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To discuss the localization of horizontal segment of petrous internal carotid artery in transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery, and to provide anatomical data for clinical surgery. The horizontal segment of the petrous internal carotid artery of 5 adult cadaveric heads were exposed by endoscopic transnasal and microscopic open approaches respectively, and the relevant data and images were measured and collected. The medial wall of the foramen spinosum is the lateral wall of the isthmus of the eustachian tube, and the thickness of the bone is 0.5 ± 0.2 mm. The medial wall of the isthmus of the eustachian tube is the lateral wall of the posterior genu of the carotid canal and the thickness of the bone is 0.2 ± 0.1 mm. The vidian nerve originates from the anterior genu of the petrous internal carotid artery. The distance from the base of vidian nerve to the isthmus of eustachian tube is 19.2 ± 2.8 mm. The foramen spinosum is the landmark of isthmus of the Eustachian tube. The isthmus of the Eustachian tube is the landmark of the posterior genu of the internal carotid artery. The line between the base of the vidian nerve and the isthmus of the Eustachian tube ioks the landmark of horizontal segment of the petrous internal carotid artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The foramen spinosum (FS) is a pivotal passage for neurovascular structures within the skull base. We performed a detailed morphometric and morphological analysis of the FS to emphasize its clinical relevance. Materials & Methods: The study was performed on dried skull specimens obtained from the anatomical collections of the Institute of Anatomy and Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Ljubljana. The morphometric and morphologic features of FS in 126 whole human skulls and 15 skull halves were analyzed, including dimensions, shape, and other anatomical variations, as well as relationships to surrounding structures. Measurements were done with a digital sliding caliper. Results: The mean length and width of the FS were 2.45 ± 0.65 mm and 2.03 ± 0.53 mm on the right side and 2.49 ± 0.61 mm and 2.08 ± 0.48 mm on the left side. The most frequently observed shape was round (56.7%), followed by oval (28.2%), irregular (8.7%) and drop shaped (6.3%). Several anatomical variations were also noted, including FS duplication, confluences with other foramina, and FS obstruction due to marginal bony outgrowths. Conclusion: The FS exhibits notable interindividual differences in anatomical characteristics which should be considered during neurosurgical procedures and radiological interventions in the skull base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The foramen spinosum (FS) is a pivotal passage for neurovascular structures within the skull base. We performed a detailed morphometric and morphological analysis of the FS to emphasize its clinical relevance. Materials & Methods The study was performed on dried skull specimens obtained from the anatomical collections of the Institute of Anatomy and Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Ljubljana. The morphometric and morphologic features of FS in 126 whole human skulls and 15 skull halves were analyzed, including dimensions, shape, and other anatomical variations, as well as relationships to surrounding structures. Measurements were done with a digital sliding caliper. Results The mean length and width of the FS were 2.45 ± 0.65 mm and 2.03 ± 0.53 mm on the right side and 2.49 ± 0.61 mm and 2.08 ± 0.48 mm on the left side. The most frequently observed shape was round (56.7%), followed by oval (28.2%), irregular (8.7%) and drop shaped (6.3%). Several anatomical variations were also noted, including FS duplication, confluences with other foramina, and FS obstruction due to marginal bony outgrowths. Conclusion The FS exhibits notable interindividual differences in anatomical characteristics which should be considered during neurosurgical procedures and radiological interventions in the skull base.

In this case report, we present a 23-year-old patient with complaints of a recurrent plop sound in the left ear. Non-contrast CT and MR imaging revealed an enlargement of the tympanic segment of the facial canal due to venous congestion. A persistent stapedial artery (PSA) and absent foramen spinosum were identified as concomitant factors. This unique combination of anomalies has not been previously reported and knowledge about this condition is essential to avoid unnecessary surgery. Teaching Point: A persistent stapedial artery may be associated with enlargement of the tympanic facial nerve canal due to venous congestion.

Background and Objectives: The spinous foramen (FS) of the skull is an opening located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull, and it includes the middle meningeal vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular trigeminal nerve. The FS is commonly used as an anatomical landmark in neurosurgical procedures and neuroimaging of the middle cranial fossa because of its relationship with other cranial foramina and surrounding vascular and nervous structures. Thus, specific knowledge of its topography and possible anatomical variations is important regarding some surgical interventions and skull imaging. The aim of this study was to provide further details on the morphology of the FS of the skull by evaluating its topographic and morphometric relationships and correlating the findings with clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Thirty dried skulls of human skeletons from body donors from the collection of the Laboratory of Anatomical Microdissection at a medical school were used. The metric dimensions and variations of the FS and its relationship with adjacent bone structures were analyzed with an interface digital microscope. Results: The results showed the bilateral presence of the FS in all skulls; however, differences were observed in the shape, diameter, and topography in relation to the foramen ovale and the spine of the sphenoid. The FS was present in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone; however, in one skull, it was located in the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process. The FS was smaller than the foramen ovale. A round and oval FS shape was the most common (42.1% and 32.8% of the samples, respectively), followed by drop-shaped (12.5%) and irregular-shaped (12.5%) foramina. Conclusions: In conclusion, FS variations among individuals are common and must be considered by surgeons during skull base interventions in order to avoid accidents and postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ossification of the various ligaments at the base of the skull is quite common. Ossified pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments have been extensively described in the literature. We observed some bony outgrowths extending from the bar of bone between foramen spinosum (FS) and foramen ovale (FO). The objective of the present study was to report the incidence of these bony outgrowths near the FS. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five dried adult skulls and 20 sphenoid bones were examined for the bony outgrowths (if present) near the FS. Results: Bony outgrowths extended posteriorly from the bar of bone between FO and FS in 60% of cases. These bony outgrowths when long were seen meeting the spine extending from the spine of the sphenoid, forming a complete or incomplete bar of the bone. At times, a thick bony plate joined the bar of bone between FO and FS to the spine of the sphenoid. Conclusions: The bony outgrowths near FS become clinically important in surgeries involving middle meningeal artery. In spite of such implications, these bony outgrowths are neither named nor have they received the due attention in the literature. Detailed studies of these bony outgrowths could be of interest to radiologists, anesthetists, and neurosurgeons.

Background and Objectives: The spinous foramen (FS) of the skull is an opening located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull, and it includes the middle meningeal vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular trigeminal nerve. The FS is commonly used as an anatomical landmark in neurosurgical procedures and neuroimaging of the middle cranial fossa because of its relationship with other cranial foramina and surrounding vascular and nervous structures. Thus, specific knowledge of its topography and possible anatomical variations is important regarding some surgical interventions and skull imaging. The aim of this study was to provide further details on the morphology of the FS of the skull by evaluating its topographic and morphometric relationships and correlating the findings with clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Thirty dried skulls of human skeletons from body donors from the collection of the Laboratory of Anatomical Microdissection at a medical school were used. The metric dimensions and variations of the FS and its relationship with adjacent bone structures were analyzed with an interface digital microscope. Results: The results showed the bilateral presence of the FS in all skulls; however, differences were observed in the shape, diameter, and topography in relation to the foramen ovale and the spine of the sphenoid. The FS was present in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone; however, in one skull, it was located in the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process. The FS was smaller than the foramen ovale. A round and oval FS shape was the most common (42.1% and 32.8% of the samples, respectively), followed by drop-shaped (12.5%) and irregular-shaped (12.5%) foramina. Conclusions: In conclusion, FS variations among individuals are common and must be considered by surgeons during skull base interventions in order to avoid accidents and postoperative complications.

Background: The foramen spinosum (FS) transmits the middle meningeal vessels and meningeal branches of the mandibular nerve. The anatomical variation of FS is of great clinical significance in tumor detection and abnormal bony growth. This study aimed to assess morphometric measurements of the foramen spinosum and its variation in shape, number, and position to the sphenoid spine. Methods and materials: An anatomical study was conducted on 64 adult skulls. The study material involved human macerated Ethiopian skulls. Using a screw-adjusted compass and Vernier calipers, all measurements were taken. The area of the foramen spinosum was determined using formula A= (π x L x B)/4[π = 3.14, L = length, B = width]. The mean (±SD) was calculated for all the measurements. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data, and P

Background: Surface landmarks of the temporal bone are related to various anatomical structures. The surgical exposure of the middle cranial fossa, transpetrosal and transmastoid approaches for skull base surgeries would require identification of various surface landmarks for approaching the structures. Aim and Objectives: To determine whether Henle's spine could be used as a reliable and multipurpose landmark for the important structures and foramen of the skull base during surgeries. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 170 dry human skulls. Two imaginary lines and a parapetrosal triangle was constructed which encompasses nearly all the main structures and foramina of the skull base. The distance from the Henle's spine to certain useful surgical landmarks on the skull base was measured and tabulated. Results: The measurements were analysed and compared by student't' test both the sides and found to be have slight variations in the measurements of right and left. Distance from Henle's spine to stylomastoid foramen and jugular foramen were found to high when compared to earlier studies other measurements showed only a slight deviations. Conclusion: Henle's spine when present (85%) can be used as a reliable anatomical landmark for approaching various foramina during skull base surgeries when other land mark fails.

The posterolateral triangle also known as Glasscock triangle. The landmark Foramen spinosum, greater petrosal groove and Articular eminence forms the circumference of the Glasscock triangle. Glasscock triangle contents include the Foramen spinosum, Mandibular nerve,infra temporal fossa, horizontal petrous of internal carotid artery. A total of 40 dry human skulls were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Using a sliding vernier caliper the circumference of the left sided and right sided Glasscock triangle was measured. The average distance in the left and right side between Foramen spinosum to Greater petrosal nerve is 1.204 and 1.272. Between Greater petrosal nerve and Articular eminence is 2.114 and 2.65. Between Articular eminence and Foramen spinosum is 1.913 and 2.512. Inadvertent injury to the Eustachian tube leading to cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is a complication associated with the drilling of Glasscock triangle. The analysis of the landmark helps in proper exposure of the horizontal part of the Internal carotid artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the morphometric properties of Foramen spinosum (FS) according to the other studies in the literature by including various parameters such as measuring the number of bones, area, and circumference. Material and Method: 98 cranium and 35 basis crani were used in the study. The normal basilaris regions of cranium and basis crani are photographed by placing a metric close to the FS. Parameters of the FS, such as length (SU), width (SG), area (SA), and circumference (SC) were measured photogrammetrically on the Image J software program. Results: In the study, the difference between the right and left values of the SU, SG, SA, and SC measurements and the correlation were calculated. When the parameters of the right and left sides were evaluated statistically, no significant difference was observed (p>0.05). The weakest correlation is between the circumference measurement of the left side and the length of the right side. There is a strong correlation between the length of the left side and the width of the left side. Conclusion: Measurement and morphological properties of the FS are essential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to A. meningea media, which is a crucial vessel passing through the FS. Also, these anatomical measurements can shed light on radiological studies and may even be supported by radiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Migraine has a very wide pathophysiology and it has been revealed by scientific studies in the literature that it involves the activation of the trigeminovascular system. This study aims to evaluate foramen spinosum morphometry in patients diagnosed with migraine and reveal its relationship with migraine pathophysiology. Methods: In the study, brain computed tomography images of 58 patients diagnosed with migraine and 58 healthy individuals without a migraine diagnosis, who will constitute the control group, were retrospectively examined in the neurology outpatient clinic of Balıkesir University Training and Research Hospital. Foramen spinosum length and width measurements, distances of the foramen spinosum to x-y coordinates, and maximum head length and width measurements were made using Radiant DICOM Viewer 64-bit software program on computed tomography images. All data were analyzed quantitatively with the SPSS version software program. Results: According to the statistical analysis results of the variables examined in the study; It was determined that the length and width of the foramen spinosum tended to have a narrower morphometry in patient individuals. Conclusion: As a result of the research, it was revealed through morphometric analysis that there is a relationship between migraine and foramen spinosum. It is thought that the result obtained in the light of these data will contribute to the understanding of the cause-effect relationship between migraine pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system and foramen spinosum morphometry, and may be guiding for clinicians in diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foramen Spinosum (FS) is one of the chief foramens in the infratemporal surface of greater wing of the sphenoid which is situated just posterior and lateral to foramen ovale. It is a significant landmark in cases of damage to the base of skull particularly in the middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa. It is usually needed as a landmark in neurosurgery because of its adjacent relations with other cranial foramina. So, this study was undertaken to determine the precise range of dimensions, the variations, asymmetry, and dissimilarity of the size seen in the foramen spinosum in the South Indian population. Sixty eight dry skulls of unknown sex were used for the study. Various measurements and distance from various surgical landmarks were taken to assess the position of foramen spinosum on both sides of skull. We also calculated the area of foramen spinosum. Various shapes of foramen spinosum were also noted, i.e. round, oval, pin hole or irregular. Statistical Analysis was done for the all the measurements using spss software. The mean anteroposterior diameter of foramen spinosum was 2.955±1.132 mm, 3.226±0.813 mm on the right and left sides. The mean transverse diameter of foramen spinosum came out to be 2.169±0.804 mm on right side and 2.274±9.174 mm on left side. There was no statistical significance in any parameter measured on the right and left side. This study will be helpful for neurosurgeons while doing surgery in the middle cranial fossa.

An anatomical study was conducted to observe the shapes of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum with their anatomical variants. The foramen ovale being one of the important foramina in the middle cranial fossa, is present in the superior surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone. Foramen spinosum is located posterolateral to foramen ovale. We studied seventeen human skulls and three sphenoid bones (i.e. total 40 foramen ovale and 40 foramen spinosum were studied, since foramen of right as well as left sides were taken for study). They were obtained from the Post graduate Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Jammu. Posterior part of the greater wing of sphenoid was observed for visualising the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. Oval, round, almond and slit like foramen ovale were found. The maximum number was that of oval shaped foramina followed by almond, round and slit like foramen . Moreover, bony outgrowths in the form of spines were observed in two foramen ovale, and in the form of bony plate was seen in one foramen ovale. Furthermore, confluent foramen ovale and spinosum was seen on left side in one skull and on right side in another skull. Double foramen spinosum was seen in one skull on right side. Absence of foramen spinosum was observed in one of the skulls on right side. Foramen ovale is of surgical importance in percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy in trigeminal neuralgias. For surgical procedures in the middle cranial fossa, the knowledge about the variations of these foramina should be taken into account. This data will add to the knowledge of clinicians as well as anatomists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foramen Spinosum (FS) is one of the chief foramens in the infratemporal surface of greater wing of the sphenoid which is situated just posterior and lateral to foramen ovale. It is a significant landmark in cases of damage to the base of skull particularly in the middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa. It is usually needed as a landmark in neurosurgery because of its adjacent relations with other cranial foramina. So, this study was undertaken to determine the precise range of dimensions, the variations, asymmetry, and dissimilarity of the size seen in the foramen spinosum in the South Indian population. Sixty eight dry skulls of unknown sex were used for the study. Various measurements and distance from various surgical landmarks were taken to assess the position of foramen spinosum on both sides of skull. We also calculated the area of foramen spinosum. Various shapes of foramen spinosum were also noted, i.e. round, oval, pin hole or irregular. Statistical Analysis was done for the all the measurements using spss software. The mean anteroposterior diameter of foramen spinosum was 2.955±1.132 mm, 3.226±0.813 mm on the right and left sides. The mean transverse diameter of fo ramen spinosum came out to be 2.169±0.804 mm on right side and 2.274±9.174 mm on left side. There was no statistical significance in any parameter measured on the right and left side. This study will be helpful for neurosurgeons while doing surgery in the middle cranial fossa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surface landmarks of the temporal bone are related to various anatomical structures. The surgical exposure of the middle cranial fossa, transpetrosal and transmastoid approaches for skull base surgeries would require identification of various surface landmarks for approaching the structures. Aim and Objectives: To determine whether Henle's spine could be used as a reliable and multipurpose landmark for the important structures and foramen of the skull base during surgeries. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 170 dry human skulls. Two imaginary lines and a parapetrosal triangle was constructed which encompasses nearly all the main structures and foramina of the skull base. The distance from the Henle's spine to certain useful surgical landmarks on the skull base was measured and tabulated. Results: The measurements were analysed and compared by student't' test both the sides and found to be have slight variations in the measurements of right and left. Distance from Henle's spine to stylomastoid foramen and jugular foramen were found to high when compared to earlier studies other measurements showed only a slight deviations. Conclusion: Henle's spine when present (85%) can be used as a reliable anatomical landmark for approaching various foramina during skull base surgeries when other land mark fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The emissary foramen Vesalius (FV) is located in the medial or anteromedial part of the foramen ovale (FO). The foramen spinosum (FS) is situated at the FO posterior part. This study provides data regarding FV location (unilateral or bilateral), FV, FO, and FS morphometry and assesses the relationship of sex, age, in-between foramina distances, and the FV presence or absence and location with the FO and FS morphometry. Methods: 74 Greek adult dry skulls deriving from the Departments' body donation program were selected. Pearson's χ² test was used to compare ratios. Student's t-test was used to compare quantitative variables pairwise. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate independently associated variables with the FO and FS morphometry. Results: FV was identified in 37 (50%) skulls, in 19 skulls unilaterally (51.4%), and in 18 skulls bilaterally (48.6%). No laterality or sex-related difference was identified. The FV mean anteroposterior, laterolateral, and surface area (APD, LLD, and SA) was 2.79±0.83 mm, 1.78±0.53 mm, and 2.64±1.19 mm2. The FO mean APD, LLD, and SA were 7.64±1.10 mm, 4.66±1.18 mm, and 27.04±10.39 mm2. The FS mean APD, LLD, and SA were 2.90±0.48 mm, 2.40±0.52 mm, and 5.12±1.82 mm2. An increase in the total (FO and FS) SA was significantly associated with the FV presence. Conclusion: FO, FS, and FV morphometry showed no side differences. The (FO and FS) total SA is increased by the FV presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Identification and protection of the cochlea during anterior petrosectomy is key to prevent hearing loss. Currently, there is no optimal method to infer the position of the cochlea in relation to the Kawase quadrangle; therefore, damage to the cochlea during anterior petrosectomy remains a substantial risk. Objectives To identify and define landmarks available during anterior petrosectomy to locate the cochlea and prevent its damage. Methods The Kawase approach was simulated in 11 cadaveric specimens. After a subtemporal craniotomy, foramen spinosum and ovale were identified. Anterior petrosectomy was performed, and the upper dural transitional fold (UDTF) was identified. Two virtual lines, from foramen spinosum (line A), and the lateral rim of the foramen ovale (line B), were projected to intersect the UDTF perpendicularly. The cochlea was exposed, and the distances between lines A and B and the closest point of the outer rim and membranous part of the cochlea were measured. Results The average distance between line A to the bony and membranous edges of the anteromedial cochlea was −0.62 ± 1.38 mm and 0.38 ± 1.63 mm, respectively. The average distance between line B to the bony and membranous edges of the cochlea was 1.82 ± 0.99 mm and 2.78 ± 1.29 mm, respectively. Line B (cochlear safety line) never intersected the cochlea. Conclusions The cochlear safety line is a reliable landmark to avoid the cochlea during the Kawase approach. When expanding the anterior petrosectomy posteriorly, the cochlear safety line can be used as a reliable landmark to prevent exposure of the cochlea, thus preventing hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foramen spinosum is an important opening on the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid bone and lies posterior to the foramen ovale. It transmits the middle menengial vessels and nervous spinosum. It can be identified both from the interior and exterior of the skull base. Aim: To Understand the anatomy and Morphometry of the foramen spinosum in different skulls of South Indian population and to determine the exact range of measurement, the variations, asymmetry and inequality of size seen in foramen spinosum Materials and method: Thirty dry skulls were examined for the foramen spinosum in the middle cranial fossa and at the extra cranial view at the skull base. The type of foramen spinosum will be classified according to its shape. The data were recorded and tabulated. Results: The mean length of foramen spinosum was 2.534+0.610mm and the mean width was 2.36+0.57mm. Conclusion: The study showed variations in the size and shape and irregularity affecting the margins of the foramen spinosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greater wing of sphenoid presents various foramina. Foramen ovale and foramen spinosum are amongst them transmitting important blood vessels and nerves. Aim: To conduct morphological and morphometrical study of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum in dry adult human skulls in the Gujarat region. Materials and Method: 150 dry adult human skulls were studied in the Gujarat region with regard to observe their size, shape, presence or absence and any duplication/multiplications of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Out of 150 observed, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum were present in all skulls studied. Foramen ovale was not duplicated in any of skulls studied, while duplication of foramen spinosum was observed in six skulls. The mean maximum dimension of foramen ovale was 7.53±1.75 mm on right side and 7.41±1.53 mm on left side. The same measurement of foramen spinosum was 2.49±0.60 mm on right side and 2.55±0.70 mm on left side. Foramen ovale was oval in 229(76.5%), irregular in 40(13.5%), almond in 22(7.5%), round in 5(1.5%), and triangular in 4(1%) of total three hundred foramina ovale examined. Foramen spinosum was round in 252(84)%, oval in 13(4%) and irregular in 35(12%) of total foramina studied. Conclusion: Foramen ovale and foramen spinosum in the Gujarat region showed variability in size and shape. As these foramina allow passage of important blood vessels and nerves, this study can be of great surgical importance to clinicians in invasive procedures such as percutaneous trigeminal rizotomy in trigeminal neuralgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foramen spinosum (FS) and foramen venosum (of Vesalius) (FV) are alisphenoid apertures situated within the hub of the middle cranial fossa in close proximity to foramen ovale (FO). The FS and FV provide a passage to important neurovascular structures. An accurate knowledge of the morphometric details of the FS and FV including their shape, incidence, relation to other foramina and/or presence of any anomalies may represent a reliable anatomical landmark during surgical explorative maneuvers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic and morphometric features of the FS and FV. The study was conducted on 100 dry human skulls (n= 200) obtained from the osteological bank at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, to produce a database which may serve as a useful guideline to surgeons and anesthetists. Although single (95%), duplicate (2.5%) and triplicate (0.5%) FS were identified; only single (5%) and duplicate (0.5%) FV were found. Oval (FS: 43.5%; FV: 4.5%) and round (FS: 58%; FV: 0.5%) foramina were observed. In addition, the relationship of the FS and FV to FO was recorded: postero-lateral (FS: 93%; FV: 0%); posterior (FS: 1.9%; FV: 0%); postero-medial (FS: 0.5%; FV: 0%); anterior (FS: 0%; FV: 0.5%); antero-medial (FS: 0%; FV: 4.5%). The mean morphometric parameters of the FS and FV included the internal diameter (FS: 2.53±0.76 mm; FV: 1.93±0.46 mm), external diameter (FS: 2.50±0.74 mm; FV: 2.81±1.53 mm) and distance to the FO (FS: 3.45±1.29 mm; FV: 2.63±1.24 mm). In light of the morphometric and morphological variations of skull-based foramina, the evaluation of the FS and FV in our study may provide a reliable osteometric reference in clinical practice which may be beneficial during interpretation of imaging and surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a rare case of a variant middle meningeal artery (MMA) originating from the ophthalmic artery. During cadaveric dissection of the cranial base of an adult female, it was noted that the foramen spinosum was absent unilaterally. After identifying the MMA, its origin was traced back to the ophthalmic artery within the orbit. Although exceedingly rare, a variant MMA originating from the ophthalmic artery should be kept in mind by surgeons during skull base procedures in order to avoid unwanted complications including potential retrograde thrombosis of the ophthalmic artery with MMA manipulation or coagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]