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In Table A-1, functions that create graphics for discrete data and contingency tables are given. Contingency tables are created by the function table(), where the variables to be included in the table are separated by commas in the call to table(), entered as a list object or entered as a data.frame object.

Depression is the world's leading cause of disability. Greater understanding of the neurobiological basis of depression is necessary for developing novel treatments with improved efficacy and acceptance. Recently, major advances have been made in the search for genetic variants associated with depression which may help to elucidate etiological mechanisms. The present review has two major objectives. First, we offer a brief review of two major biological systems with strong evidence for involvement in depression pathology: neurotransmitter systems and the stress response. Secondly, we provide a synthesis of the functions of the 269 genes implicated by the most recent genome-wide meta-analysis, supporting the importance of these systems in depression and providing insights into other possible mechanisms involving neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neurodegeneration. Our goal is to undertake a broad, preliminary stock-taking of the most recent hypothesis-free findings and examine the weight of the evidence supporting these existing theories and highlighting novel directions. This qualitative review and accompanying gene function table provides a valuable resource and guide for basic and translational researchers, with suggestions for future mechanistic research, leveraging genetics to prioritize studies on the neurobiological processes involved in depression etiology and treatment.

Quantitative Reasoning is students ability to concluded a problem solved. The purpose of this research has information about algebraic thinking processed on the student with low ability based on Quantitative Reasoning ability. Methods used qualitative descriptive with a purpose for a description of algebraic thinking processed on mathematics problem solving basic material on function with the low ability of student based on quantitative reasoning ability. This paper used algebraic ability paper test and interview transcript. The subject cluster used purposive technic with appreciation high value on report and teacher review which are known about students characteristic. The results showed that algebraic thinking processed on mathematics problem solving on the student with low ability based on quantitative reasoning ability obtained LESS category because the subject doesn’t capable used deductive reasoning on clarifying n symbol on problem and representation on arrow diagram and Cartesian diagram for the first problem test. With the result that Quantitative Reasoning subject on analyzing problems to extract and quantify essential features with deductive reasoning obtained “Less” category. The second problem test, the subject doesn’t capable used inductive reasoning on concluding highest bounce of the ball from the graphic and function table. With that result that Quantitative Reasoning subject on analyzing problems to extract and quantify essential features with inductive reasoning obtained “Less” category. Keywords: algebraic thinking processed, mathematics ability, quantitative reasoning ability. Abstrak. Quantitative Reasoning merupakan kemampuan siswa dalam menyimpulkan suatu permasalahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih mendalam mengenai proses berpikir aljabar terutama pada siswa dengan kemampuan rendah ditinjau dari kemampuan Quantitative Reasoning. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir aljabar siswa dalam penyelesaian masalah matematika materi fungsi pada siswa kemampuan rendah ditinjau dari kemampuan quantitative reasoning. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah lembar tes kemampuan berpikir aljabar dan lembar wawancara. Pemilihan subjek dilakukan secara purposive dengan mempertimbangkan nilai rapor tertinggi dan pertimbangan guru kelas yang lebih mengetahui karakteristik siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses berpikir aljabar dalam penyelesaian masalah matematika siswa kemampuan rendah ditinjau dari kemampuan quantitative reasoning memperoleh kategori kurang karena subjek belum mampu menggunakan penalaran deduktif dalam menjelaskan makna simbol n dalam permasalahan dan merepresentasikan dalam diagram panah dan diagram cartesius pada soal nomor satu sehingga memperoleh kategori kurang. Subjek juga belum mampu menggunakan penalaran induktif dalam menyimpulkan lambungan tertinggi bola berdasarkan tabel fungsi yang diperjelas dengan grafik fungsi pada soal nomor dua. Kata kunci: proses berpikir aljabar, kemampuan matematika, kemampuan quantitative reasoning.

Patterns are of great significance to develop algebraic thinking of elementary students. This study analyzed teaching methods of patterns in current elementary mathematics textbook series in terms of three main activities related to pattern generalization (i.e., analyzing the structure of patterns, investigating the relationship between two variables, and reasoning and representing the generalized rules). The results of this study showed that such activities to analyze the structure of patterns are not explicitly considered in the textbooks, whereas those to explore the relationship between two variables in a pattern are emphasized throughout all grade levels using function table. The activities to reason and represent the generalized rules of patterns are dealt in a way both for lower grade students to use informal representations and for upper grade students to employ formal representations with expressions or symbols. The results of this study also illustrated that patterns in the textbooks are treated rather as a separate strand than as something connected to other content strands. This paper closes with several implications to teach patterns in a way to foster early algebraic thinking of elementary school students.

Latest defenses against code-reuse attacks focus on information hiding and randomization as important building blocks. The main idea is that an attacker is not able to find the position of the code she wants to reuse, hence thwarting successful attacks. Current state-of-the-art defenses achieve this by employing concepts such as execute-only memory combined with booby traps.