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Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs is a health concern worldwide and monitoring human exposure to mycotoxins is a key concern. Most mycotoxins and their metabolites are excreted in urine, but a reliable detection method is required, considering the low levels present in this biological sample. The aim of this work is to validate a sensitive methodology capable of simultaneously determining ten targeted mycotoxins as well as detecting untargeted ones by using Liquid Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The targeted mycotoxins were: enniatin A, B, A1, and B1, beauvericine, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, and ochratoxin A. Several extraction procedures such as liquid-liquid extraction, dilute and shoot, and QuEChERS were assessed. Finally, a modified simple QuEChERS extraction method was selected. Creatinine adjustment and matrix-matched calibration curves are required. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 and from 0.3 to 5 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries achieved were higher than 65% for all mycotoxins. Later, the method was applied to 100 samples of women's urine to confirm the applicability and determine their internal exposure. The untargeted mycotoxins most found were trichothecenes, zearalenones, and ochratoxins.

This research aims to address questions around the implementation, measurement, and success of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) as a response to the global challenges of the twenty-first century. GCE aims to foster peaceful, inclusive, tolerant, sustainable, and socially just societies; yet despite its centrality in international policy discourse and academic research, the impact of GCE on young people’s attitudes towards inequalities in society or human rights remains relatively unexplored.

Dietary exposure of the Valencia Region population to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and PCBs was assessed in the Region of Valencia in 2010-2011. A total of 7700 food samples were collected. Occurrence data were combined with consumption data to estimate dietary exposure in adults (>15years of age) and young people (6-15years of age). The estimated intake was calculated by a probabilistic approach. Average intake levels (upper-bound scenario) were 1.58 and 2.76 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ) kg(-1) body weight (bw) day(-1) for adults and young people, respectively. These average intakes are within range of the tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) bw day(-1) recommended by WHO, and slightly above the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 14 pg TEQ kg(-1) bw week(-1) and the Provisional tolerable monthly intake of 70 pg TEQ kg(-1) bw month(-1) set by the Scientific Committee on Food and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food, respectively. These results show that the contamination levels in food and therefore the exposure of the general population to PCDD/Fs and PCBs have declined in this region and therefore show the efficiency of the European risk-management measures. In terms of risk characterisation, the results showed that, under the upper-bound scenario, 22% of the adult and 58% of the young people population could exceed the TWI.

Dietary exposure of the Valencian region population to lead, cadmium, inorganic arsenic (iAs), chromium, copper, tin and methylmercury (meHg) was assessed in a total diet study carried out in the region of Valencia in 2010-11. A total of 8100 food samples were collected and analysed. Occurrence data were combined with consumption data to estimate dietary exposure in adults (>15years of age) and young children (6-15years of age). The estimated intake was calculated by a probabilistic approach. Average intake levels (optimistic scenario) for lead, iAs, chromium and tin were 0.21, 0.08, 1.79 and 1.87 mu gkg(-1) bw day(-1) respectively; for Cd and meHg average intake levels were 0.77 and 0.54 mu gkg(-1) bw week(-1), respectively, and for Cu, 1.60mg day(-1). In terms of risk characterisation, the results showed that 2.84% of the adult population may exceed the BMDL10 (benchmark dose lower confidence limit) established for Pb, which is linked to renal effects; whereas 28.01% of the young children population may exceed the BMDL01 related to neurodevelopment effects. In addition, 8.47% of the adult population and 12.32% of young children exceeded the meHg tolerable weekly intake (TWI).

This study was carried out to determine current levels of nitrate in vegetables marketed in the Region of Valencia (Spain) and to estimate the toxicological risk associated with their intake. A total of 533 samples of seven vegetable species were studied. Nitrate levels were derived from the Valencia Region monitoring programme carried out from 2009 to 2013 and food consumption levels were taken from the first Valencia Food Consumption Survey, conducted in 2010. The exposure was estimated using a probabilistic approach and two scenarios were assumed for left-censored data: the lower-bound scenario, in which unquantified results (below the limit of quantification) were set to zero and the upper-bound scenario, in which unquantified results were set to the limit of quantification value. The exposure of the Valencia consumers to nitrate through the consumption of vegetable products appears to be relatively low. In the adult population (16-95 years) the P99.9 was 3.13 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) and 3.15 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in the lower bound and upper bound scenario, respectively. On the other hand, for young people (6-15 years) the P99.9 of the exposure was 4.20 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) and 4.40 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in the lower bound and upper bound scenario, respectively. The risk characterisation indicates that, under the upper bound scenario, 0.79% of adults and 1.39% of young people can exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake of nitrate. This percentage could join the vegetable extreme consumers (such as vegetarians) of vegetables. Overall, the estimated exposures to nitrate from vegetables are unlikely to result in appreciable health risks. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the present study, the chronic cumulative exposure to organophosphorus (OPs), carbamates (CBs) and pyrethroid and pyrethrin (PPs) pesticides in the region of Valencia through fruit and vegetables consumption is presented. A total of 752 samples and 84 pesticides were studied of which, 52 were OPs, 23 CBs and 9 PPs. Residue data were derived from the Valencia "Region monitoring program 2007-2011 and food consumption levels from a questionnaire -based dietary survey conducted in 2010 in the same area. The relative potency factor (RPFs) approach was used to estimate chronic cumulative dietary exposure to OPs, CBs and PPs using acephate, oxamyl and deltamethrin as index compounds, respectively. The exposure was estimated using a deterministic approach and two scenarios were assumed for left censored results: the lower-bound (LB) scenario, in which unquantified results (below the limit of quantification (LOQ)) were set to zero and the upper-bound (UB) scenario, in which unquantified results were set to the LOQ, Results demonstrate that the chronic exposure of the young (16 years) population to pesticides through fruits and vegetables is under control (even at high or frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables), for the three groups of pesticides. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

La Red Iberoamericana de Toxicología y Seguridad Química RITSQ, se inicia en marzo de 2008 y desde entonces ha tenido 69.930 visitas a la página web de la misma, se han registrado 1.133 personas de 41 países y desde entonces hemos realizado y presentado 66 carteles en Reuniones, Conferencias y Reuniones donde se mantienen de forma constante los Objetivos de la RITSQ: 1. Coordinar la participación de los diferentes grupos existentes en universidades y organismos de investigación de Iberoamérica, implicados en estudios relacionados con la Toxicología, 2. Fortalecer la colaboración y el intercambio académico entre los programas de Doctorado y Maestría de diferentes países iberoamericanos que tengan como objeto el estudio y la investigación en Toxicología o áreas relacionadas, 3. Favorecer la realización de proyectos de investigación conjuntos entre docentes e investigadores de Iberoamérica, pasantías estudiantiles y eventos académicos; 4. Profundizar en el estudio de métodos de ensayo de corta y larga duración utilizados en la evaluación de la carcinogenicidad, la mutagenicidad y la toxicidad para la reproducción de sustancias y mezclas de productos químicos, 5. Desarrollar y estandarizar métodos analíticos para la identificación y determinación de biomarcadores de exposición, efecto y .susceptibilidad para sustancias y productos químicos en el hombre y el medio ambiente; 6. Aplicar métodos de evaluación del riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente de sustancias y productos químicos, 7. Fomentar el intercambio científico de profesionales interesados alimentaria; y 8. Propiciar el uso de métodos alternativos a la experimentación animal (www.remanet.net).

1 página, Since March 2008 launched the website - Red Iberoamericana of Toxicology and Chemical Safety RITSQ, which is considered as part of the activities of the Spanish Committee on Toxicology (SCT-CeTox) of AETOX; Network RITSQ have registered on line at the network 1,133 people from 41 country since then, until today have been recorded 69,930 visits.

La Red Iberoamericana de Toxicología y Seguridad Química RITSQ, se inicia en marzo de 2008 y desde entonces ha tenido 70.791 visitas a la página web de la misma, se han registrado 1.133 personas de 41 países y desde entonces hemos realizado y presentado 66 carteles en Reuniones, Conferencias y Reuniones donde se mantienen de forma constante los Objetivos de la RITSQ: 1. Coordinar la participación de los diferentes grupos existentes en universidades y organismos de investigación de Iberoamérica, implicados en estudios relacionados con la Toxicología, 2. Fortalecer la colaboración y el intercambio académico entre los programas de Doctorado y Maestría de diferentes países iberoamericanos que tengan como objeto el estudio y la investigación en Toxicología o áreas relacionadas, 3. Favorecer la realización de proyectos de investigación conjuntos entre docentes e investigadores de Iberoamérica, pasantías estudiantiles y eventos académicos; 4. Profundizar en el estudio de métodos de ensayo de corta y larga duración utilizados en la evaluación de la carcinogenicidad, la mutagenicidad y la toxicidad para la reproducción de sustancias y mezclas de productos químicos, 5. Desarrollar y estandarizar métodos analíticos para la identificación y determinación de biomarcadores de exposición, efecto y .susceptibilidad para sustancias y productos químicos en el hombre y el medio ambiente; 6. Aplicar métodos de evaluación del riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente de sustancias y productos químicos, 7. Fomentar el intercambio científico de profesionales interesados alimentaria; y 8. Propiciar el uso de métodos alternativos a la experimentación animal (www.remanet.net).