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Background and Objectives: Salmonella species (spp) are the most prevalent zoonotic pathogens that cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Therefore evaluation of the profile of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and plasmid replicon types in these bacteria is necessary to control and prevent the spread of potentially pathogenic and drug-resistant strains. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 39 Salmonella spp. The antibacterial susceptibility of isolates to various antibiotic agents was determined using disk diffusion test. β-lactamases (bla) including ESBLs, AmpC, MBLs, and virulence genes were detected by PCR methods. Plasmid incompatibility groups among the isolates were identified using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). Results: The most prevalent virulent gene was phoP/Q (84.6%). slyA, sopB, and stn were identified in 79.4% (n=31), 69.2% (n=27), and 2.5% (n=1) of the isolates, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that 30.7% of the isolates were ESBL-producing. blaTEM (41%; n=16) was the most frequent β-lactamase gene among the isolates followed by blaNDM-1 (15.4%; n=6), blaDHA (7.7%; n=3), and blaCTX-M (1.5%; n=1). Six different plasmid replicon types, including IncP (n=9; 23%), IncFIC (n=3; 7.70%), IncY (n=3; 7.70%), IncI1-Iγ (n=2; 5.12%), IncFIIAs (n=1; 2.56%), and IncN (n=1; 2.56%) were observed among the isolates. Conclusion: Our study showed the emergence of carbapenem-resistant and blaNDM-1 among Salmonella spp. for the first time in Kerman, Iran. Since Salmonella spp. plays an important role in the transmission of resistance genes in livestock and humans in the food chains, so more stringent control policies are recommended to prevent the circulation of drug-resistant and potentially pathogenic strains from animals to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making infections more difficult to treat. In this study, we randomly collected thirty-six rainbow trout fish from various retail stores in Kerman city, located in the southeast of Iran. Skin samples were obtained from each fish using a swab, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates were identified and screened for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, as well as related genes, using microbiological culturing, disc diffusion, and conventional PCR methods. Our findings showed that the prevalence of phenotypic resistance against the tested antibiotics was high, with erythromycin (88.57%), florfenicol (77.14%), oxytetracycline (74.28%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (71.42%), trimethoprim (65.71%), chloramphenicol (62.85%), flumequine (60%), ciprofloxacin (54.28%), and tetracycline (54.28%) having the highest resistance rates. Moreover, 8.57% of the E. coli isolates were found to be ESBL-producing strains, and 74.28% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The highest frequencies of antibiotic resistance genes were 5.71 % for blaTEM, 14.28% for qnrA, 17.14% for sul1, and 20% for sul2. E. coli is a mesophilic bacteria and is not naturally present in fish. Fishes have mostly psychrophilic bacteria in their microflora. The origin of E. coli on the skin of fish is water contaminated with human and animal feces, so the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium has an indirect relationship with aquaculture. Our study showed that E. coli isolates from the skin of rainbow trout has a high level of antibiotic resistance, which may be a risk to public health. Therefore, it is very important to control the use of antibiotics in fish farming to reduce the selection pressure to emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for wide ranges of extra-intestinal diseases in poultry including colibacillosis, cellulitis, coligranuloma and yolk sac infection. Numbers of virulence are considered important in the pathogenicity of these diseases. The aims of the present study were phylogenetic typing and virulence genes detection in Escherichia coli isolates from colibacillosis and cellulitis of broiler chickens in poultry slaughterhouses of Shahrbabak region, Kerman, Iran. A total number of eighty three E. coli isolates were taken from broiler chickens with colibacillosis and thirty four isolates were taken from carcasses with cellulitis in the industrial slaughterhouses. Biochemically confirmed E. coli isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction assay to determine phylogenetic groups and presence of pap C, sfa/focDE, iucD, afaIB-C, hlyA, fimH and crl virulence genes. Colibacillosis isolates were belonged to A (54.21%), B1 (7.22%), B2 (6.03%) and D (32.53%) phylogroups. Whereas, the isolates from cellulitis cases were belonged to three main phylogroups; A (55.88%), B1 (5.88%) and D (38.24%). Statistical analysis showed a specific association between the presence of crl virulence gene and phylogroups of A and D in colibacillosis isolates. The results showed that the isolates from both diseases in broiler chickens could be assigned to various phylogenetic groups (mainly A(. Also, the virulence genes profile of cellulitis E. coli is completely different from that of colibacillosis in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence, serogroups, virulence genes and phylogenetic relationship of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in human, clave and goat in Kerman (southeast of Iran). Background: STEC have emerged as the important foodborne zoonotic pathogens causing human gastrointestinal disease and confirming the risk to public health. Methods: A total of 671 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic patients (n=395) and healthy calves (n=156) and goats (n=120) and screened for the presence of stx gene. Furthermore, the prevalence of stx1 and stx2 variants, serotypes (O157, O145, O103, O26, O111, O91, O128, and O45), phylogenetic groups and the presence of ehxA, eae, hylA, iha and saa virulence genes were studied. Results: Prevalence of STEC in human diarrheic isolates was 1.3% (5 isolates), in claves was 26.3% (41 isolates) and in goats was 27.5% (33 isolates). stx1 gene was the most prevalent variant and detected in 75 isolates. Furthermore, stx1c was the most predominant stx subtype, found in 56 isolates. The ehxA identified in 36 (45.6%) isolates, followed by iha 5 (6.3%), eaeA 4 (5.1%), hlyA 2 (2.5%) and saa 2 (2.5%). Most of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1. Only two O26 and one O91 isolates were detected in our study. Conclusion: Our results show that STEC strains were widespread among healthy domestic animals in the southeast of Iran [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted on patients with thalassemia and HIV-infected patients to determine the frequency of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Kerman, Iran. We analyzed 68 and 49 E coli isolates isolated from healthy fecal samples of patients with thalassemia and HIV-infected patients, respectively. The E coli isolates were studied using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify the enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC), and enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC) groups. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the correlation of diarrheagenic E coli between HIV-infected patients and patients with thalassemia using Stata 11.2 software. The frequency of having at least 1 diarrheagenic E coli was more common in patients with thalassemia (67.64%) than in HIV-infected patients (57.14%; P = .25), including ETEC (67.64% versus 57.14%), EHEC (33.82% versus 26.53%), and EPEC (19.11% versus 16.32%). The results of this study indicate that ETEC, EHEC, and EPEC pathotypes are widespread among diarrheagenic E coli isolates in patients with thalassemia and HIV-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles, biofilm formation, presence of antigen 43 (Ag43) gene, and transfer of antibiotic resistance phenotype among non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Materials and Methods: From October 2014 to November 2015 a total of 276 stool samples were collected from healthy calves, goats and 395 patients with the sign of nonbloody diarrhea and screened for presence of stx and serotype O157 genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Susceptibility to 14 antibiotics was determined as per CLSI guideline. Presence of Ag43 and intimin (eaeA) genes were detected by PCR. Biofilm formation was measured by microtiter plate method. Conjugation was carried out by membrane filter technique. Results: We isolated 74 (93.6%) non-O157 STEC strains from 41 calves, 33 goats and 5 (6.3%) patients' stools, however, no O157 serotype was detected in our study. Resistance was observed most commonly to tobramycin (66.2%), kanamycin (48.6%), and amikacin (29.7%) and less frequently to ciprofloxacin (4.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (5.4%), and ceftriaxone (9.5%) in isolates recovered from calves and goats fecal samples, whereas, all human isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin and imipenem, respectively. Furthermore, Ag43 was detected in 60 STEC isolated from animals and 5 human origins (no eaeA gene was found in this study). Biofilm formation from Ag43+ and Ag43- colonies showed 20 isolates with strong biofilm activities. Cefotaxime resistance phenotype was transferred to E. coli ATCC 25922.1 (Nalr) by conjugation at a frequency of 1.6×10-4. Conclusion: From the above results we concluded that, human infections with non-O157 STEC were significantly low in Kerman. Ag43 was insignificant with biofilm quantity in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of phylogenetic groups/subgroups, fimbrial genes, and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Karaj city, Iran. Methods: A total of 107 E. coli isolates were confirmed by standard bacteriological tests. The phylogenetic group, fimbrial genes and antibiotic resistance genes was determined by PCR method. Antibiotic resistance of all the isolated E.coli against nine antimicrobial agents was determined by disk d iffusion method. Results: PCR assays showed the prevalence of fimbrial genes among the studied isolates were 31.7% and 9.3% for papEF and afaBC, respectively. Most of papEF genes were placed in D phylogroup (18.6%) and D1 subgroup (14.01%) and the percentage of afaBC (2.8%) were similar in B1, B2 and D phylogroups. The frequency of tetA and tetB genes were 22.4% and 17.7%. Isolates which contained tetA were distributed mainly in D group (14.01%) and those which contained tetB were divided in D group (7.48%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed the maximum resistance rate to cephalexin (CN: 100%) and the minimum resistance level to ciprofloxacin (CP: 36.5%). Conclusion: The present study showed that phylogenetic groups A and D were predominant. Virulence factors such as papEF and afaBC belonged to D phylogenetic group. Multidrug resistance E. coli isolates tends to be in the non-B2 phylogenetic groups. Due to high antibiotic resistance, appropriate control should be considered in medicine to control the development of novel resistant isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are a major cause of intestinal syndromes in the developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in relation to phylogenetic background from patients with diarrhea. Materials and Methods: A total of 110 E. coli isolates were obtained from diarrhea patients in Sirjan, southeast of Iran. The E. coli isolates were confirmed using biochemical and bacteriological tests. DNA of E. coli isolates was extracted by boiling method and checked for existence of ETEC (LT and ST genes) and EIEC (ipaH gene) pathotypes and also characterize the phylogenetic groups on the basis of presence or absence of the chuA, yjaA genes and an anonymous DNA fragment, TspE4. C2 by multiplex PCR. Results: Out of 110 E. coli isolates, 32 (29.09%) were positive for ETEC (LT and ST genes) and 6 (5.45%) possessed EIEC (ipaH gene) pathotypes. Isolates fall into four phylogenetic groups: A (39.09%), B1 (20%), B2 (15.45%) and D (25.45%). Phylotyping of isolates of DEC indicated they were distributed in four phylogenetic groups including A (12 isolates), B1 (7), B2 (9) and D (10). Conclusion: In this study, the DEC isolates were segregated into different phylogenetic groups. The majority of isolates belonged to phylo-groups A and D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ehrlichiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by the family of Anaplasmatacea. Recently, outbreak of human monocytic ehrlichiosis was reported in northern part of Iran. Besides, serological evidence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis was reported from southeastern of Iran but the epidemiology of this disease is almost undetermined in Iran. The present study was designed to use PCR for detection of Ehrlichia spp. in tick infested household dogs and determination of risks of disease transmission to dog's owners. Method: Blood samples were prepared from 100 tick infested household dogs after complete clinical examination. Complete cell blood count was done for each sample. DNA extraction was done and PCR was carried out by a commercial kit afterwards. Regarding to PCR results, blood samples were collected from owners and family members who were exposed to infected and non-infected dogs. A similar method was utilized for DNA extraction and PCR in human samples. Result: Ehrlichial DNA was detected by PCR in six percent of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick pools and 9% of the examined dogs. No positive sample was detected among the 67 examined human bloods. Conclusion: Ehrlichiosis could be considered as an emerging canine disease but owning a dog should not be considered a major risk factor for ehrlichiosis in humans. Further serological and molecular studies in different parts of Iran are required to clarify the epidemiology of ehrlichiosis in canine, ticks, and human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: One of the main tasks of clinical microbiology laboratories is to determine antibiotic resistance profiles in common pathogens and ensure the selection of effective antibiotics for certain infections. The aim of this study was to compare the methods of disk diffusion, broth microdilution and modified Hodge test in Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infection and diarrhea for susceptibility testing against beta-lactam antibiotics in Kerman, Iran. Methods: In this study, 432 E. coli isolates were collected from diarrhea (216 isolates) and urinary tract infection samples (216 isolates). The antibiotic susceptibility testing methods of disk diffusion, broth microdilution and modified Hodge test were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The findings of disk diffusion method showed that resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefepime and imipenem was 51.15%, 30.55%, 24.30%, 15.27% and 1.85%, respectively. In the disk diffusion test, 51.15% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, all of which were later evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Moreover, 52.94%, 17.19%, 13.12% and 0.90% of the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime and imipenem, respectively. All of the isolates were evaluated for the production of carbapenemase enzyme by the modified Hodge test and none of the isolates were found as positive. Conclusion: This study shows that performing carbapenem tests is very challenging, and laboratories are recommended to use secondary and independent antibiotic susceptibility tests such as modified Hodge test to confirm the carbapenem-resistant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was set to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli isolates and the genes underlying their resistance in relation to phylogenetic background from fecal samples of healthy owned cats. Methods: A total of 50 E. coli isolates were confirmed by standard bacteriological tests. The phylogenetic analyses of the isolates were carried out by combinations of three genetic markers chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2 by a triplex PCR method. The ESBL (blaCTXM, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA) encoding genes were detected. To identify ESBL producing phenotypes, all selected isolates were screened with a double disk synergy test including cefotaxime, cefotaxime with clavulanic acid, ceftazidime and ceftazidime with clavulanic acid. Results: Results showed that E. coli isolates fell into four phylogenetic groups (A, D, B1 and B2) with prevalence of 78%, 4%, 8%, 10% and five phylogenetic subgroups including A0 (74 %), A1 (4 %), B1 (8 %), B2-2 (6 %), B2-3 (4 %) and D1 (4 %), respectively. Among all E. coli isolates, 4% were positive for blaSHV, blaCTX-M-15 and blaOXA-1 genes which distributed in B2-2, B2-3, A0 subgroups, respectively. According to antibiotic susceptibility test, 20 isolates were resistant which belonged to D (D1 phylogenetic subgroup) and A (A0 phylogenetic subgroup) groups. Conclusion: The results showed that healthy cats could be considered as potential source for the dissemination of ESBL-encoding genes. Further investigations in companion animals and their owners are needed to clarify the importance of spreading of these zoonotic strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Purposes of this study were to determine the phylogenetic groups, prevalence of enterotoxigenic pathotype and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from diarrheic cases in Bam city. Materials and Methods: In this study 155 E. coli were isolated from diarrheic samples in Bam city. Phylogenetic groups of isolates and enterotoxigenic pathotype were determined by detection of chuA, yjaA, TspE4C2 and ST, LT genes respectively. Results: One hundred fifty five examined isolates were distributed in phylogenetic groups: A (71.60%), B1 (3.22%), B2 (9.67%) and D (15.48%). The genes for enterotoxigenic pathotype were detected in 52 isolates (33.54%), which ST gene were found in 29 isolates, LT in 16 isolates and LT, ST genes in 7 isolates. Twenty nine ST gene positive isolates were distributed in three phylogenetic groups A (48.28%), D (41.38%) and B2 (10.34%). According to the antibiotic susceptibility tests maximum and minimum antibiotic resistance rate was against to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.19%) and ciprofloxacin and gentamycin (9.67%). Fifteen multiple antibiotic resistance patterns were detected in four phylogenetic groups. Conclusions: Escherichia coli isolates from enterotoxigenic pathotype have a considerable antibiotic resistance rate in Bam city and were distributed in different phylogenetic groups. Since a considerable number of isolates were negative for LT and ST genes, it is necessary to study the other virulence genes and their phylogenetic background in E. coli isolates from diarrheic cases in Bam city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a common enteric pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal infections, particularly in developing countries. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of DEC in various geographical regions in Iran. Materials and Methods: English (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and Persian (IranMedex, SID, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases were comprehensively searched from January 1990 to April 2017. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. After assessing heterogeneity among studies, a random effects model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence. Data analyses were done with the Stata software (version 12.0). This meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017070411. Results: A total of 73 studies with 18068 isolates were eligible for inclusion within the meta-analysis. The results of random effects model showed that the most prevalent DEC pathotypes were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (16%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11%–23%), enteroaggregative E. coli (11%; 95% CI: 8%–15%), atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (11%; 95% CI: 8%–14%), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (9%; 95% CI: 6%–13%), diffuse adherent E. coli (6%; 95% CI: 6%–12%), enteroinvasive E. coli (4%; 95% CI: 2%–6%), and typical EPEC (3%; 95% CI: 1%–5%). Conclusion: This study showed that DEC infections in the Iranian population have low frequency. Our data suggest that the ETEC pathotype can be regarded as one of the most important etiological agents of diarrhea in this country. However, the prevalence of DEC pathotypes is diverse in different regions of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: All over the world, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are considered as important zoonotic pathogens. Eight serogroups have the greatest role in the outbreaks and diseases caused by STEC which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145 and O157. Ruminants, especially cattle are the main reservoirs but the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of human infections has not been thoroughly assessed in many countries. The objective of this research was to investigate the pathogenic potential of the STEC strains isolated from slaughtered goats. In this study, a total of 57 STEC strains were recovered from 450 goats and characterized by subtyping of stx genes, O-serogrouping, phylo-typing and DNA fingerprinting. Results: Amongst 57 STEC strains isolated from goats, the prevalence of stx1 was significantly more than stx2 (98.2% vs. 24.5%; P ≤ 0.05), and 22.8% of strains harbored both stx1 and stx2 genes. Three (5.2%) isolates were characterized as EHEC, which carried both eae and stx genes. A total of five stx-subtypes were recognized namely: stx1c (94.7%), stx1a (53.7%), stx2d (21%), stx2c (17.5%), and stx2a (15.7%). In some parts of the world, these subtypes have been reported in relation with severe human infections. The stx subtypes predominantly occurred in four combinations, including stx1a/stx1c (35%), stx1c (31.5%), stx1c/stx2a/stx2c/stx2d (5.2%) and stx1c/stx2c/stx2d (%5.2%). In serogrouping, the majority of STECs from goats did not belong to the top 8 serogroups but two strains belonged to O113, which has been recognized as an important pathogenic STEC in Australia. Interestingly, none of stx+eae+ isolates belonged to the tested serogroups. In phylo-typing the isolates mostly belonged to phylo-group B1 (82.4%), followed by phylo-group A (12.3%). STEC strains showed a substantial diversity in DNA fingerprinting; there were 24 unique ERIC-types (with a ≥95% similarity) among the isolates. Conclusions: Despite the fact that the top 8 STEC serogroups were uncommon in caprine strains, the presence of highly pathogenic stx subtypes indicates that small ruminants and their products can be considered as an overlooked public health risk for humans, especially in developing countries which consume traditional products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtilase exhibits strong cytotoxicity that was first described in O113:H21 strain in Australia as a plasmid- encoded cytotoxin (subAB1). Subsequently, chromosomal variants including subAB2-1, subAB2-2, and subAB2-3 were described. We aimed to investigate the presence of subAB genes in a collection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains (n=101) isolated from different sources in Iran. A collection of 101 archived STEC strains isolated from cattle (n=50), goats (n=25), sheep (n=15), wild captive animals (n=8: persian fallow deer, n=3; caspian pony, n=1; Macaca mulatta, n=4), and humans (n=3) during 2007-2016 were analyzed for the detection of different genes encoding the Subtilase variants, plasmidic and chromosomal virulence genes, phylogroups and serogroups. Overall, 57 isolates (56.4%) carried at least one variant of subAB. Most strains from small ruminants including 93% of sheep and 96% of caprine isolates carried at least one chromosomally encoded variant (subAB-2-1 and/or subAb2-2). In contrast, 12 cattle isolates (24%) only harbored the plasmid encoded variant (subAB1). STEC strains from other sources, including deer, pony and humans were positive for subAB-2-1 and/or subAb2-2. Our results reveal the presence of potentially pathogenic genotypes among locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-negative isolates, and some host specificity related to Subtilase variants and other virulence markers that may aid in source tracking of STEC during outbreak investigations.

Background and Objectives: Salmonella species (spp) are the most prevalent zoonotic pathogens that cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Therefore evaluation of the profile of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and plasmid replicon types in these bacteria is necessary to control and prevent the spread of potentially pathogenic and drug-resistant strains., Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 39 Salmonella spp. The antibacterial susceptibility of isolates to various antibiotic agents was determined using disk diffusion test. β-lactamases ( bla ) including ESBLs, AmpC, MBLs, and virulence genes were detected by PCR methods. Plasmid incompatibility groups among the isolates were identified using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT)., Results: The most prevalent virulent gene was phoP/Q (84.6%). slyA, sopB , and stn were identified in 79.4% (n=31), 69.2% (n=27), and 2.5% (n=1) of the isolates, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that 30.7% of the isolates were ESBL-producing. bla TEM (41%; n=16) was the most frequent β-lactamase gene among the isolates followed by bla NDM-1 (15.4%; n=6), bla DHA (7.7%; n=3), and bla CTX-M (1.5%; n=1). Six different plasmid replicon types, including IncP (n=9; 23%), IncFIC (n=3; 7.70%), IncY (n=3; 7.70%), IncI1-Iγ (n=2; 5.12%), IncFIIAs (n=1; 2.56%), and IncN (n=1; 2.56%) were observed among the isolates., Conclusion: Our study showed the emergence of carbapenem-resistant and bla NDM-1 among Salmonella spp. for the first time in Kerman, Iran. Since Salmonella spp. plays an important role in the transmission of resistance genes in livestock and humans in the food chains, so more stringent control policies are recommended to prevent the circulation of drug-resistant and potentially pathogenic strains from animals to humans., (Copyright© 2024 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)