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It is since the beginning of the so-called 'digital revolution' in the 1950s that technological tools have been developed to simplify and optimise traditional, time-consuming, and laborious anamnestic collection for many physicians. In recent years, more and more sophisticated 'automated' anamnestic collection systems have been developed, to the extent that they can actually enter daily clinical practice. This article not only provides a historical overview of the evolution of such tools, but also explores the ethical and medico-legal implications of the transition from traditional to digital anamnesis, including the protection of data confidentiality, the preservation of the communicative effectiveness of the doctor–patient dialogue and the safety of care in patients with poor digital and health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has become the standard of care for treating infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in patients with favorable anatomies, while patients with challenging AAA anatomies, and those with suprarenal or thoraco-abdominal aneurysms, still need alternative, more complex, solutions, including custom-made branched or fenestrated grafts, which are constrained by production delay and costs. To address urgent needs and complex cases, physicians have proposed modifying standard endografts by manually creating graft fenestrations. This allows for effective aneurysm exclusion and satisfactory patency of visceral vessels. Although physician-modified grafts (PMEGs) have demonstrated high technical success, standardized creation processes and long-term safety data are still lacking, necessitating further study to validate their clinical and legal standing. The aim of this article is to illustrate the state of the art with regard to this surgical technique, summarizing its origin, evolution, and the main clinical evidence supporting its effectiveness. The paper also aims to discuss the main medico-legal issues related to the use of PMEGs, with particular reference to the issue of safety related to the standardization of the surgical technique, medical liability profiles, and informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merchant ships represent a peculiar working environment with several challenges and risks. The specific situation on board of ships may affect the mental health of seafarers more remarkably than ashore workers. A systematic review of the literature has been carried out to identify the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers and the impact that these disorders have on their health. This review has analyzed the scientific literature published between January 2006 and December 2021 using the search engines PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Social isolation, distance from families, fatigue, stress and long work shifts represent the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers. Strategies aimed at improving conditions of cohabitation on board, and a greater consideration of these problems are key for improving the mental health of workers at sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the administration of puberty blockers to adolescents with gender dysphoria has ignited significant bioethical controversy, especially in light of recent legislative changes in the United States, Australia and several European states, especially the UK, which in March 2024 permanently banned the administration of puberty blockers to children. Italy and Spain, with their distinct legal, cultural, and medical approaches to treating gender dysphoria in minors, serve as focal points for examining these complex issues. Aims: this article aims to explore the bioethical and medico-legal implications of using puberty blockers in adolescents with gender dysphoria, focusing on the regulatory frameworks in Italy and Spain. It seeks to contribute to the international dialogue on best practices for supporting adolescents with gender dysphoria by comparing these two countries' approaches. Discussion: in recent years in many European states there has been an important evolution in the position on hormone blockade therapy for minors with gender dysphoria, having gone from open policies on puberty blockade treatment to decidedly more restrictive positions. In Italy, the debate on the legitimacy of authorising treatment has been lively for several years, and in the last year has become even more intense due to the decisions taken by countries such as Finland, Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom. In Spain, a landmark law on trans rights was passed in 2023, but it did not directly regulate hormone-blocking treatment in adolescents with gender dysphoria, which only made an already intense debate even more heated. Conclusion: it is essential to recognise the complexity of gender identity in adolescents and adopt an inclusive approach that considers medical, legal, ethical and social implications. The dynamic nature of the debate on the use of puberty blockers requires ongoing international dialogue. Policy analysis from Italy and Spain can inform best practice globally, promoting inclusive guidelines that prioritise adolescent welfare by addressing the complex bioethical, medico-legal and scientific issues related to the use of puberty blockers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular abnormalities of the spleen are infrequently encountered in medical practice and, among these, an aneurysm of the splenic vein is a rare event, being only a few dozen cases reported to date in the literature. The rarity of this clinical condition hinders the understanding of its clinical history, related medical management and potential complications, which are currently unclear. In this article, we report an autopsy case observed in the practice of forensic medicine concerning a 45-year-old woman, anaemic, who died at home a few hours after a previous hospital evaluation for abdominal pain and vaginal spotting. The autopsy revealed a massive secondary hemoperitoneum caused by a laceration of the spleen. On examination of the organ, an aneurysm of the proximal branch of the splenic vein was detected, affected by complete thrombotic occlusion. This case offers a new perspective regarding the clinical evolution of splenic vein aneurysm to death, unprecedented in the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]