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This paper introduces the joint problem of locating hubs on a network and determining transportation prices between the hubs. Two levels of decision makers are present in the problem acting non-cooperatively: hub transportation provider and customers. The objective of the hub transportation provider is to locate hubs and to set the prices (per unit of commodity) of crossing the hub arcs maximizing its profit, whereas the customers aim is to send their commodities, in the cheapest way, having the possibility of using the hub arcs at the price set by the hub transportation provider or using the existing network at a predefined tariff. The problem is modeled as a nonlinear bilevel programming formulation, which is in turn linearized, and strengthened through variable reductions as well as valid inequalities. The case in which the price of each hub arc is determined by applying a common discount factor to the predefined tariff in the existing network is also studied. Computational results of mixed integer programming models and a metaheuristic on instances adapted from the literature are presented.

This paper introduces a multi-period, two-dimensional vehicle loading and dispatching problem, called Two-Dimensional Vehicle Loading and Dispatching Problem with Incompatibility Constraints (VLDP). The problem concerns preparing a single-origin single-destination transportation plan of loading required orders to vehicles at the origin and dispatching the vehicles to deliver the orders to the destination within their due dates. The decision maker uses their own fleet of vehicles, with each vehicle having a fixed transportation cost per trip, and may outsource additional vehicles at a higher cost. VLDP involves constraints regarding the due dates of the orders, pairwise incompatibility of orders packed in the same vehicle, incompatibility of orders and vehicles, as well as area and weight capacity of the vehicles. An order can be delivered earlier than its due date, incurring an earliness penalty due to storage requirements at the destination. The objective is to minimize the total vehicle usage and earliness penalty costs. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model (MILP) is provided, as well as an Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search (ALNS) algorithm. Results of computational experiments on instances derived from real-world data show the effectiveness of the ALNS algorithm.

Bu çalışma, Ankara ilinde bitkisel gıda ürünü işleyip ihracat faaliyetinde bulunan gıda sanayi işletmelerinin mevcut durumlarını ve sosyo-ekonomik yapılarını ortaya koymak, üretim ve ihracat faaliyetlerini incelemek, karşılaşılan sorunları belirlemek ve çözüm önerileri geliştirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Ankara ilinde bitkisel gıda ürünü işleyip ihracat faaliyetinde bulunan 60 adet gıda sanayi işletmesi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 43 işletmeye uygulanan anketler yardımıyla veri ve bilgiler toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre işletmelerin %86,05’i işletme sahibi, %13,95’i ise profesyonel yönetici tarafından yönetildiği belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %58,92’sinin üretimde kullandığı hammaddeyi diğer illerden temin ettiği, %54,98’inin faaliyetlerini ulusal çapta sürdürdüğü, %46.52’sinin fiili ihracat değerlerinin toplam ciro içindeki payı %1 ile %10 arasında gerçekleştiği ve %25,58’inin reklam ve tanıtım faaliyetlerini kullanmadığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmeler için vergi yüksekliği ve nitelikli işgücü sorunu üretimde dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca işletmelerin ihracatta karşılaştığı sorunların; işgücü maliyetlerinin yüksekliği, nitelikli personel bulunamaması, finansman yetersizliği, nakliye sorunları, navlun hizmetlerinin yüksekliği, ihracat teşviklerinin yetersizliği ve döviz kuru değişimlerinin olumsuz etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir., This study was carried out in order to reveal the current status and socio-economic structures of the food industry enterprises that process and export food products of non-animal origin in Ankara, to examine their production and export activities, to identify the problems encountered and to develop solutions. In the research, it has been determined that there are 60 food industry enterprises that process food products of non-animal origin and engage in export activities in the province of Ankara. However, data and information were collected with the help of questionnaires applied to 43 enterprises that voluntarily participated in the research. According to the results obtained from the enterprises, it has been determined that 86.05% of the enterprises are managed by their owners, and it was determined that 13.95% are managed by a professional manager. It has been determined that 58.92% of the enterprises procure the raw materials used in production from other provinces, 54.98% continue their activities on a national scale, and it has been determined that the share of actual export values in the total turnover of 46,52% is between 1% and 10%, and 25.58% of them do not use advertising and promotion activities. The high tax rate and the problem of qualified labor for businesses draw attention in production. In addition, the problems faced by enterprises in exporting have been determined to have high labor costs, a lack of qualified personnel, insufficient financing, transportation problems, high freight services, insufficient export incentives, and exchange rate changes.

A four-year-old Anatolian Shepherd bitch was brought to our clinic with an intermittent purulent-hemorrhagic vaginal discharge complaint with no general symptoms for six months following the last parturition. There were no signs of mass or lesion on the vaginal wall during physical examination. Anechogenic uterine content, hyperechoic structures freely floating in the lumen, and suspicious fetal tissue remnants were detected by ultrasonography in only the left uterine horn. Hematological parameters revealed the chronic uterine infection. The unilateral ovariohysterectomy operation was performed for the more affected left horn to maintain the patient’s fertility. Two fetal bone remnants were detected in the reddish infectious uterine content at the postsurgical uterine incision. Throughout the postoperative five months, vaginal discharge or any general signs of complication were not observed. We thought that the last fetus might have undergone uterine retention and autolysis in the following weeks, which caused the chronic uterine infection. Obstetrical controls are well-advised in all parturitions to reveal any fetal remnant cases/complications and to have a normal postpartum process.

Laparoscopic artificial insemination technique (LAI) is described to overcome reduced fertility problems in sheep artificial insemination (AI) programmes with frozen semen. Later on, this technology was modified for endangered non-domestic cats to deposit low quality or reduced number of sperm cells hardly obtained by electro-ejaculation into the oviduct. This technique by passes the complex structure of cervix and efficiently transfers the sperm cells to the point of fertilization. In recent years, rabbits are becoming popular transgenic animal models producing various therapeutic and commercial products, as well as being experimental animals for disease models. The worldwide transportation of frozen semen and re-establishment of transgenic lines using AI technology has become a common practice. Therefore, this study was designed to describe a laparoscopic intrauterine insemination technique, which might assist in conceiving the animals with limited number of sperm cells. The female rabbits were laparoscopically (n = 22) or vaginally (n = 13) inseminated with frozen-thawed semen samples containing approximately 10 × 106 motile sperm. The laparoscopic insemination technique provided higher pregnancy rate (45.5%) than vaginal insemination technique (7.7%) (p < .05). In conclusion, the described laparoscopic AI might be a new alternative technique, thus enabling limited or low-quality frozen sperm samples to establish pregnancy in rabbits.

In canine geriatric medicine has many different research areas such as cardiology, endocrinology, dentistry. However, diagnosing many related diseases and complications can be late related to thoughts that spayed dog's genital exams are thought of as unneeded approaches. Reproductive infections, mammary/gynecologic tumoural diseases, and their complications decrease their life quality and have a considerable mortality rate in aged intact and spayed bitches. Therefore, an effective gynecologic health check program supported with different imaging techniques is highly needed in small animal clinics. In this review, it is planned an annual gynecologic examination for older/geriatrics dogs and presented the main steps to early diagnose and prevent genital diseases with high mortality and lower their life quality and longevity.

The effectiveness of infrared thermography (IRT) in the diagnosis of pseudopregnant rabbits, the change of these images in the pseudopregnancy process, and its relationship with serum progesterone (P4) level was investigated. Fourteen healthy female rabbits of New Zealand breed were divided into two study groups. Pseudopregnancy induction was performed in the first study group with GnRH injection (0.2 ml Buserelin acetate, intramuscularly) on the 0th day of the study (Group 1, n=7). The second group (Group 2, n=7) was given placebo (0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, intramuscularly). Rectal temperature was taken from all rabbits on days 0-5-10 and 15, eye, nasal tip, and vulvar IRT were applied, and serum P4 valueswere measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In the pseudopregnant group, the temperatures of the eyes, nose, and vulva were higher on the 10th day (p

We solve a delivery problem arising in e-commerce logistics. We consider a retailer with an online store and a network of stores operating in an omni-channel strategy. The fulfillment decision for an online order, which contains a number of items, involves the allocation of these items to the stores where they are available and the selection of one store for consolidation of the items into the final package to be dispatched to the customer. The transportation between the stores and the customer is handled by a third-party logistic provider which uses a concave pricing policy based on the distance between the origin and the destination, as well as on the weight of the items. We present an online problem which is defined for a set of orders placed over time, and a mixed integer programming formulation defined for each order. The main characteristics of this problem are that the solution of the formulation for each order impacts those of the subsequent orders, and the problem must be solved in real time. For the solution of the formulation, we propose an iterative matheuristic based on the solution of the set covering model and local search. Computational results on randomly generated instances are provided, which demonstrate that our algorithm is capable of producing high-quality results.

Hiring is a fundamental, frequent activity for all organizations. Hiring decisions have been reported to be subject to conscious and unconscious biases in the literature. The field of Computational Ethics aims to quantify and maximize the ethicality of decisions. This paper attempts to apply Computational Ethics to the shortlisting process in hiring through the use of Linear Programming. Given a set of applicants for a job with numerical qualification values, the author aims to determine weights for each qualification type to compute scores and resulting rankings for each applicant. To this end, Abstract Moral Theories of Utilitarianism, Maximin/Leximin, Egalitarianism, and Prioritarianism are utilized and applied to a set of randomly generated applicant data. Computational experiments demonstrate that the models are scalable and return interpretable results. The necessity of a quota-based shortlisting system to alleviate disadvantaged candidates is highlighted. The author recommends the use of the Maximin model and iteratively eliminating the applicant with the lowest score. WOS:000823108100003 2-s2.0-85117366761 Science Citation Index Expanded Q1-Q2 Article Uluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - EVET Temmuz 2022 YÖK - 2021-22

Marine algae, which are the primary producers living in aquatic areas, are the subject of many studies due to their importance as they are eukaryotic and eutrophic organisms that play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, fuel, and textile industries. Macroalgae are known in producing several macronutrients, micronutrients, and other important biologically active compounds (e.g. polyphenols, enzymes, and antibiotics) with potential pharmacological uses. In this research, we aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (with three assays), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of the methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water extracts of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot. The LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment allowed the identification of seven compounds containing gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hidroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, biochanin A, and diosgenin. TPC and TFC of the extracts were calculated as in the range of 10.34±0.13-64.67±0.02 µg GAEs/mg extract and 12.73±2.68-36.78±1.08 µg QEs/mg extract, respectively. All extracts of C. fragile showed antimicrobial activity against all test pathogens at different levels. The methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts showed different levels of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (MIC: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). The water extract showed the highest activity in ABTS•+ (70.43±14.85%) and DPPH• (72.61±11.44%) assays while the acetone extract exhibited the best activity in CUPRAC (absorbance: 0.60±0.15) assay. The results we obtained approved that C. fragile could be valued as a natural source of bioactive agents for food preservatives and in other industrial and pharmaceutical fields. Sucul alanlarda yaşayan birincil üreticiler olan deniz algleri, önemleri nedeniyle birçok araştırmaya konu olmakla birlikte ilaç, kozmetik, gıda, yakıt ve tekstil endüstrilerinde önemli rol oynayan ökaryotik ve ötrofik organizmalardır. Makroalgler, potansiyel farmakolojik kullanımları olan birkaç makro besin, mikro besin ve diğer önemli biyolojik olarak aktif bileşikler (örneğin polifenoller, enzimler ve antibiyotikler) üretmesiyle bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889’un metanol, etanol, aseton ve su ekstrelerinin kimyasal bileşimi, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktiviteleri (3 yöntem ile), toplam fenolik (TPC) ve flavonoid (TFC) içeriklerini araştırmayı amaçlandı. LC-ESI-MS/MS analizleri gallik asit, 4-hidroksibenzaldehit, 4-hidroksibenzoik asit, p-kumarik asit, salisilik asit, biokanin A ve diosgenin içeren yedi bileşiğin tanımlanmasına izin verdi. Ekstrelerin TPC ve TFC değerleri sırasıyla 10,34±0,13-64,67±0,02 µg GAEs/mg ekstre ve 12,73±2,68-36,78±1,08 µg QEs/mg ekstre olarak hesaplandı. Metanol, etanol ve aseton ekstreleri gram negatif ve gram pozitif bakterilere karşı farklı seviyelerde aktivite göstermiştir (MİK: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). Su ekstresi ABTS•+ (%70,43±14,85) ve DPPH• (%72,61±11,44) testlerine en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterirken, aseton ekstresi CUPRAC (absorbans: 0,60±0,15) testinde en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterdi. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, C. fragile'in gıda koruyucuları ve diğer endüstriyel ve farmasötik alanlarda doğal bir biyoaktif madde kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini onaylamaktadır.

The Workload Allocation Problem consists of assigning a sequence of (Formula presented.) operations to workers. The order of these operations is fixed. Each operation consists of a batch of B units, hence a total of (Formula presented.) jobs have to be performed. Each worker is assigned to an ordered subset of consecutive jobs. Workers have different skills, and therefore jobs take a variable time to process, depending on the assigned worker. The study of this problem is rooted in the operations of Calzedonia. In this paper, we briefly introduce the application before presenting algorithms for solving the problem exactly and heuristically. Our computational results compare the performance of a stand-alone mathematical formulation solved by CPLEX, a sequential exact algorithm, and a metaheuristic, with a simple heuristic implemented in the company.

The amount of food waste production in China catering industry is approximately 17–18 Mt per year. This sector accounts for about 20% of the total food losses in China. China's National Development and Reform commission has ratified 100 pilot cities in five batches to implement food waste treatment projects. Almost the 80% of these projects is based on anaerobic digestion. So, it is very important to understand clearly which is the environmental impact of these new bioenergy, or waste to energy, chains (especially at a small scale). For this reason, a Life Cycle Assessment case study is presented in this work, based on an anaerobic digestion plant, fed with the non edible food waste produced by 29 canteens, which operate inside the campus of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The analyzed impacts are: Climate Change, Acidification, Eutrophication, and Photochemical Oxidation. The functional unit is represented by 1 kWh of produced electricity. This work demonstrates that small scale biogas plants can be realized inside big Chinese University campuses and can efficiently reduce the environmental impact of food waste management, especially if the pyrolysis process is coupled to dispose the digestate.

The main purpose of examining multiparous species with real-time ultrasonography is to determine the gestational age and make various fetal measurements for early diagnosis of growth anomalies and sibling mismatches. This study investigated changes in fetometric measurements, obstetric Doppler indices and placental image analysis results based on gestational age and fetal location in fetuses located cranially and caudally between 16 and 24 days gestation in 22 healthy pregnant New Zealand rabbits. The first study group consisted of fetuses positioned at the cranial end (n = 22) while the second group consisted of fetuses positioned at the caudal end (n = 22) in each pregnancy. Fetal biparietal head diameter (BPD) and trunk diameter (TD) were measured, and mean grayness values (MGV) were determined from placental image analysis of each fetus. Using Doppler USG, the pulsatile (PI) and resistance (RI) indices of the uterine artery (UtA) and umbilical artery (UmA) were recorded. By the end of the study, BPD and TD values for cranial and caudal fetuses had significantly increased with gestational age (P 0.001). The MGV values of caudal fetuses were significantly higher (except for the 16th day) (P 0.05). The UtA PI value of the caudal fetuses was significantly higher (except for the 18th day) (P 0.01). The UtA RI values of caudal fetuses were significantly higher than cranial ones on the 16 and 24th days (P 0.05). The PI of the UmA increased until the 20th day before decreasing significantly in both study groups (P 0.001). The UmA RI value decreased according to the gestational age in both groups (P 0.001). It was significantly higher in the caudal fetuses on the 20th day (P 0.05). The somatic rate of all fetuses peaked at the end of the second trimester, although caudal fetuses had higher fetometric values, and this location difference also affected placental echotexture. In both vessels of caudal fetuses, pulsatility and resistance values were higher. The 20th day of pregnancy was a threshold for the Doppler exam results. In conclusion, growth and metabolic status of fetuses located in different uterine locations in healthy pregnant New Zealand rabbits vary. Based on the these growth curves and hemodynamic data, more comprehensive studies of intrauterine life may be possible.

This paper addresses a humanitarian logistics problem connected with the Syrian refugee crisis. The ongoing conflict in Syria has caused displacement of millions of people. Cash-based interventions play an important role in aiding people in the post-crisis period to enhance their well-being in the medium and longer term. The paper presents a study on how to design a network of administrative facilities to support the roll-out of cash-based interventions. The resulting multi-level network consists of a central registration facility, local temporary facilities, mobile facilities and vehicles for door-to-door visits. The goal is to reach the maximum number of eligible beneficiaries within a specified time period while minimizing logistics costs, subject to a limit on total security risk exposure. A mixed integer programming model is formulated to optimize the inter-related facility location and routing decisions under multiple objectives. The authors develop a hierarchical multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm to obtain efficient solutions. An application of the model and the solution algorithm to real data from a region in the southeast of Turkey is presented, with associated managerial insights., ESRC; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

In this study, firstly 4-chloroacetyldiphenylether was synthesized from the reaction of diphenylether with chloroacetylchloride at AlCl3 catalysis. Then, 4-phenoxyphenyl-chloroglyoxime was obtained from reaction of isonitroso-4-acetyldiphenylether and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Subsequently, substituted-amino glyoxime derivatives were originally synthesized from the reaction of this phenoxyphenylchloroglyoxime with 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole and 2-fluorenamine. The structures of the obtained compounds were tried to be elucidated using FT-IR and 1H-NMR techniques. In addition, Anti-bacterial properties of two starting materials synthesized, substituted-aminoglioxime derivatives synthesized and two amine compounds were investigated against the strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MSSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341., Bu çalışmada önce difenileterin kloroasetilklorür ile AlCl3 katalizörlüğündeki reaksiyonundan 4-kloroasetildifenileter sentezlenmiştir. Sonra bunun nitrosolama metoduyla isonitroso-4-asetildifenileteri ve hidroksilaminhidroklorür ile asidik ortamdaki reaksiyonundan 4-fenoksifenilkloroglioksimi elde edildi. Daha sonra bu anti-fenoksifenilkloroglioksimin 2-amino-4-feniltiyazol ve 2-fluorenamin ile reaksiyonundan orijinal olarak sübstitüe-aminogliksim türevleri sentezlendi. Elde edilen bileşiklerin yapıları FT-IR ve 1H-NMR teknikleri kullanılarak aydınlatıldı. Ayrıca sentezlenen iki başlangıç maddesi, sentezlenen sübstitüe-aminoglioksim türevleri ve iki amin bileşiğinin, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, metisilin duyarlı Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MSSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 ve Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 suşlarına karşı anti-bakteriyel özellikleri araştırıldı.

This paper presents new structural properties for the carrier–vehicle traveling salesman problem. The authors provide a new mixed-integer second-order conic optimization formulation, with associated optimality cuts based on the structural properties, and an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm. Computational experiments on instances from the literature demonstrate the superiority of the new formulation to the existing models and algorithms in the literature, and the high-quality solutions found by the ILS algorithm.

It is known that components such as polyphenols, flavonoids and polysaccharides have antimicrobial activity in macroalgae in aquatic environments. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial activities of E.intestinalis (L.) Nees methanol, 70% ethanol and water extracts against different pathogenic microorganisms, which are economically important marine macroalgae. According to Broth Microdilution Method; Antimicrobial activities of different extracts of the studied species against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus standard bacterial strains and Candida albicans fungus strain were evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC).According to the findings, it was observed that the water extract of the studied species showed no antimicrobial activity against any test organism. The methanol extract of E.intestinalis was found to have antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea ,Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans strain, while ethanol extract was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Sarcina lutea and Candida albicans strains. The highest antibacterial effect was observed in E.intestinalis (L.) Nees methanol extract and the most effective strain was Bacillus cereus (0.390 mg/ml). Nowadays, algae are of great importance in terms of being very useful drug raw material, containing the basic components, being more effective and less toxic, as well as being models for drugs with original drug-like physiological activity. Since the data obtained with this study are intended for prospective application, it is thought that alternative drug applications will be provided as a basis for the studies aimed at reducing the use of commonly used antibiotic and antifungal agents against pathogenic microorganisms.

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, A four-year-old pluriparous sheep was brought to our clinic with the complaints of mild anorexia and a wound on the ventral abdominal area, with part of a dead lamb protruding from this lesion. Clinical examination revealed that there was a fetal retention into the ruptured gravid uterine horn that was trapped within a ventral hernia. At herniorrhaphy after removing the dead fetus, strong connections between the uterine and abdominal wall and chronic scars/necrosed tissues were detected in the wound edges, which revealed the long time lapse between the unnoticed herniation-tearing and surgery. Although many ventral hernia cases have been reported in ovine pregnancies, the high maternal resilience in this ruptured hysterocele case, which had a two-week-old history at minimum, is clinically remarkable.

This paper introduces the static bike relocation problem with multiple vehicles and visits, the objective of which is to rebalance at minimum cost the stations of a bike sharing system using a fleet of vehicles. The vehicles have identical capacities and service time limits, and are allowed to visit the stations multiple times. We present an integer programming formulation, implemented under a branch-and-cut scheme, in addition to an iterated local search metaheuristic that employs efficient move evaluation procedures. Results of computational experiments on instances ranging from 10 to 200 vertices are provided and analyzed. We also examine the impact of the vehicle capacity and of the number of visits and vehicles on the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kış sporuyla uğraşan sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini, kış sporu ile uğraşan sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemini; 6 spor branşından (buz hokeyi, curling, snowboard, alp disiplini, kayaklı koşu, kayak) yaşları 18 ile 30 arasında değişen 74 kadın ve 131 erkek olmak üzere toplam 205 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda araştırmaya katılan sporcuların sporda imgeleme alt boyutları ile sportif güven arasındaki puanlarının; cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi, spor yaşı, millilik süreleri arasında istatistiki olarak pozitif yönlü, millilik durumu ve yaş grupları arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır., In this study, it is aimed for analyzing of relationship between imagination in sports and sportive confidence of athletes who are interested in winter sports. Subjects of the study are composed of the athletes who are interested in winter sports. Research samples include 74 females and 131 males totally 205 athletes from different sport branches (ice hockey, curling, snowboard, alpine style, biathlon and skiing) and aging from 18 to 30. It has been found that there is an important relation between imagination in sports and confidence in sports. According to results, we found that there is a positive relationship between sub dimensions of imagery in sports and confidence in sports; gender, sport branches, sport type, sport aging and duration of being national athlete and a negative relationship in being national athlete and age groups.

Effect of sericin pretreatment of sperm cells on the osmotic tolerance, ability to undergo acrosome reaction induced by calcium ionophore (CI), heparin (H) or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), post-thaw sperm quality and in vivo fertility was evaluated in four successive experiments in rabbit. In experiment 1, fresh semen was pretreated with sericin (0, 0.1% or 0.5% w/v) before exposing to fructose solutions adjusted to either 50, 100, 290, 500 or 1000 mOsm/L. Sericin pretreatment increased sperm livability in addition to live-membrane intact and total membrane intact sperm rates (P < 0.05) in 50 and 290 mOsm/L groups. In experiment 2, sperm samples were pretreated by either 0.1 or 0.5% sericin after removal of the semen plasma. CI, H or LPC were used to induce acrosome reaction in pretreated sperm samples. Sericin pretreatment, reduced the ability of sperm cells to undergo acrosome reaction (P < 0.05) in vitro. In experiment 3, ejaculates were frozen with or without sericin pretreatment in DMSO-sucrose extender. In post-thaw samples sericin pretreatment improved total and progressive motility, livability, membrane and acrosome integrity in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). In vivo fertility trials by artificial inseminations revealed contradictory results in experiment 4. Although 0.5% sericin pretreatment totally inhibited fertility, 0.1% sericin provided high pregnancy rates. In conclusion; sericin pretreatment enhances osmotic tolerance and post-thaw sperm quality, but reduces the ability of rabbit sperm cells to undergo in vitro induced acrosome reaction, but this effect is restored in vivo by dose dependent manner.

In this report, an unusual condition of fetal maceration conveyed with retention of fetal debris was diagnosed 5-months after breeding in a hound bitch. A five years old bitch due to loss of appetite and abdominal distention, five months after breeding. Although presenting a distended belly and mammary glands, no signs of parturition have been reported. At surgery, a reddish free intra-abdominal fluid was suctioned, and hysterectomy was performed; ovaries were not excised to avoid any compromise of hunting performance. Fur and bone remnants floating in a brown-green, mucous and odorless fluid were detected at inspection of the uterus. In this case, the evaluation of the uterus showed that all the fetuses underwent maceration and autolysis at least 3 months after the pregnancy putative, apparently without any ascending bacterial contamination. Although it was seen that compatible with chronic uterine inflammation findings (leukocytosis and anemia), closed cervical position and odorless uterine content may be an unusual sequel to canine fetal death.

Kış Sporları ile ilgilenen Sporcuların Sporda İmgeleme ile Sportif Güven Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesiAmaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, kış sporuyla uğraşan sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.Materyol ve Metot: Araştırmanın evrenini, kış sporu ile uğraşan sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemini; 6 spor branşından (buz hokeyi, curling, snowboard, alp disiplini, kayaklı koşu, kayak) yaşları 18 ile 30 arasında değişen 74 bayan ve 131 erkek olmak üzere toplam 205 sporcu oluşturmaktadır.Veri toplamak amacı ile tüm katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu ile Sporda İmgeleme Envanteri (SİE) ve Sürekli Sportif Güven Envanteri (SSGE) ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 paket programı ile yapılmıştır. Sosyodemografik veriler için frekans analizi, normal dağılımın belirlenmesi için Shapiro – Wilk testi, ölçek puanlarının cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi ve millilik durumuna göre dağılımını incelemek için Independent-Samples T- Testi, sporcuları spor yaşı, yaş grupları ve millilik süreleri değişkenlerinin belirlenmesi için One-Way ANOVA ve LSD testi, ölçekler arası ilişkinin belirlenmesi için korelasyon analizi uygulamıştır. Analizlerde istatistiki anlamlılık düzeyi (p≤0.05) olarak alınmıştır.Bulgular: Yapılan çalışmada sporcuların sporda imgeleme ile sportif güven arasında anlamlı bir ilişki (p≤0.05) bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda araştırmaya katılan sporcuların sporda imgeleme alt boyutları ile sportif güven arasındaki puanlarının; cinsiyet, spor türü, spor tipi, spor yaşı, millilik süreleri arasında istatistiki olarak pozitif yönlü (p>0.05), millilik durumu ve yaş grupları arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır (p≤0.05).Anahtar Kelimeler: Güven, imgeleme, spor, sporcu. An Analysis of Relationship Between Imagination in Sports and Sportive Confidence of Athletes Who Are Interested in Winter SportsAim: In this studty, It is aimed at analyzing of relationship between imagination in sports and sportive confidence of athletes who are interested in winter sportsMaterial and Methods: Subjects of the study are composed of the athletes who are interested in winter sports. Research samples include 74 female and 131 male totally 205 athletes from different sport branches (ice hockey, curling, snowboard, Alpine Style, biathlon and skiing) and aging from 18 to 30. Sociodemographic Data Form, Inventory of Imagination in Sports and Constant Inventory of Confidence in Sports were applied all participants to collect data. IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software is used to analyse the obtained data. Frequency analysis is used for sociodemographical data, Shapiro – Wilk test is applied to determine the normality of scale items, Independent-Samples T- Test is used to analyze the dimensions of scale scores according to gender, sport branches, kind of sport and being national athlete, LSD and One-Way ANOVA tests are used to analyze age of sport, age groups, duration of being national athlete, Correlation Analysis is applied for the relationship between the two scale scores. Significance of analysis is determined as (p≤0.05).Result: It has been found out that there is an important relation between imagination in sports and confidence in sports (p≤0.05).Conclusion: According to results, It has been found out that there is a positive relationship between sub dimensions of imagination in sports and confidence in sports; gender, sport branches, sport type, sport aging and duration of being national athlete (p>.05) and a negative relationship in statue of being national athlete and age groups (p≤0.05).Key Words: Athlete, confidence, imagination, sport. 88

Foetal growth and haemodynamic features were investigated in singleton and twin pregnancies in Karya ewes with B-mode/ Doppler ultrasonography. Nineteen healthy singleton (n = 9) and twin (n = 10) pregnant Karya ewes were used. Foetal biometric and haemodynamic measurements were made at 15-day intervals on the 29 foetuses during pregnancy. Biparietal head diameter (BPD), thoracic diameter (TD), umbilical cord diameter (UCD), foetal heart rate (FHR), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) were recorded. The BPD was higher in twins on days 55 and 130 of pregnancy (P < 0.05), and the TD was higher in singletons on day 115 of pregnancy (P < 0.01). UCD was higher in twins on day 55 of pregnancy (P < 0.01). On day 130 of pregnancy, PSV and EDV were higher in twin foetuses (P < 0.05). PI and RI were lower in twins on day 40 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). Foetal growth and umbilical artery blood flow show some differences depending on the numbers of foetuses and the gestational stage. Additionally, BPD, TD, and FHR were reliable for estimation of gestational age during twin pregnancies.

The sudden introduction of males to anestrous females stimulates synchronous ovulations. The effectiveness of males to induce this response is androgen dependent. The aim of the present study was to compare the reproductive response of anestrous does to the introduction of teaser bucks treated with or without deslorelin implants, which continuously release a GnRH agonist. While 5 bucks were acutely treated with a single subcutaneous implant containing 7.4 mg of deslorelin (Suprelorin, Virbac) (group Des), other 5 bucks remained as controls (group Con). Each buck was placed with one group of 8 adult females. Deslorelin implants were inserted on Day -6 and from Day 0 to Day 9, bucks were joined with females from 07:00 to 08:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 every day. Testosterone concentration was measured from blood samples collected twice a day (12 h apart, am/pm) on Days -11, -10, -9 and from Day -6 to Day -1, and collected immediately after buck stimulation from Day 0 to Day 9. Does that came into estrus and that showed short estrous cycles was registered from Day 0 to Day 9. Transrectal ultrasound examination for recording cyclicity on basis of presence of corpus luteum was done between Days 22 and 27, whereas ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on Day 49. Testosterone concentration was greater in Des than Con bucks before joining them with females (36.0 ± 7.6 nmol/L vs 15.0 ± 6.8 nmol/L; P = 0.04), but the difference disappeared when all the experiment was analyzed together. Non significant differences were observed in reproductive response of does stimulated by treated or control males. Therefore, we concluded that both treated and control bucks were fully capable of inducing reproductive activity in anestrous does.

This paper introduces the Multi-Vehicle Probabilistic Covering Tour Problem (MVPCTP) which extends the Covering Tour Problem (CTP) by incorporating multiple vehicles and probabilistic coverage. As in the CTP, total demand of customers is attracted to the visited facility vertices within the coverage range. The objective function is to maximize the expected customer demand covered. The MVPCTP is first formulated as an integer non-linear programming problem, and then a linearization is proposed, which is strengthened by several sets of valid inequalities. An effective branch-and-cut algorithm is developed in addition to a local search heuristic based on Variable Neighborhood Search to obtain upper bounds. Extensive computational experiments are performed on new benchmark instances adapted from the literature.

Food and beverage sector is a dynamic sector with an intense competition. With the influence of various factors,food consumption habits have changed over time and emerging new trends started to affect the sector, food andbeverage consumption.The aim of this study is to reveal new trends in food and beverage consumption and todetermine the usage patterns of these trends in Turkey's food and beverage sector. As a result of the study; health,convenience, pleasure, sustainability, authenticity approaches have been identified as the five main trends thathave an important place in the food and beverage consumption and also will affect both consumption and thesector in the future., Gıda ve içeceksektörü yoğun rekabete sahip dinamik bir sektördür. Çeşitli faktörlerinetkisiyle zaman içerisinde gıda tüketim alışkanlıkları değişmiş ve ortaya çıkanyeni trendler sektörü, gıda ve içecek tüketimini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Buçalışmanın amacı, gıda ve içecek tüketimindeki yeni trendleri ortaya koymak ve butrendlerin Türkiye gıda ve içecek sektöründeki kullanım şekillerinibelirlemektir. Çalışmanın sonucundasağlık, kolaylık, keyif, sürdürülebilirlik, otantiklik yaklaşımları, gıda veiçecek tüketiminde önemli yere sahip olan ve gelecekte de hem tüketimi hem desektörü etkileyecek olan beş ana trend olarak belirlenmiştir.

Sermayenin, toprak ve emek gibi diğer üretim faktörlerinin üretimdeki verimliliğini yükselttiği için tarım işletmeleri açısından taşıdığı önem açıktır ve rantabl çalışabilmek için işletmelerde gerekli sermaye unsurlarından her birinin belirli oranlarda bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ankara ilinde tarımsal kredi kullanan 139 işletmenin sermaye yapıları tespit edilmiştir.Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda işletme başına ortalama 497685 TL olarak hesaplanan aktif sermayenin %74.43’ ünü çiftlik sermayesi, %25.57’sini işletme sermayesi oluşturmaktadır. Aktif sermayenin %58.79'unu toprak sermayesi, %12.61'ini alet ve makine sermayesi, %10.02'si bina sermayesi, %7.26'sı hayvan sermayesinden oluşmaktadır. İşletmeler genelinde sermayenin %83.06' sı öz sermayeden, %16.94'ü ise yabancı sermayeden meydana gelmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca kredi geri ödenebilirliğini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla lojistik regresyon analizi yapılmış ve kaldıraç oranı, ekonomik rantabilite oranı, arazi varlığı ve tasarruf eğilimi değişkenlerinin bağımlı değişkenle anlamlı derecede ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Retrieving containers from a bay in a port terminal yard is a time consuming activity. The Block Retrieval Problem (BRTP) aims at minimizing the number of relocations, the unproductive moves of hindering containers, while retrieving target containers belonging to a customer. The choice of relocations leads to alternative bay configurations, some of which would minimize the relocations of forthcoming retrievals. The Bi-objective Block Retrieval Problem (2BRTP) includes a secondary objective, the minimization of the expected number of relocations for retrieving the containers of the next customer. This paper provides NP -Hardness proofs for both the BRTP and 2BRTP. A branch-and-bound algorithm and a linear time heuristic are developed for the BRTP; a branch-and-bound algorithm and a beam search algorithm are presented for the 2BRTP. Extensive computational tests on randomly generated instances as well as instances adapted from the literature are performed, and the results are presented.

[EN] We introduce an interesting variant of the well-known Chinese postman problem (CPP). While in the CPP the cost of traversing an edge is a constant (equal to its length), in the variant we present here the cost of traversing an edge depends on its length and on the weight of the vehicle at the moment it is traversed. This problem is inspired by the perspective of minimizing pollution in transportation, since the amount of pollution emitted by a vehicle not only depends on the travel distance but also on its load, among other factors. We define the problem, study its computational complexity, provide two mathematical programming formulations, and propose two metaheuristics for its solution. Extensive computational experiments reveal the extraordinary difficulty of this problem., The work by Angel Corberan, Isaac Plana, and Jose M. Sanchis was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through [project MTM2015-68097-P] (MINECO/FEDER) and by the Generalitat Valenciana [project GVPROMETEO2013-049]. Gilbert Laporte was supported by the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council under [Grant 2015-06189].

This paper introduces the Twin Robot Palletising Problem (TRPP) in which two robots must be scheduled and routed to pick up and deliver products at specified locations along a rail. The robots are initially located at the opposite ends of the rail and must preserve a minimum safe distance from one another. The objective is to minimise the makespan, defined as the time required to complete all operations and for both robots to return to their starting positions. The paper presents a proof of NP-Hardness of the TRPP, as well as two mixed integer linear programming models. Local search operators are introduced, before an iterated local search and an iterated local search and a genetic algorithm are developed, in which a linear-time scheduling algorithm and dynamic programming are utilised to evaluate the quality of solutions. Extensive computational results demonstrate the limits of the mathematical models, the effectiveness of the metaheuristics, and the savings obtained using twin robots instead of a single one.

This paper studies a real-life multi-attribute profit collecting vehicle routing problem, arising in the collection operations of a charity organisation in the United Kingdom. The problem involves a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles of different capacities, mandatory visits to a subset of vertices, time windows, rest requirements associated with maximum driving and working times, and partial collection. A mixed integer programming formulation of the problem is described, along with three matheuristics based on Tabu Search and Large Neighbourhood Search. Computational results on instances derived from the case study are presented, and insights are given from a practical implementation.

Airline companies seek to solve the problem of determining an assignment of crews to a pre-determined flight schedule with minimum total cost, called the Crew Pairing Problem (CPP). Most of the existing studies focus on the CPP of North American airlines, which widely differs from that of most European airline companies in terms of the objective function, the flight structure, and the planning horizon. In this study, we develop an optimization-driven heuristic algorithm that can efficiently handle large-scale instances of the CPP that must be solved on a monthly basis. We perform computational experiments using flight schedules of an European airline company to test the performance of the solution method. Our computational results demonstrate that our algorithm is able to provide high-quality solutions to monthly instances with up to 27 000 flight legs. 2015 Operational Research Society Ltd. Acknowledgements-This project is funded in part by TUBITAK grant 110M308. We thank the five anonymous referees for their valuable comments, which have improved the paper substantially. Scopus