Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina. Fil: Aizen, Marcelo A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Rio Negro, Argentina. Fil: Arizmendi, María del Coro. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. Fil: Freitas, Breno M. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Brasil. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Giannini, Tereza C. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. Brasil. Fil: Lopes, Ariadna V. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Brasil. Fil: Do Espírito Santo, Mário M. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Brasil. Fil: Maués, Márcia M. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Brasil. Fil: Nates-Parra, Guiomar. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Colombia. Fil: Rodríguez, Jaime I. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia. Bolivia. Fil: Quezada-Euán, José J. G. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. México. Fil: Vandame, Remy. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. México. Fil: Viana, Blandina F. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Brasil. Fil: Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera L. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. Brasil. The conservation status of pollinators and pollination in Latin America (LA) is reviewed. The knowledge regarding native and managed pollinators (e.g., honeybee and stingless bees) and pollination services was synthetized, and the guidelines to improve the opportunities for conservation are provided, considering the threats to pollinators and the perspectives from traditional and local knowledge. The analysis indicates that diverse threats (e.g., large-scale agriculture, deforestation, overuse of agrochemicals) are linked with pollination and pollinator decline, which affect the reproduction of most native plants and the yields of many crops. LA harbours the highest bee diversity worldwide, with 26% of the total recorded species, and it is a biodiversity hotspot of vertebrate pollinators, including hummingbirds, perching birds, nectarivorous bats and other mammal pollinators. Specific recommendations to conserve native pollinators and to improve pollination services are provided, which could be considered by stakeholders and governments aiming to elaborate biocultural conservation. For example, introducing policies and legal responses for incentives to help farmers maintain natural habitats and forests, to replace or reduce agrochemicals and to improve diversified crop production with agroecological practices; refining agrochemical regulations to minimize the exposure of pollinators to insecticides and herbicides; improving knowledge and education on pollinators and pollination gives societies worldwide the opportunity to change current hegemonic agricultural practices and consumption paerns; integrating different land ethical views of ethnic minorities on a sustainable relationship between production and biodiversity. A wider view combining social, ecological, cultural dimensions may support beer decision making. This holistic socio-agroecological perspective is urgently needed to conserve and manage pollinators at different spatial and temporal scales, and to integrate pollination services, pollinator-friendly habitat management approaches and diversified farming systems. Se realizó una revisión sobre el estado de conservación de los polinizadores y la polinización en América Latina (LA). Se presentan pautas para mejorar las oportunidades de conservación, considerando las amenazas a los polinizadores y las perspectivas desde el conocimiento tradicional y local. El análisis indica que diversas amenazas (e.g., agricultura a gran escala, deforestación, uso excesivo de agroquímicos) están vinculadas con la disminución de polinizadores, afectando la reproducción de las plantas nativas y los rendimientos de muchos cultivos. LA alberga la mayor diversidad de abejas en todo el mundo y una gran diversidad de polinizadores vertebrados (e.g., colibríes, aves de percha nectarívoras, murciélagos nectarívoros y otros mamíferos). Se proporcionan recomendaciones para proteger los polinizadores nativos y mejorar los servicios de polinización, las que podrían ser consideradas por los tomadores de decisiones y así promover la conservación biocultural. Por ejemplo, desarrollar instrumentos legales, políticas e incentivos para ayudar a los agricultores a mantener los hábitats naturales, para reemplazar o reducir el uso de agroquímicos y para promover las prácticas agroecológicas; perfeccionar las reglamentaciones sobre aplicación de agroquímicos para minimizar la exposición de los polinizadores a insecticidas y herbicidas; mejorar la comunicación pública del conocimiento sobre los polinizadores y la polinización para incentivar un cambio en las prácticas agrícolas hegemónicas y los patrones de consumo actuales; considerar otras éticas ambientales de las minorías étnicas para enfatizar la necesidad de promover una relación sostenible entre producción de alimentos y biodiversidad. Se necesita urgentemente una visión más amplia que combine las dimensiones sociales, ecológicas y culturales para una mejor toma de decisiones. Esta perspectiva socio-agroecológica holística es importante para conservar y gestionar los polinizadores a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, y para poder integrar los servicios de polinización con enfoques de gestión del territorio favorables a los polinizadores y con sistemas agrícolas diversificados.

Published
2022
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4. Volatile organic compounds role in selective pollinator visits to commercial melon types

Author

FERNANDES, N. DE S., SILVA, F. A. N., ARAGAO, F. A. S. de, ZOCOLO, G. J., FREITAS, B. M., NAYANNY DE SOUSA FERNANDES, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, FRANCISCA ALINY NUNES SILVA, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, bolsista, FERNANDO ANTONIO SOUZA DE ARAGAO, CNPAT, GUILHERME JULIAO ZOCOLO, CNPAT, and BRENO MAGALHÃES FREITAS, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará.

Subjects
Cucumis Melo, ?-Pineno, Voláteis florais, Polinização de culturas, Polinização
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-17T00:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ART19058.pdf: 958047 bytes, checksum: 74485ca1af004ed7729576db7ad5eebe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Published
2019

5. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production

Author

Dainese, M., Martin, E. A., Aizen, Marcelo A., Albrecht, M., Bartomeus, I., Bommarco, R., Carvalheiro, L. G., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Gagic, V., Garibaldi, Lucas A., Ghazoul, J., Grab, H., Jonsson, M., Karp, D. S., Kennedy, Cristina M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D. A., Letourneau, D. K., Marini, Lorenzo, Poveda, K., Rader, R., Smith, H. G., Tscharntke, T., Andersson, G. K. S., Badenhausser, I., Baensch, S., Bezerra, A. D. M., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., Boreux, V., Bretagnolle, V., Caballero-López, Berta, Cavigliasso, P., Cetkovic, Aleksandar, Chacoff, Natacha P., Classen, A., Cusser, S., Da Silva E Silva, F. D., Arjen De Groot, G., Dudenhöffer, J. H., Ekroos, J., Fijen, T., Franck, P., Freitas, B. M., Garratt, M. P. D., Gratton, C., Hipólito, J., Holzschuh, A., Hunt, L., Zaragoza-Trello, C., Dainese, M., Martin, E. A., Aizen, Marcelo A., Albrecht, M., Bartomeus, I., Bommarco, R., Carvalheiro, L. G., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Gagic, V., Garibaldi, Lucas A., Ghazoul, J., Grab, H., Jonsson, M., Karp, D. S., Kennedy, Cristina M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D. A., Letourneau, D. K., Marini, Lorenzo, Poveda, K., Rader, R., Smith, H. G., Tscharntke, T., Andersson, G. K. S., Badenhausser, I., Baensch, S., Bezerra, A. D. M., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., Boreux, V., Bretagnolle, V., Caballero-López, Berta, Cavigliasso, P., Cetkovic, Aleksandar, Chacoff, Natacha P., Classen, A., Cusser, S., Da Silva E Silva, F. D., Arjen De Groot, G., Dudenhöffer, J. H., Ekroos, J., Fijen, T., Franck, P., Freitas, B. M., Garratt, M. P. D., Gratton, C., Hipólito, J., Holzschuh, A., Hunt, L., and Zaragoza-Trello, C.

Abstract

Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.

Published
2019

6. Pollinator size and its consequences: Robust estimates of body size in pollinating insects

Author

Kendall, L. K., Rader, R., Gagic, V., Cariveau, D. P., Albrecht, M., Baldock, K. C. R., Freitas, B. M., Hall, M., Holzschuh, A., Molina, Francisco P., Morten, J. M., Pereira, J. S., Portman, Z. M., Roberts, S. P. M., Rodríguez, J., Russo, Luca Francesco, Sutter, L., Vereecken, N. J., Bartomeus, Ignasi, Kendall, L. K., Rader, R., Gagic, V., Cariveau, D. P., Albrecht, M., Baldock, K. C. R., Freitas, B. M., Hall, M., Holzschuh, A., Molina, Francisco P., Morten, J. M., Pereira, J. S., Portman, Z. M., Roberts, S. P. M., Rodríguez, J., Russo, Luca Francesco, Sutter, L., Vereecken, N. J., and Bartomeus, Ignasi

Abstract

Body size is an integral functional trait that underlies pollination-related ecological processes, yet it is often impractical to measure directly. Allometric scaling laws have been used to overcome this problem. However, most existing models rely upon small sample sizes, geographically restricted sampling and have limited applicability for non-bee taxa. Allometric models that consider biogeography, phylogenetic relatedness, and intraspecific variation are urgently required to ensure greater accuracy. We measured body size as dry weight and intertegular distance (ITD) of 391 bee species (4,035 specimens) and 103 hoverfly species (399 specimens) across four biogeographic regions: Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. We updated existing models within a Bayesian mixed-model framework to test the power of ITD to predict interspecific variation in pollinator dry weight in interaction with different co-variates: phylogeny or taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, and biogeographic region. In addition, we used ordinary least squares regression to assess intraspecific dry weight ~ ITD relationships for ten bees and five hoverfly species. Including co-variates led to more robust interspecific body size predictions for both bees and hoverflies relative to models with the ITD alone. In contrast, at the intraspecific level, our results demonstrate that the ITD is an inconsistent predictor of body size for bees and hoverflies. The use of allometric scaling laws to estimate body size is more suitable for interspecific comparative analyses than assessing intraspecific variation. Collectively, these models form the basis of the dynamic R package, “pollimetry,” which provides a comprehensive resource for allometric pollination research worldwide.

Published
2019

7. Evaluation of headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the characterization of volatile organic compounds from melon (Cucumis melo L.) flowers

Author

SILVA, F. A. N., SILVA, A. A., FERNANDES, N. S., RODRIGUES, T. H. S., CANUTO, K. M., NASCIMENTO, R. F., BRITO, E. S. de, ARAGAO, F. A. S. de, FREITAS, B. M., ZOCOLO, G. J., Francisca Aliny Nunes Silva, Embrapa Agoindústria Tropical, bolsista, Nayanny de Sousa Fernandes, UFC - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues, UVA - Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, KIRLEY MARQUES CANUTO, CNPAT, Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento, UFC - Universidade Federal do Ceará, EDY SOUSA DE BRITO, CNPAT, FERNANDO ANTONIO SOUZA DE ARAGAO, CNPAT, Breno Magalhães Freitas, UFC - Universidade Federal do Ceará, GUILHERME JULIAO ZOCOLO, CNPAT., and Alexander Alves da Silva, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista

Subjects
SPME, Melons, VOCs, Flor de melão, GC-MS, Melão, Headspace
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-03T23:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ART18077.pdf: 964998 bytes, checksum: a6946ccf3cc6df000bbe50fe506d440d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-16

Published
2018

9. Summary for policymakers of the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production

Author

Potts, Simon G., Imperatriz Fonseca, Vera, Ngo, Hien T., Biesmeijer, Jacobus C., Breeze, Thomas D., Dicks, Lynn, Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro, Hill, Rosemary, Settele, Josef, Vanbergen, Adam J., Aizen, Marcelo Adrian, Cunningham, S. A., Eardley, C., Freitas, B. M., Gallai, N., Kevan, P. G., Kovács Hostyánszki, A., Kwapong, P. K., Li, J., Li, Xiaolin, Martins, D. J., Nates Parra, G., Pettis, J. S., Rader, R., and Viana, B. F.

Subjects
purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], POLLINATION, purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1 [https], BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], FOOD PRODUCTION, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https]
Abstract

The thematic assessment of pollinators, pollination and food production carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services aims to assess animal pollination as a regulating ecosystem service underpinning food production in the context of its contribution to nature’s gifts to people and supporting a good quality of life. To achieve this, it focuses on the role of native and managed pollinators, the status and trends of pollinators and pollinator-plant networks and pollination, drivers of change, impacts on human well-being, food production in response to pollination declines and deficits and the effectiveness of responses. Fil: Potts, Simon G.. No especifíca; Fil: Imperatriz Fonseca, Vera. No especifíca; Fil: Ngo, Hien T.. No especifíca; Fil: Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.. No especifíca; Fil: Breeze, Thomas D.. No especifíca; Fil: Dicks, Lynn. No especifíca; Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina Fil: Hill, Rosemary. No especifíca; Fil: Settele, Josef. No especifíca; Fil: Vanbergen, Adam J.. No especifíca; Fil: Aizen, Marcelo Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Cunningham, S. A.. No especifíca; Fil: Eardley, C.. No especifíca; Fil: Freitas, B. M.. No especifíca; Fil: Gallai, N.. No especifíca; Fil: Kevan, P. G.. No especifíca; Fil: Kovács Hostyánszki, A.. No especifíca; Fil: Kwapong, P. K.. No especifíca; Fil: Li, J.. No especifíca; Fil: Li, Xiaolin. No especifíca; Fil: Martins, D. J.. No especifíca; Fil: Nates Parra, G.. No especifíca; Fil: Pettis, J. S.. No especifíca; Fil: Rader, R.. No especifíca; Fil: Viana, B. F.. No especifíca

Published
2016

14. MCNP SIMULATION OF THE HP(10) ENERGY RESPONSE OFA BRAZILIAN TLD ALBEDO NEUTRON INDIVIDUAL DOSEMETER, FROM THERMALTO 20MEV.

Author

Freitas, B. M., Martins, M. M., Pereira, W. W., da Silva, A. X., and Mauricio, C. L. P.

Subjects
DOSIMETERS, NUCLEAR counters calibration, RADIATION dosimetry, MONTE Carlo method dose calculation, RADIATION protection, RADIATION exposure
Abstract

The Brazilian Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD) runs a neutron individual monitoring system with a home-made TLD albedo dosemeter. It has already been characterised and calibrated in some reference fields. However, the complete energy response of this dosemeter is not known, and the calibration factors for all monitored workplace neutron fields are difficult to be obtained experimentally. Therefore, to overcome such difficulties, Monte Carlo simulations have been used. This paper describes the simulation of the HP(10) neutron response of the IRD TLD albedo dosemeter using the MCNPX transport code, for energies from thermal to 20 MeV. The validation of the MCNPX modelling is done comparing the simulated results with the experimental measurements for ISO standard neutron fields of 241Am-Be, 252Cf, 241Am-B and 252Cf(D2O) and also for 241Am-Be source moderated with paraffin and silicone. Bare 252Cf are used for normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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15. Résumé à l'intention des décideurs du rapport d'évaluation de la Plateforme intergouvernementale scientifique et politique sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques concernant les pollinisateurs, la pollinisation et la production alimentaire

Author

IPBES, Potts, S. G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Ngo, H. T., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T. D., Dicks, L. V., Garibaldi,L. A., Hill, R., Settele, J., Vanbergen, A. J., Aizen, M. A., Cunningham, S. A., Eardley, C., Freitas, B. M, Gallai, N., Kevan, P. G., Kovács-Hostyánszki, A., Kwapong, P. K., Li, J., Li, X., Martins, D. J., Nates-Parra, G., Pettis, J. S., and Viana, B. F.

Subjects
IPBES, Pollination assessment
Abstract

L’évaluation thématique des pollinisateurs, de la pollinisation et de la production alimentaire entreprise sous les auspices de la Plateforme intergouvernementale scientifique et politique sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques a pour but d’analyser la pollinisation animale, en tant que service écosystémique de régulation sous-tendant la production alimentaire, dans le contexte de sa contribution aux bienfaits que l’homme reçoit de la nature et à la réalisation d’une bonne qualité de vie. À cette fin, elle met l’accent sur le rôle des pollinisateurs natifs et domestiques, l’état et les tendances des pollinisateurs, les réseaux pollinisateurs-plantes et la pollinisation, les facteurs de changements, les impacts sur le bien-être humain, la production alimentaire face aux déclins et aux déficits de la pollinisation et l’efficacité des interventions menées pour y remédier. Le rapport présentant les résultats de l’évaluation est disponible dans le document IPBES/4/INF/1/Rev.1. Le présent document, établi à l’intention des décideurs, résume les informations figurant dans ce rapport. &nbsp

Published
2016
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16. COMPARISON OF THE NEUTRON ENERGY RESPONSE OF TWO DIFFERENT TLD ALBEDO DOSEMETERS.

Author

Freitas BM, da Silva AX, Pereira WW, and Mauricio CLP

Subjects
Americium, Beryllium, Brazil, Computer Simulation, Equipment Design, Monte Carlo Method, Neutrons, Radiation Dosimeters, Radiometry, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Protection instrumentation, Thermoluminescent Dosimetry instrumentation
Abstract

Albedo dosemeters remain the most used dosemeters in neutron individual monitoring. In Brazil, most of the neutron occupational fields are from radionuclide sources, often without any moderation, where albedo dosemeters have poor energy response. The purpose of this work is to compare the HP(10) energy response of the IRD and ALNOR TLD albedo dosemeter systems, calculated by their modelling with Monte Carlo code MCNPX. Their energy responses are similar, as expected, but the IRD system is about five times more sensitive than the ALNOR one. IRD albedo system can measure the Brazilian monthly recording level of 0.2 mSv, even for bare 252Cf and 241Am-Be neutron fields. On the other hand, the ALNOR system can measure values higher than 0.2 mSv only after huge moderation of theses sources. These results show that IRD TLD albedo is more suitable than the ALNOR one to measure low doses at occupational fields from radionuclide sources.

Published
2018
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17. MCNP SIMULATION OF THE HP(10) ENERGY RESPONSE OF A BRAZILIAN TLD ALBEDO NEUTRON INDIVIDUAL DOSEMETER, FROM THERMAL TO 20 MeV.

Author

Freitas BM, Martins MM, Pereira WW, da Silva AX, and Mauricio CL

Subjects
Algorithms, Americium analysis, Beryllium analysis, Boron analysis, Brazil, Calibration, Californium analysis, Computer Simulation, Humans, Materials Testing, Monte Carlo Method, Neutrons, Occupational Exposure analysis, Paraffin chemistry, Radiation Monitoring methods, Radiation Protection methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Silicon chemistry, Software, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Dosimeters, Radiation Monitoring instrumentation, Radiation Protection instrumentation, Thermoluminescent Dosimetry methods
Abstract

The Brazilian Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD) runs a neutron individual monitoring system with a home-made TLD albedo dosemeter. It has already been characterised and calibrated in some reference fields. However, the complete energy response of this dosemeter is not known, and the calibration factors for all monitored workplace neutron fields are difficult to be obtained experimentally. Therefore, to overcome such difficulties, Monte Carlo simulations have been used. This paper describes the simulation of the HP(10) neutron response of the IRD TLD albedo dosemeter using the MCNPX transport code, for energies from thermal to 20 MeV. The validation of the MCNPX modelling is done comparing the simulated results with the experimental measurements for ISO standard neutron fields of (241)Am-Be, (252)Cf, (241)Am-B and (252)Cf(D2O) and also for (241)Am-Be source moderated with paraffin and silicone. Bare (252)Cf are used for normalisation., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2016
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