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In this online study (a follow-up on the already osf-registered project "Time ambiguity effects and its interaction with delay: two online intertemporal choice studies"; osf.io/rhau2/?view-only=) participants will be asked to indicate their strength of preference for either time-risky or time-ambiguous options to see if participants differentiate between time-ambiguity and time-risk.

The current project investigates relations between emotion and decision-making. Participants completed several questionnaires assessing their demographics, depression, and alexithymia. They also completed two version of the Columbia Card Task (CCT), a dynamic risky decision-making task.

Amendment to the preregistration uploaded on February 10, 2020. No data have been analysed prior to uploading this amendment.

This project aims to quantify the magnitude of the effect of direct peer observation on adolescent risky decisions relative to risky decisions made alone. We also aim to investigate key methodological and theoretical moderators that may act as possible sources of influence to amplify or reduce the effect of direct peer observation.

This study will investigate the effects of stress on intertemporal choice. In this regard, we take the perspective of the Reinforcement and Reprocessing Model of Reflectivity (or R3 model), which aims to redefine reflective versus impulsive processing as described by traditional dual-process models. The data involved in this study have already been collected, but no data have been analyzed prior to uploading this preregistration.

The following study investigates the link between maternal well-being (i.e., stress and depressive symptoms) and infants' longitudinal weight development. Additionally, moderators of this link are investigated.

In this project we want to investigate how defensive freezing is related to decision-making under threat. To this end, participants will perform an approach/avoidance task incentivized via monetary rewards and threat of shock while measuring heart rate and body sway as indices of freezing. Particularly, we wish to investigate how our freezing measurements interact with individuals' subjective value computations, and explore the interaction between freezing and passive vs. active approach/avoid biases. For this, we will use computational modeling.

Under threat, computations underlying value-based decision-making shift from being driven by predominantly value-related regions – such as the ventromedial cortex (vmPFC) and striatum – to being driven by brain regions involved in threat coping – such as the (dorsal) anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala (ACC, AMY) (Park, Kahnt, Rieskamp, & Heekeren, 2011; Roy et al., 2014). Simultaneously, the presence of environmental threat triggers a defensive state of freezing which is primarily characterized by heart rate deceleration (bradycardia) and body immobility, and is thought to be driven by activation in the brain stem periaqueductal gray (PAG; (Kozlowska, Walker, McLean, & Carrive, 2015)). The state associated with freezing has been associated with improved perception of course visual features, faster responding, and has been implicated to play a role in risk assessment (Blanchard, Griebel, Pobbe, & Blanchard, 2011; Hashemi et al., 2019; Lojowska, Gladwin, Hermans, & Roelofs, 2015). Together, this suggests an important role for freezing in decision-making under threat, potentially affecting the decision whether to approach or avoid the situation. However, it remains unclear how freezing would affect the neural computations underlying such value-based approach-avoidance decision-making. In this study, we test three potential pathways through which this could manifest (Livermore et al., 2021). First, it could be that freezing moderates the subjective value of aversive outcome information (Roy et al., 2014). Secondly, freezing could feed into the integration of reward and punishment values (Park et al., 2011). Finally, freezing could be involved in the tendency to respond passively vs. actively, moderating activity in regions involved in switching into action and action preparation (Hashemi et al., 2019). In this study, we will investigate how freezing under threat – assessed through bradycardia – is linked to neural activity in brain regions involved in passive and active approach-avoidance decision-making under threat.

Concerns have been raised about the reliability of the widely-used dot-probe task. A novel variation, the cued Visual Probe Task (cVPT), uses cues that predict the locations of emotional stimuli. This appears to result in relatively reliable anticipatory attentional bias scores. However, cVPT reliability could be affected by individuals having an attentional bias \ud towards one or the other predictive cue, rather than to predicted stimuli. We provide an improved assessment of this bias. Further, trial-to-trial carryover effects, a source of within subject attentional bias variability previously found for stimulus-evoked biases, were tested. To these aims, a convenience sample of 82 participants was analysed, who performed an online procedure including a reversal of the cue mapping of the cVPT. The predicted stimulus categories were neutral and angry faces. CSIs of 400 and 1000 ms were used based on previous work. An overall anticipatory attentional bias, in terms of RT difference scores, towards threat was found. Reliability was around .4, which was similar to previous results despite the cue reversal procedure. Carryover effects were found with a similar pattern as for \ud non-cued threat-evoked bias. The results confirm a reasonably reliable outcome-focused bias towards threat, showing similar carryover effects as found for stimulus-evoked bias.