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Abstract To study the dynamic mechanical characteristics of coal in the area affected by mining in front of the mining face under different mining methods, an improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used to apply different static loads to different positions. Then, dynamic mechanical tests were conducted on coal at different positions on the mining face, analyzing the dynamic response under strong dynamic load disturbances, under three different mining layouts. Within the range of static water pressure to the peak support pressure, the dynamic strength of coal gradually increases with increasing distance from the mining face. The dynamic strength is the smallest at the peak support pressure stress, and under strong external disturbances, instability and failure are increasingly likely to occur at the peak stress. Under the same loading rate conditions, the dynamic strength of the peak stress in coal is as follows: Protective coal-seam mining (PCM) > Top-coal caving mining (TCM) > Nonpillar mining (NM).

Abstract Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 for children and adolescents are needed. This international multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III clinical trial assessed the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of CoronaVac® in children and adolescents (NCT04992260). The study was carried out in Chile, South Africa, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The enrollment ran from September 10, 2021 to March 25, 2022. For efficacy assessment, the median follow-up duration from 14 days after the second dose was 169 days. A total of 11,349 subjects were enrolled. Two 3-μg injections of CoronaVac® or placebo were given 28 days apart. The primary endpoint was the efficacy of the CoronaVac®. The secondary endpoints were the immunogenicity and safety. The vaccine efficacy was 21.02% (95% CI: 1.65, 36.67). The level of neutralizing antibody in the vaccine group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (GMT: 390.80 vs. 62.20, P

Abstract The tensile properties of coal under dynamic loading are important mechanical characteristics of coal and are highly important for controlling coal rock stability under impact loading conditions, selecting blasting engineering parameters, and studying the mechanism of rockburst disasters. To investigate the dynamic tensile failure process of coal subjected to impact loading, this study used high-speed photography and digital image correlation technology to capture the dynamic tensile failure of coal under impact loading. The dynamic tensile evolution was quantitatively analyzed from the beginning of coal sample being loaded to failure. The captured images of the coal were processed, and the fractal dimension was used to quantitatively describe the evolution of the coal surface cracks under impact loading. The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental results: (1) An empirical formula was established to describe the dynamic tensile strength characteristics of coal under different loading rates. (2) Under impact loading, the maximum strain of a Brazilian disc coal sample first appeared at the contact end between the sample and the incident rod. (3) Under impact loading, a Brazilian disc coal sample cracked from the center of the sample outward, and the crack subsequently extended toward both ends. The fractal dimension of the crack exhibited a power function relationship with time, and the variation range of the fractal dimension of the crack was 1.05–1.39.

Abstract The environment of deep in-situ occurrence is complex, and secondary dynamic disasters occur frequently. Exploring the dynamic constitutive models of coal at different depths is the foundation for deep resource development, which can help promote the safe and efficient mining of coal resources at different depths and reveal the mechanism of sudden dynamic disasters. Dynamic mechanical testing of coal at different depths of the Pingdingshan mine (China) was carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar system with confining pressure. On the basis of statistical damage theory, dynamic constitutive models of coal at different depths were explored, and the theoretical models were compared and verified using the experimental results. An expression relating to the infinitesimal element strength of coal and loading rate was derived, and the parameters σ 1dp , E d , and ε 1dp were determined. Inversion verification of the model showed that the experimental results agree well with the theoretical results prior to the peak stress. These research results are expected to be applied to the exploitation of deep resources, laying a foundation for the law of deep earth science and the construction of deep engineering.

BackgroundSchizophrenia, a severe mental disorder, is often complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which can further impact patients’ psychological health. This study investigated the differences in eating attitudes, depression, and insight between schizophrenic patients with and without comorbid T2DM and explored the correlations among these factors to provide empirical support for clinical interventions.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted in Guangdong Province, China. From December 2022 to May 2023, a total of 300 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia (92 with comorbid T2DM and 208 without T2DM) were recruited. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire (ITAQ). Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression, were performed to examine differences and predictive factors of eating attitudes among patients. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (approval number: 2020028), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia and comorbid T2DM exhibited significantly higher risks of eating disorders (EAT-26: 12.54 ± 9.77 vs. 9.07 ± 7.90, P=0.003), more severe depression (HAMD: 14.71 ± 7.36 vs. 11.80 ± 6.04, P=0.001), and poorer insight (ITAQ: 10.46 ± 6.01 vs. 12.16 ± 6.09, P=0.025) compared to those without T2DM. Regression analysis revealed that gender, weekly exercise frequency, depression, and insight were significant predictors of eating attitudes among patients with T2DM. For patients without T2DM, weekly exercise frequency, smoking status, and insight were significant predictors.ConclusionSchizophrenic patients with comorbid T2DM are facing increasing risks related to eating attitudes, depression, and insight which highlight the need for targeted interventions. Regular psychological assessment and tailored support strategies might improve their mental health and quality of life. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to clarify causal relationships and develop more effective interventions.

Background We discovered a novel human endogenous retrovirus (CT-RCC HERV-E) that was selectively expressed in most clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) and served as a source of antigens for T cell-mediated killing. Here, we described the cloning of a novel T cell receptor (TCR) targeting a CT-RCC HERV-E-derived antigen specific to ccRCC and characterized antitumor activity of HERV-E TCR-transduced T cells (HERV-E T cells).Methods We isolated a CD8+ T cell clone from a patient with immune-mediated regression of ccRCC post-allogeneic stem cell transplant that recognized the CT-RCC-1 HERV-E-derived peptide in an HLA-A11-restricted manner. We used 5’Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) to clone the full length HERV-E TCR and generated retrovirus encoding this TCR for transduction of T cells. We characterized HERV-E T cells for phenotype and function in vitro and in a murine xenograft model. Lastly, we implemented a good manufacturing practice-compliant method for scalable production of HERV-E T cells.Results The HLA-A11-restricted HERV-E-reactive TCR exhibited a CD8-dependent phenotype and demonstrated specific recognition of the CT-RCC-1 peptide. CD8+ T cells modified to express HERV-E TCR displayed potent antitumor activity against HLA-A11+ ccRCC cells expressing CT-RCC HERV-E compared with unmodified T cells. Killing by HERV-E T cells was lost when cocultured against HERV-E knockout ccRCC cells. HERV-E T cells induced regression of established ccRCC tumors in a murine model and improved survival of tumor-bearing mice. Large-scale production of HERV-E T cells under good manufacturing practice conditions generated from healthy donors retained specific antigen recognition and cytotoxicity against ccRCC.Conclusions This is the first report showing that human ccRCC cells can be selectively recognized and killed by TCR-engineered T cells targeting a HERV-derived antigen. These preclinical findings provided the foundation for evaluating HERV-E TCR-transduced T cell infusions in patients with metastatic ccRCC in a clinical trial (NCT03354390).

Global warming caused by extensive carbon emissions is a critical global issue. However, the lack of county-level carbon emissions data in China hampers comprehensive research. To bridge this gap, we employ a deep learning method on nighttime light data sets to estimate county-level carbon emissions in mainland China from 1997 to 2019. Our key contributions include the successful derivation of more reliable data, revealing the evolution of spatial dynamics and emissions epicenters. Moreover, we identify a novel inverted N-shaped relationship between gross domestic product per capita and carbon emissions in the eastern and western regions, as well as an N-shaped relationship in the central region, challenging mainstream wisdom. Additionally, we highlight the significant impacts of population density, industrial structure, and carbon intensity on carbon emissions. Our study also unveils the nuanced effects of government spending, which exhibits both inhibitory and region-specific influences. These findings serve to enhance our understanding of the factors influencing carbon emissions and contribute to informed decision-making in addressing climate change-related challenges.

The determination of unknown parameters of photovoltaic models has always been a difficult problem in the field of nonlinear optimization, which is inseparable from the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power generation systems. Due to the high degree of nonlinearity and difficulty in parameter identification of photovoltaic models with multiple diode branches, this paper proposes a novel and efficient evolutionary algorithm based on success-history adaptation differential evolution with linear population size reduction (L-SHADE)—Dynamic L-SHADE with parameter decomposition method (DaL-SHADE) to identify unknown parameters of photovoltaic models. In DaL-SHADE, a dynamic crossover rate sorting technology is introduced, which establishes the relationship between the population and its crossover rate that is ignored in L-SHADE, and thereby the optimization ability of the algorithm to identify unknown parameters is improved. Secondly, the unknown parameters of different types of photovoltaic models are decomposed into linear parameters and nonlinear parameters, so that the dimensionality of the photovoltaic model is reduced. Therefore, DaL-SHADE not only has efficient optimization capabilities but also reduces the dimensionality of different types of photovoltaic models. Through the examination of four photovoltaic models with different degrees of nonlinearization, root mean square error obtained by DaL-SHADE is better than that of the comparison algorithms.

Accurate estimation of unknown parameters of complex photovoltaic models is crucial to whether photovoltaic generators can efficiently convert energy. When a photovoltaic model has multiple diode branches, its complexity increases geometrically. To address the problems of high complexity and difficulty in estimation, this paper proposes an effective improved algorithm based on success-history adaptation differential evolution with linear population size reduction (L-SHADE)—Bi-parameter coordinated updating L-SHADE with parameter decomposition method (CSpL-SHADED). First in CSpL-SHADED, dynamic crossover rate ranking technology is developed to bridge the relationship between individuals and crossover rates, thereby improving effective mutation capabilities. In addition, a dynamic sub-population mechanism is also proposed to divide the entire population into multiple sub-populations so that they are evenly distributed in the search space, so the search ability of individuals in local areas is improved. Secondly, the unknown parameters of solar photovoltaic models of different complexity are effectively decomposed into linear and nonlinear parameters by the decomposition method. The nonlinear parameters are accurately estimated by CSpL-SHADED, and the linear parameters are calculated based on the constructed matrix equation. Through experiments on four solar photovoltaic models of different complexity, CSpL-SHADED showed strong competitiveness to varying degrees compared to the comparative algorithms.

Abstract The commercialization of intellectual property has become a fundamental avenue for universities to improve regional competitiveness. However, large-scale empirical studies on patent transfers, reflecting technology and knowledge sharing, remain limited. This study used social network analysis to investigate university technology flows in China based on patent assignments from technological, organizational, and regional perspectives. The results firstly revealed clear stage characteristics in the number of university patent assignments with the improvement of the Chinese version of the Bayh-Dole Act. Secondly, popular technologies in university technology flows mainly concentrated on measurement, testing, digital transmission, and other areas in which enterprises lack international competitive advantage. Thirdly, central actors comprised prestigious universities focusing on science, engineering, and comprehensive disciplines, along with intellectual property-focused enterprises. Finally, university technology flows gradually delocalized, and varied regional patterns exist owing to a spatial mismatch between university knowledge supply and regional demand. These findings have several practical and policy implications for government and university management in terms of promoting emerging technologies and clarifying universities’ functions in regional and national innovation systems. This study contributes to the economic geography literature on regional innovation.

Abstract Understanding the motion of charged particles in the electromagnetic field in the inner magnetosphere is essential for space science and space weather. Charge accumulation can occur due to the dipole magnetic and convective electric fields in this region. However, until the recent Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, there were few means to detect charge distribution in situ. We report unambiguous in situ observation of the spatial distribution of the excess charge density in the inner magnetosphere by the MMS mission. We find that a positive (negative) charge accumulates in the dusk (dawn) side inner magnetospheres, which is contrary to the long assumed overall quasi-neutrality of space plasma. These observations and results offer insight into magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling.

Abstract Purpose Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT) is a benign hyperplastic and inflammatory disease of the joint synovium or tendon sheaths, which may be misdiagnosed due to its atypical symptoms and imaging features. We aimed to identify biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity to aid in diagnosing TGCT. Methods Two scRNA-seq datasets (GSE210750 and GSE152805) and two microarray datasets (GSE3698 and GSE175626) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. By integrating the scRNA-seq datasets, we discovered that the osteoclasts are abundant in TGCT in contrast to the control. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) further validated this discovery. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the GSE3698 dataset were screened and the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted. Osteoclast-specific up-regulated genes (OCSURGs) were identified by intersecting the osteoclast marker genes in the scRNA-seq and the up-regulated DEGs in the microarray and by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. The expression levels of OCSURGs were validated by an external dataset GSE175626. Then, single gene GSEA, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and gene-drug network of OCSURGs were performed. Result 22 seurat clusters were acquired and annotated into 10 cell types based on the scRNA-seq data. TGCT had a larger population of osteoclasts compared to the control. A total of 159 osteoclast marker genes and 104 DEGs (including 61 up-regulated genes and 43 down-regulated genes) were screened from the scRNA-seq analysis and the microarray analysis. Three OCSURGs (MMP9, SPP1, and TYROBP) were finally identified. The AUC of the ROC curve in the training and testing datasets suggested a favourable diagnostic capability. The PPI network results illustrated the protein–protein interaction of each OCSURG. Drugs that potentially target the OCSURGs were predicted by the DGIdb database. Conclusion MMP9, SPP1, and TYROBP were identified as osteoclast-specific up-regulated genes of the tenosynovial giant cell tumour via bioinformatic analysis, which had a reasonable diagnostic efficiency and served as potential drug targets.

For exploring the influence mechanism of fine water mist system parameters on extinguishing mine belt fires, FDS was used to study the cooling characteristics and the fire extinguishing effect of fine water mist under different parameters. From the perspective of particle diameter, spray flow and nozzle spacing, the temperature change and fire extinguishing time in the roadway under fine water mist are compared and analyzed. The results show that the fire extinguishing effect is significantly affected by the system parameters. In a certain range, the fire extinguishing time decreases with the droplet particle size and decreases with the spray flow. Under the same droplet particle size and spray flow rate, the fire extinguishing time becomes larger with the increase of the nozzle spacing. Fine water mist with particle size of 100 m, nozzle flow of 8 L/min, and nozzle spacing of 1 m can quickly reduce the temperature of the fire field and effectively inhibit the spread of fire.

In this work, Mg98.5Zn0.5RE1 (RE = Gd and/or Y) and Mg97Zn1Y2 (at%) alloys were subjected to homogenization and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to systematically compare the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. The results indicate that, instead of the lamellar LPSO phases in the as-cast Mg-Zn-Y series alloys, the β-Mg5(Gd, Zn) phases appear in the as-cast Mg98.5Zn0.5Gd1 alloy which tend to be dissolved during homogenization. The furnace cooling after homogenization promotes the precipitation of numerous lamellar LPSO phases in all the studied alloys which inhibit the DRX behavior but facilitate the operation of kinking deformation during ECAP for the Mg98.5Zn0.5RE1 alloys, especially the Mg98.5Zn0.5Gd1 one. After the 5p-ECAP process at 350 °C, the larger density of kink bands, more LAGBs (low-angle grain boundaries) and lower SFB (Schmid factor for basal slip) combine to endow the Mg98.5Zn0.5Gd1 alloy with the higher strength-ductility synergy, exhibiting the tensile yield strength (TYS) of 214 MPa and elongation of 9.6%. The Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy with the larger volume fraction of interdendritic LPSO phases and dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) regions exhibits the superior ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 277 MPa and moderate elongation of 7.2%.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the non-inferiority of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) developed by Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd. (Sinovac, Beijing, China) by comparing its immunogenicity and safety with a comparator QIV (Vaxigrip Tetra®) in a population aged 3 years and older in Chile and the Philippines. Methods: A phase 3, non-inferiority, double-blind, randomized controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted in the southern hemisphere (SH) 2023 influenza season. Participants aged ≥ 3 years old with stable health were randomized 1:1 to receive either Sinovac QIV or comparator QIV. The co-primary outcomes were immunological non-inferiority for Sinovac QIV versus the comparator against each strain contained in the vaccines in terms of seroconversion rates (SCRs) and geometric mean titers (GMTs) of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies 28 days after final vaccination. Results: A total of 2039 participants were vaccinated (1019 Sinovac QIV; 1020 comparator QIV). Sinovac QIV induced non-inferior immune responses to all four strains as compared to comparator QIV, with slightly higher GMTs than those of comparator QIV: GMT ratios (lower limit 95% confidence interval (CI)) were 1.8 (1.6) for A(H1N1), 1.4 (1.3) for A (H3N2), 1.3 (1.1) for B Victoria and 1.2 (1.1) for B Yamagata; observed seroconversion rate differences (lower limit 95% CI) were 9.6% (6.7) for A(H1N1), 7.0% (3.5) for A(H3N2), 2.4% (−0.03) for B Victoria and 6.8% (3.0) for B Yamagata. Adverse reactions were similar across the two groups and no vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The immunogenicity of Sinovac QIV was non-inferior to that of the comparator QIV in these populations aged 3 years and older, and safety was comparable.

Abstract Concurrent heat extremes (CHEs) are becoming increasingly common in the mid‐high latitudes across the Northern Hemisphere (NH), underscoring the need to comprehend their spatiotemporal characteristics and underlying causes. Here we reveal a phase‐locking behavior in Wave‐4 pattern, particularly after mid‐1990s, giving rise to a prominent CHE mode akin to heat extreme pattern observed in 2022, which swept most NH regions. Wave‐4 pattern significantly amplifies the likelihood of CHEs in Eastern Europe (∼30%), Northeast Asia (∼25%), and northwestern coast of North America (∼15%), while reducing the likelihood in central North America and northern Central Asia. During 1979–2022, the identified pattern accounted for over 69.7% of the trends in heat extremes over the mid‐high latitudes of the NH, directly exposing approximately 333.5 million people to heat extremes. Observations and simulations indicate that radiation anomalies over Eastern European Plain and West Siberian Plain play pivotal roles as primary forcing sources for Wave‐4 pattern.

The quality of people’s lives is closely related to their emotional state. Positive emotions can boost confidence and help overcome difficulties, while negative emotions can harm both physical and mental health. Research has shown that people’s handwriting is associated with their emotions. In this study, audio-visual media were used to induce emotions, and a dot-matrix digital pen was used to collect neutral text data written by participants in three emotional states: calm, happy, and sad. To address the challenge of limited samples, a novel conditional table generative adversarial network called conditional tabular-generative adversarial network (CTAB-GAN) was used to increase the number of task samples, and the recognition accuracy of task samples improved by 4.18%. The TabNet (a neural network designed for tabular data) with SimAM (a simple, parameter-free attention module) was employed and compared with the original TabNet and traditional machine learning models; the incorporation of the SimAm attention mechanism led to a 1.35% improvement in classification accuracy. Experimental results revealed significant differences between negative (sad) and nonnegative (calm and happy) emotions, with a recognition accuracy of 80.67%. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of emotion recognition based on handwriting with the assistance of CTAB-GAN and SimAm-TabNet. It provides guidance for further research on emotion recognition or other handwriting-based applications.

ABSTRACTMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with mAbs represent a very important public health strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study has assessed a new Anti-SARS-COV-2 mAb (SA58) Nasal Spray for PEP against COVID-19 in healthy adults aged 18 years and older within three days of exposure to a SARS-CoV-2 infected individual. Recruited participants were randomized in a ratio of 3:1 to receive SA58 or placebo. Primary endpoints were laboratory-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 within the study period. A total of 1222 participants were randomized and dosed (SA58, n = 901; placebo, n = 321). Median of follow-up was 2.25 and 2.79 days for SA58 and placebo, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 221 of 901 (25%) and 72 of 321 (22%) participants with SA58 and placebo, respectively. All adverse events were mild in severity. Laboratory-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 developed in 7 of 824 participants (0.22 per 100 person-days) in the SA58 group vs. 14 of 299 (1.17 per 100 person-days) in the placebo group, resulting in an estimated efficacy of 80.82% (95%CI 52.41%−92.27%). There were 32 SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) positives (1.04 per 100 person-days) in the SA58 group vs. 32 (2.80 per 100 person-days) in the placebo group, resulting in an estimated efficacy of 61.83% (95%CI 37.50%−76.69%). A total of 21 RT–PCR positive samples were sequenced and all were the Omicron variant BF.7. In conclusion, SA58 Nasal Spray showed favourable efficacy and safety in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults who had exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within 72 h.

Satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) play a crucial role in weather monitoring, forecasting and modeling, particularly in regions where ground-based observations may be limited. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of three commonly used SREs—African Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC2), Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and Tropical Application of Meteorology using SATellite data and ground-based observation (TAMSAT)— with respect to their performance in detecting rainfall patterns in Nigeria at daily scales from 2002 to 2022. Observed data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMet) are used as reference data. Evaluation metrics such as correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean error, bias, probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) are employed to assess the performance of the SREs. The results show that all the SREs exhibit low bias during the major rainfall season from May to October, and the products significantly overestimate observed rainfall during the dry period from November to March in the Sahel and Savannah Zones. Similarly, over the Guinea Zone, all the products indicate overestimation in the dry season. The underperformance of SREs in dry seasons could be attributed to the rainfall retrieval algorithms, intensity of rainfall occurrence and spatial-temporal resolution. These factors could potentially lead to the accuracy of the rainfall retrieval being reduced due to intense stratiform clouds. However, all the SREs indicated better detection capabilities and less false alarms during the wet season than in dry periods. CHIRPS and TAMSAT exhibited high POD and CSI values with the least FAR across agro-climatic zones during dry periods. Generally, CHIRPS turned out to be the best SRE and, as such, would provide a useful dataset for research and operational use in Nigeria.

The impacts of Arctic sea ice on climate in middle and high latitudes have been extensively studied. However, its effects on climate in low latitudes, particularly on summer monsoon rainfall in the South China Sea (SCS), have received limited attention. Thus, this study investigates the connection between the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) anomaly and the early summer monsoon rainfall (ESMR) in the SCS and its underlying physical mechanism. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between the Barents Sea (BS) SIC in May and the ESMR in the SCS. When there is more (less) SIC in the Barents Sea (BS) during May, this results in a positive (negative) anomaly of the local turbulent heat flux, which lasts until June. This, in turn, excites an upward (downward) air motion anomaly in the vicinity of the BS, causing a corresponding downward (upward) motion anomaly over the Black Sea. Consequently, this triggers a wave train similar to the Eurasian (SEU) teleconnection, propagating eastward towards East Asia. The SEU further leads to an (a) upward (downward) motion anomaly and weakens (strengthens) the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) over the SCS, which is accompanied by a southwest adequate (scarce) water vapor anomaly transporting from the Indian Ocean, resulting in more (less) precipitation in the SCS. Furthermore, the response of ESMR in the SCS to the SIC in the BS is further verified by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3). This study introduces novel precursor factors that influence the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM), presenting a new insight for climate prediction in this region, which holds significant implications.

During a vertical vortex-induced vibration (VVIV), an undulating bridge deck will affect drivers’ sightlines, causing the phenomenon of drifting and changes in the far blind area, thus presenting a potential threat to driving safety. Consequently, to ensure the safety of driving on a suspension bridge deck under VVIV, it is necessary to perceive the far blind spot caused by the occlusion of the driving sightlines under this condition, and to establish an online perception and evaluation mechanism for driving safety. With a long-span suspension bridge experiencing VVIV as the engineering background, this paper utilizes the acceleration integration algorithm and the sine function fitting method to achieve the online perception of real-time dynamic configurations of the main girder. Then, based on the configurations, the maximum height of the driver’s far blind area and effective sight distance are calculated accordingly, and the impact of different driving conditions on them is discussed. The proposed technical framework for driving safety perception in far blind spots is feasible, as it can achieve real-time estimation of the maximum height and effective distance of the far blind area, thereby providing technical support for bridge–vehicle–human collaborative perception and traffic control during vortex-induced vibration.

This study explores the usage characteristics and pragmatic functions of lesser relevance markers in academic spoken English lectures presented by Chinese scholars. A qualitative and quantitative approach is employed using the Chinese Academic Spoken English Corpus (CASEC), which encompasses disciplines in science, engineering, humanities, and social sciences. The findings reveal that Chinese scholars use lesser relevance markers less frequently compared to native English speakers. These differences in usage highlight the influence of language background, disciplinary culture, and communication conventions on the realization of informing evaluation, topic handling, and interactivity. Furthermore, within the Chinese scholars’ group, humanities and social sciences scholars tend to use lesser relevance markers more frequently than science and engineering scholars. This research enhances our understanding of the multifaceted pragmatic roles of lesser relevance markers and offers insights into cross-cultural academic communication and English teaching.

Background As pregnant women are excluded from clinical trials of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, it is important to assess the immune response in women receiving the vaccination while unknowingly pregnant. Methods In a multicenter cross-sectional study, we enrolled 873 pregnant women aged 18-45 years. Serum antibody levels induced by inactivated vaccines were determined. Adverse events were collected by self-reported survey after vaccination. Logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline model were used to investigate the association of factors with antibody positivity. Results As the doses of the vaccine increase, neutralizing antibody (NAb) positivity was 98.3%, 39.5%, and 9.5% in pregnant women, respectively. The dose of vaccine and duration since vaccination were associated with NAb positivity. The OR of two and three doses of vaccines were 7.20 and 458.33 (P

Abstract Predicting SYM‐H index is significant in space weather because it quantifies the degree of perturbation of the geomagnetic field during storm. This study presents a composite model to predict SYM‐H index based on solar wind parameters by combining the empirical magnetospheric dynamical equation with neural networks. The formula for predicted SYM‐H originates from the well‐known empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and the Dst index. In particular, the coefficients in the empirical relationship are determined by using neural networks that excel at approaching the function linking the coefficients and the solar wind parameters. The 1‐ and 2‐hr forecasts of SYM‐H during storm time are reliable, and the precision of some cases is even better than the latest models solely using deep neural networks. Based on the composite model, the dependence of loss time and injection rates of ring current energy on the solar wind parameters and SYM‐H are investigated.

Li et al. evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the CoronaVac inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in elderly patients with underlying medical conditions in China. Most patients show comparable neutralizing antibody and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses to healthy controls, and no serious adverse effects are seen.

Zhang et al. perform high-precision zinc (Zn) isotopic analysis on lavas from St. Helena Island in the Atlantic, and Cook-Austral Islands in the Pacific, and confirm that ancient superficial carbonates were transported into the deep mantle billions of years ago.

Climate factors, in addition to human activities, are acknowledged to exert a notable influence on the synoptic PM _2.5 variations over eastern China in extensive case studies. Based on observed daily PM _2.5 concentrations data, this study reveals the enhanced daily variability (DV) of PM _2.5 concentrations over eastern China and identifies its association with mid-latitude sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic. The dominant daily mode of PM _2.5 concentrations identified through empirical orthogonal function analysis accounts for 43.75% of the total variance, with its DV experienced a significant enhancement from 1979 to 2019. The identified enhancement is attributed to the intensified wave train propagation along the mid-latitudes on a time scale of 10–30 d. The eastward propagation of the identified wave train can expose eastern China to recurrent influences of cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies, resulting in an initial increase and subsequent decrease in PM _2.5 concentrations. Statistical analysis and dynamic diagnostics show that the warming of the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean enhances the wave train at its source through the local energy exchange, and ultimately leads to an increased DV of PM _2.5 concentrations.

The impact of Arctic Sea ice melting on weather and climate extremes in the Northern Hemisphere has garnered widespread attention. Existing research has convincingly demonstrated the importance of this impact in mid-high latitudes, while its influence in areas beyond remains controversial. This study reveals the indirect influence of Kara Sea ice reduction on cold surge (CS) over the tropical western Pacific (TWP), with the East Asian jet stream serving as the connecting link. The leading mode of CSs over the TWP exhibits a zonal dipole characteristic, which is associated with cyclonic anomaly over the Philippine Sea. The enhanced cyclonic anomaly is caused by strengthened and northward-moved subtropical East Asian jet stream and weakened polar jet stream, which can lead to more CSs over the South China Sea and fewer CSs over the Philippine Sea. Such variations in the jet stream are contributed by the facilitated atmospheric blockings west of the Ural Mountains, which suppressed the circumpolar westerly winds and increased meridional temperature gradient in Northeast Asia. The connection between atmospheric blockings and Kara Sea ice can be confirmed through local vertical energy exchange. Simulations of the atmospheric response to the forcing of decreased Kara Sea ice support the proposed connection. Although there is no statistically significant correlation between tropical CSs and Kara Sea ice, this study highlights the potential impacts of Arctic climate change signal on weather and climate extremes over tropical regions.

Summary: Background: The Omicron variant has challenged the control of the COVID-19 pandemic due to its immuno-evasive properties. The administration of a booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine showed positive effects in the immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2, effect that is even enhanced after the administration of a second booster. Methods: During a phase-3 clinical trial, we evaluated the effect of a second booster of CoronaVac®, an inactivated vaccine administered 6 months after the first booster, in the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 (n = 87). In parallel, cellular immunity (n = 45) was analyzed in stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells by flow cytometry and ELISPOT. Findings: Although a 2.5-fold increase in neutralization of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was observed after the second booster when compared with prior its administration (Geometric mean units p

Study region: Zhanjiang City District, southwest of Guangdong Province, China, was selected as the case study area owing to its relatively frequent occurrence of droughts and groundwater overexploitation. Study focus: This study presents a useful framework to characterize the propagation from meteorological drought (MD) to groundwater drought (GD) in different aquifers from the perspective of multiple timescales. Two standardized drought indices, i.e., standardized groundwater index and standardized precipitation index with different timescales (1–48 months), were used to examine the propagation time from MD to GD in different aquifers. Three clusters, i.e., natural(P)-, natural+human(P + H)-, and human(H)-induced drought, were considered for revealing the potential driving mechanism of propagation. Four characteristic mechanisms of lag, pooling, lengthening, and attenuation were used to analyze the propagation process from MD to GD, among which the lag characteristic, showing the propagation time, was discussed corresponding to varied clusters. New hydrological insights for the region: Results indicate the following: (1) The propagation time in different aquifers varied; that is, in the shallow aquifer, the average propagation time showed 1 month for the P cluster and 3 months for the P + H cluster, while the propagation time in the middle and deep aquifers were found to be longer than that in the shallow layer though much uncertainty remained for the former. (2) The influences from MD obtained the decreasing order of P > P + H>H. The propagation time of the P + H cluster was longer than that of the P cluster, suggesting the negative influence of human activities. This study can provide additional information for policymakers involved in groundwater management during a drought.

Abstract Introduction Three‐dimensional (3D) structures of MHC class I exert some influence by the MHC–peptide interaction over host resistance to the virus. The thesis aims at studying the connection between MHC–peptide interaction of B2/B21 haplotype and MHC‐related resistance to the virus. Methods The structure of chicken MHC class I BF2*0201 from B2 haplotype was studied and contrasted with that of BF2*2101 from B21 haplotype by using DNAMAN and PyMol software. Results The amino acid difference resulted in the difference in size and changeability of the binding groove of the two, resulting in different choices on the binding polypeptide. 3bew's (the crystal structure of BF2*2101 bound to peptide RV10) small side chain His111 replaces the short side chain Tyr111 of 4cvx (the crystal structure of BF2*0201 bound to peptide YL9), and the very small amino acid of Ser69 and Ser97 make the middle of the 3bew's binding groove become apparently broad and bound restrictive of amino acid smaller. Moreover, due to the specific amino acids—Arg9, Asp24, and Asp73 of 4cvx and Arg9, Asp24, and His111 of 3bew, the effect of the polypeptide and the binding groove differ between the two, and 3bew tends to bind polypeptides with negatively charged amino acids, but the large space in the middle can also accommodate other amino acids. Contrasted with the binding groove characteristic of 4cvx, it can be said that the selectivity of 3bew is higher than that of 4cvx in the amino acid type of the binding polypeptide, so the B21 haplotype has more host resistance to the virus than that of the B2 haplotype in chicken. Conclusion There are usually various kinds of peptides presented by the BF2*2101 molecules of B21 haplotypes, resulting in resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, such as Rous sarcoma virus and/or Marek's disease virus. These findings may have an important theoretical foundation for screening of virus antigen, vaccine design, and genetic resistance breeding.

Abstract Floral characters are important for the systematics of the Lauraceae. However, structure and development of the flowers remain poorly known in the family. In this study, we observed the variation and early development of flowers of Beilschmiedia appendiculata, which belongs to the Cryptocarya clade of the family. The results indicate that the shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of the floral buds are enlarged and become a platform for the programmed initiation of the floral organs; floral organs develop basically in an acropetal pattern; phyllotaxis is whorled, initiation of floral primordia within a whorl is asynchronous; floral merosity is extremely variable, for example, dimerous, trimerous, tetramerous, dimerous plus trimerous, and trimerous plus tetramerous. In addition, this species has lost the innermost staminal whorl and glands are not closely associated with stamens of the third staminal whorl, which is unusual in the family Lauraceae. Our new observations broaden our knowledge of the variation of floral structure in Beilschmiedia and pose a fundamental question regarding the ecology underlying the lability of floral organs in B. appendiculata.

Background: The development of vaccines to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic progression is a worldwide priority. CoronaVac is an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine approved for emergency use with robust efficacy and immunogenicity data reported in trials in China, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, and Chile. Methods: This study is a randomized, multicenter, and controlled phase 3 trial in healthy Chilean adults aged ≥18 years. Volunteers received two doses of CoronaVac separated by 2 (0–14 schedule) or 4 weeks (0–28 schedule); 2302 volunteers were enrolled, 440 were part of the immunogenicity arm, and blood samples were obtained at different times. Samples from a single center are reported. Humoral immune responses were evaluated by measuring the neutralizing capacities of circulating antibodies. Cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISPOT and flow cytometry. Correlation matrixes were performed to evaluate correlations in the data measured. Results: Both schedules exhibited robust neutralizing capacities with the response induced by the 0–28 schedule being better. No differences were found in the concentration of antibodies against the virus and different variants of concern (VOCs) between schedules. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with Mega pools of Peptides (MPs) induced the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ and the expression of activation induced markers in CD4+ T cells for both schedules. Correlation matrixes showed strong correlations between neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ secretion. Conclusions: Immunization with CoronaVac in Chilean adults promotes robust cellular and humoral immune responses. The 0–28 schedule induced a stronger humoral immune response than the 0–14 schedule. Funding: Ministry of Health, Government of Chile, Confederation of Production and Commerce & Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Chile. Clinical trial number: NCT04651790

Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The protective effect of a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) is undetermined in military personnel. We conducted an open-label, cluster randomized trial on active-duty servicemen of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang, who were randomly assigned to receive either a single dose of TIV or no treatment, according to cluster randomized sampling. The subjects were then followed for a maximum of six months to assess the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza. A total of 5445 subjects in 114 clusters received one dose of TIV before the 2015/2016 influenza season. Laboratory-confirmed influenza was identified in 18 in the vaccine group compared with 87 in the control group (6031 subjects in 114 clusters), resulting in a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 76.4% (95%CI: 60.7 to 85.8) against laboratory-confirmed influenza. Influenza-like illness was diagnosed in 132 in the vaccine group compared with 420 in the control group, resulting in a VE of 64.1% (95%CI: 56.2 to 70.6). The estimated VE against influenza B viruses was 80.5% (95%CI: 65.6 to 88.9) and 8.6% (95%CI: −241 to 75.5) against influenza A viruses. In conclusion, the trivalent influenza vaccine is moderately effective, highly immunogenic, and generally safe to use in healthy male military servicemen.

ABSTRACT CoronaVac is an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approved by the World Health Organization (WHO). Previous studies reported increased levels of neutralizing antibodies and specific T cells 2 and 4 weeks after two doses of CoronaVac; these levels were significantly reduced at 6 to 8 months after the two doses. Here, we report the effect of a booster dose of CoronaVac on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response generated against the variants of concern (VOCs), Delta and Omicron, in adults participating in a phase III clinical trial in Chile. Volunteers immunized with two doses of CoronaVac in a 4-week interval received a booster dose of the same vaccine between 24 and 30 weeks after the second dose. Neutralization capacities and T cell activation against VOCs Delta and Omicron were assessed 4 weeks after the booster dose. We observed a significant increase in neutralizing antibodies 4 weeks after the booster dose. We also observed a rise in anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells over time, and these cells reached a peak 4 weeks after the booster dose. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by the booster showed activity against VOCs Delta and Omicron. Our results show that a booster dose of CoronaVac increases adults’ humoral and cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. In addition, immunity induced by a booster dose of CoronaVac is active against VOCs, suggesting adequate protection. IMPORTANCE CoronaVac is an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 that has been approved by WHO for emergency use. Phase III clinical trials are in progress in several countries, including China, Brazil, Turkey, and Chile, and have shown safety and immunogenicity after two doses of the vaccine. This report characterizes immune responses induced by two doses of CoronaVac followed by a booster dose 5 months after the second dose in healthy Chilean adults. The data reported here show that a booster dose increased the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, enhancing levels of neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral strain and VOCs. Similarly, anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD4+ T cell responses were increased following the booster dose. In contrast, levels of gamma interferon secretion and T cell activation against the VOCs Delta and Omicron were not significantly different from those for the ancestral strain. Therefore, a third dose of CoronaVac in a homologous vaccination schedule improves its immunogenicity in healthy volunteers.

Many previous studies have shown that atmospheric circulation anomalies are usually the direct cause of extreme high temperatures (EHT). However, the atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with daytime and nighttime EHTs in North China and their differences are less discussed. The present study divides the summer EHTs in North China into independent daytime EHT (ID-EHT) and independent nighttime EHT (IN-EHT) according to the 90th percentile thresholds of the daily maximum and minimum temperature from CN05.1 and compares their atmospheric circulation anomalies. Composite results show that the sinking motion anomaly over North China and the southward displacement of the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) cause less low cloud cover and water vapor, which is conducive to absorbing more solar radiation at the surface, and leads to the daytime high temperature of ID-EHT. With the disappearance of solar radiation at night, the heat is rapidly dissipated, and the high temperature cannot be maintained. A wave train from high latitudes can affect ID-EHT weather. On the contrary, the upward motion anomaly over North China cooperates with the northward displacement of the WPSH, leading to more clouds and water vapor over North China. As a result, the absorption of solar radiation in North China during the daytime is reduced, and EHT has difficulty in forming during the day. The higher humidity causes slower heat loss from daytime to nighttime, resulting in an IN-EHT. IN-EHT is more likely to be affected by a wave train such as the Silk Road pattern from the midlatitudes.

Abstract This study explores linguistic features, ideological beliefs, and critical thinking in news comments, which are defined as the comments from readers to news posts on social media or platforms. Within the overarching framework of critical discourse analysis, a sociocognitive approach was adopted to provide detailed analyses of the studied constructs in sampled news comments. In terms of the data collection and analysis, sampled social media, news columns, and news comments were selected, and then 19 college students were interviewed for their responses to different news topics. The primary findings of the study include: (1) personal and social opinions are representations of ideological beliefs and are fully presented through news comments, (2) these personal and social ideological beliefs may diverge or converge due to critical thinking, (3) critical thinking helps commenters form their personal and social ideologies, and then helps them choose the linguistic forms they believe fit their news comments, (4) news topics, however, vary in informing commenters’ critical thinking ability. Finally, a sociocognitive model for studying linguistic forms, ideologies, and critical thinking was proposed in the study.

With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, university teachers are coping with and adjusting to online teaching platforms. In this concurrent mixed-methods study, 10 science and technology universities as the research sites were first chosen, and educational planning in these sites during the pandemic was examined; then, eight selected teacher participants in these sites were interviewed to report how their beliefs and practices changed during the pandemic echoing the examined educational planning. The results show that educational planning and policies assisted teachers in accommodating the new demands and changes during the pandemic; teachers' beliefs and practices generally echoed the educational planning and policies, with certain tensions still existing. The discussion part of the study is centered around emergency remote teaching and planning, tensions between teacher beliefs and practices, and the shift from emergency remote teaching to regular, sustainable online schooling. The study provides administrators and teacher educators with insights on how emergency remote teaching can be planned and implemented during an unprecedented time.

Abstract Introduction The MHC‐peptide interaction has a subtle influence on host resistance to virus. This paper aims to study the relationship between MHC‐peptide interaction and MHC‐related virus‐resistance. Methods By 3D homology modeling, the structure of chicken BF2 molecule BF2*0201 (PDB code: 4d0d) was studied and compared with the known structures of BF2 molecule BF2*0401 (PDB code: 4e0r) to elucidate the characteristics of BF2*0201‐binding antigenic peptides. Results The results show that due to the amino acid difference between the two binding groove of 4e0r and 4d0d, the size of the binding groove of the two are 1130 ų and1380 ų respectively, indicating the amino acid species that 4e0r binding peptide has lower selectivity than 4d0d; and because of large side chain conformation of Arg (especially Arg111) of 4e0r replaced by small side chain Tyr111 of 4d0d, the volume of central part of the binding groove of 4d0d is obviously larger than that of 4e0r, indicating that the restrictive of binding antigenic peptides for 4d0d is narrower than that of 4e0r; and on account of the chargeability of the binding groove of the two are different, namely the binding groove chargeability of 4e0r (strong positive polarity) and 4d0d (weak negative polarity). Conclusion There are generally more peptides presented by the BF2 of B2 haplotype than by that of B4 haplotype, leading to more resistance of B2 than that of B4 to virus.

BackgroundThis study reported the individual surgical treatment of 12 cases with stage IV Müller-Weiss disease (MWD) according to CT/MRI examination.MethodsIn total, 12 cases diagnosed with stage IV MWD in our hospital from 2015 to 2019 were included in the retrospective study. Relevant clinical outcomes were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsThe follow-up results showed satisfactory outcomes in all cases. All the cases were presented with tenderness and chronic pain on the midfoot dorsum, and three cases were also presented with tenderness and pain on the lateral side of the midfoot, in which calcaneal cuboid arthritis was revealed by CT/MRI. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores elevated from 62.5 ± 6.8 (range: 53–74) preoperatively to 95.3 ± 7.2 (range: 73–100) postoperatively (P < 0.005). The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores declined from 4.2 ± 0.9 (range: 3–5.5) preoperatively to 0.5 ± 0.3 (range: 0–2) postoperatively (P < 0.001). On the weight-bearing lateral view of the foot, the Tomeno-Méary angle (TM lat) changed from −11.2 ± 4.2 (range: −17.2 to −2.8) degrees preoperatively to −2.4 ± 3.9 (range: −10.2 to 5.2) degrees postoperatively (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe fusion of the talus-navicular joint and the adjacent affected joint provide good clinical outcomes. The CT/MRI scans are helpful to identify the adjacent joint arthritis and provide indications for individual treatment for Stage IV MWD.

Background: Hepatitis A vaccine has been used in mass and routine public vaccination programs in China. Long-term follow-up studies are required to determine the duration of protection and the need for booster vaccinations. Methods: A prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial was performed to compare the geometric mean concentration (GMC) and seroprotection rates of anti-Hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies elicited by the inactivated vaccines Healive and Havrix. 400 healthy children were randomly assigned 3:1 ratio to receive two doses of Healive or Havrix at 0 and 6 months. Persistence of anti-HAV antibodies for 5 years post immunization has been reported The current study reports new data at 11 years post immunization for the purpose of showing antibody persistence. Sensitivity analyzes were performed to assess the results. In addition, predictions for long-term antibody persistence were performed using a statistical model. Two different serological assays were used that were shown to be 98.3% concordant for detecting anit-HAV antibody. Results: GMCs were significantly higher following Healive compared to Havrix at 1, 6, 7, 66, 112 and 138 months post-vaccination. In addition, the GMCs obtained using sensitivity analysis were very similar to those obtained using the original models. Prediction analysis indicated that the duration of protection for both vaccines was at least 30 years after immunization, with a lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for GMC of greater than 20mIU/mL. Conclusions: Healive is more immunogenic than Havrix in children at 11 years post full immunization. Prediction analysis indicated at least 30 years of antibody persistence for both vaccines.

Extreme heat events (EHEs) have a significant impact on the social economy and human health. China is a country with a large population and diverse terrain, and it is necessary to project future extreme heat changes in the sub-regions. This study used a specially designed dataset, the Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations, namely CESM low-warming, to investigate the EHEs in China under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming. The results indicate that the regional mean warming over China will exceed the global average, about 1.63 °C and 2.24 °C in 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warmer futures. Compared to the present-day (1976–2005), the frequency and duration of the EHEs in South China are projected to increase the most among the sub-regions. For example, the frequency of EHEs in South China at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming will exceed 3 and 3.5 times the present-day level. However, when global warming rises from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C, the increased impacts relative to the 1.5 °C warming level will be the lowest in South China (less than 40%), and the highest increased impacts are projected to appear in Northeast China (53%–84%) and Northwest China (53%–107%). The main reason for this situation is that compared with the 1.5 °C scenario, the upper zonal westerly in northern China weakens and the continental high pressure enhances under the 2.0 °C scenario. Therefore, limiting global warming at 1.5 °C instead of 2.0 °C is beneficial for eliminating extreme heat events, especially for Northeast China and Northwest China.

Background Short-term dynamic changes in neutralizing antibodies against EV71 and EV71-IgM after inactivated EV71 vaccine injection are unknown. Methods This study was designed as a randomized, open-label study and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03278132). In total, 120 healthy infants aged 6–35 months were randomized 1:1:1 to provide a second blood sample on day 10, day 20, or day 30 after the first vaccine dose, respectively. Results According to the per-protocol set, a rapid immune response against EV71 was observed 10 days after the first EV71 vaccine dose, with antibody titers ≥1:8 in 89.19% of participants (95% CI: 74.58–96.97%) on day 10, in 80.65% (95% CI: 62.53–92.55%) on day 20, in 66.67% (95% CI: 49.03–81.44%) on day 30, and in 100% (95% CI: 96.52%-.) on day 60. Based on an ELISA, the percentages of participants positive for EV71-IgM on day 0 and day 60 were 1.71% (2 out of 117) and 82.86% (87 out of 105), respectively. Conclusions The EV71 vaccine could be used for contingency vaccination to further control EV71-associated disease outbreaks. Caution should be taken in using the EV71-IgM test for rapid EV71 infection diagnosis after EV71 vaccine administration. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03278132

Cyber attacks on vehicles not only cause privacy leaks and economic losses but also endanger human life and even rise to national public safety issues.Therefore,the research on the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) has become a research hot spot.Firstly,the structural status and characteristics of the in-vehicle network (IVN) in ICV were introduced,and the challenges and constraints of cybersecurity enhancement design for IVN were also presented.Secondly,focusing on the current functional safety and cybersecurity issues of IVN,a survey of the current cybersecurity enhancement researches for IVN was conducted.Finally,according to the characteristics of the IVN structure,some important research directions and suggestions about cybersecurity problems of ICV were pointed out from the three aspects of standard construction,functional safety and cybersecurity.

The development zone (DZ) is a typical representative of China's regional economic development model. By comparing the development pattern of DZs in China from 2005 to 2017, we find that there was strong imbalance in 2005, but this trend decreased in 2017, mainly due to the rapid increase in the number of DZs in the central and western regions. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the spatial pattern of the DZs and economic development. But compared with the spatial pattern of economic development, DZs have dispersed more strongly from 2005 to 2017. Indeed, the rapid dispersion of DZs has not fundamentally changed the imbalanced pattern of China's economic development from 2005 to 2017.

As haze pollution intensifies, its impact on tourism is becoming increasingly obvious. However, limited studies have analyzed the impacts of haze pollution on tourism. To explore the contribution rate and impact of PM2.5 pollution on tourism flows, panel data on 341 prefecture-level cities in China from 2001 to 2015 were used. The results illustrated that the changes in PM2.5 pollution and domestic tourism flows showed a similar partial-most anti-phase main spatial pattern in space, as well as other spatial patterns of PM2.5. From a regional perspective, the contribution rate of PM2.5 to domestic tourism flows was less than that of traditional factors, such as GDP, GDP_500, and 45A, but larger than that of the Airport factor. The contribution rate of the interaction between PM2.5 and 45A on domestic tourism flows was the largest. From a local perspective, PM2.5 pollution had a negative impact on domestic tourism flows in northern China, while it had a positive impact in other regions. The classic environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis showed applicability to the Chinese tourism industry, and the is of great significance for comprehensively understanding the impact of PM2.5 pollution on tourism flows and for promoting the sustainable development of domestic tourism.

Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, which represents the leading cause of age-related disability. Here, this study aimed to depict the intercellular heterogeneity of OA synovial tissues.Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were preprocessed and quality controlled by the Seurat package. Cell cluster was presented and cell types were annotated based on the mRNA expression of corresponding marker genes by the SingleR package. Cell-cell communication was assessed among different cell types. After integrating the GSE55235 and GSE55457 datasets, differentially expressed genes were identified between OA and normal synovial tissues. Then, differentially expressed marker genes were overlapped and their biological functions were analyzed.Results: Totally, five immune cell subpopulations were annotated in OA synovial tissues including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, monocytes and B cells. Pseudo-time analysis revealed the underlying evolution process in the inflammatory microenvironment of OA synovial tissue. There was close crosstalk between five cell types according to the ligand-receptor network. The genetic heterogeneity was investigated between OA and normal synovial tissues. Furthermore, functional annotation analysis showed the intercellular heterogeneity across immune cells in OA synovial tissues.Conclusion: This study offered insights into the heterogeneity of OA, which provided in-depth understanding of the transcriptomic diversities within synovial tissue. This transcriptional heterogeneity may improve our understanding on OA pathogenesis and provide potential molecular therapeutic targets for OA.

Substorms are energy storage and dissipation processes that occur in planetary magnetospheres accompanied by numerous phenomena, such as magnetic dipolarizations, plasma sheet thinning and thickening, magnetic flux ropes, and plasmoid ejections. Recent MESSENGER observations have revealed substorm activity in Mercury’s near magnetotail, with average durations of 2–3 minutes for both the growth and expansion phases. Herein, we report MESSENGER spacecraft observations of sporadic and short-term energy dissipation processes during the substorm expansion phase in Mercury’s magnetotail. Three magnetic dipolarizations lasting for ∼4 minutes were detected during the expansion phase and manifested as step-like enhancements in the northward component of the magnetic field. The magnetic field strength decreased during each dipolarization, indicating an intermittent release of magnetic energy. They arise owing to multiple magnetic pileup effects caused by planetward bursty bulk flows ejected from distant magnetotail reconnections. Additionally, in close proximity to each dipolarization, we observed the occurrence of pulse-like fluctuations in the B _y component. These new MESSENGER observations suggest that during the expansion phase of Mercury’s substorm, the energy dissipation can be caused by multiple local transient processes, although the duration is much shorter than that of Earth.

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is one of the most widely used techniques in the disposal of heavy-metal-contaminated soil, though the long-term effectiveness of S/S technology remains implicit. Temperature is an important factor affecting the leaching behavior of heavy metals and the long-term effectiveness of S/S treatment. This study systematically explored the influence of temperature on the leaching behavior of lead in an S/S monolith through semi-dynamic leaching test at different temperatures. The results showed that an increase in temperature could accelerate the leaching concentration and cumulative leaching amount of lead ions in the S/S monolith. The cumulative leaching amount of lead ions in the S/S monolith after 11 days at 55 °C was about 5.8 times that at 25 °C. The leaching rate of lead ions in the S/S monolith increased with the increase in temperature. The leaching index of lead ions was larger than 9, which met the requirements for “controlled utilization” in the environment. The leaching mechanism of lead ions was diffusion control and did not change in the temperature range of 25–55 °C. These findings indicate that temperature affects the leaching behavior and the long-term effectiveness of S/S treatment, and temperature variation should be considered in the effectiveness evaluation of S/S treatment.