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The article presents the thermal and physical properties of PMMA composite films with the addition of Nb2O5 nanoparticles. The addition of nanoparticles to PMMA mainly influenced the optical transmission and glass transition temperature of composite films compared to pure PMMA. It is clearly visible in the results of the conducted ellipsometric and differential scanning calorimetry tests. X-ray studies showed that the heat treatment of the samples resulted in the ordering of the polymer structure (flattening of the polymer chains). Examining the surface of the samples with scanning electron microscopy, it can be seen that Nb2O5 nanoparticles formed unusual, branched formations resembling "snowflakes". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of new aromatic polyazomethines, containing thiophene rings in their polymer chain structures, were obtained by the chemical vapor deposition method, via a polycondensation process from thiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde and one of four different aromatic diamines, as initial monomers. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, attenuated total reflectance mode of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to characterize these films. However, the optical transmission and reflectivity measurements, within the wide spectral UV-Vis-NIR range (0.5–6.2 eV), were the basic method of presented investigations. On the basis of optical measurements, the absorption coefficient spectra of these thin films were obtained and the absorption edge parameters, that is, the energy gap (EG) and Urbach energy (EU), were calculated in a way typical for amorphous semiconductors. These parameters allowed one to evaluate the length of conjugation and the extension of localized, defect states inside the energy gap, respectively, and to discuss the electronic transitions, being dependent on the chemical structure and conformation of polymer chains. Optical properties of these new phenylene–thiophene-based polyazomethine films were compared with their entirely phenylene counterparts. In general, the energy gaps of investigated films were clearly smaller (about 0.2 eV) than those of their phenylene counterparts, confirming that the presence of thiophene rings in polyazomethine structures improves conjugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Authors team have presented the investigation of the structure, optical and electrical properties of 3rd generation solar cells based on hybrid structure containing inorganic semiconducting mesoporous layer, photosensitive, organometallic dye and polymer solid state active transport layer (HTL) - spiro-OMeTAD. The mesoporous layer has been created by blends containing nanoparticles/nanowires (3d/1d) of ceramic semiconductors.. The architecture of hybrid solar cells was manufactured using a combination of modern technologies allowing for fast and economical consumption of starting materials and energy. The 3d/1d structure has been deposited with use screen printed method, spiro-OMeTAD was deposited by spin-coating method, and the Ag layer has been used by sputtering method. The structure and topography of individual cell layers was examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optical and electrical properties of created semiconductor mesoporous layers as well as spiro-OMeTAD/ and Ag layers were tested using UV-Vis spectrometry (based on the analysis of the light absorbtion results will determine Eg - the band gap widht, k - the extinction coefficient,the n -refractive index, the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant).The influence of the physical properties of the single layers on the solar cells performance have been determine by current -voltage (I-V) characteristics alalysis under stanard test conditions (AM 1.5, 1000 W/m2).The characteristics mealures allowed for determination and analysisbasic parameters of the manufactured hybrid photovoltaic devices: Isc- short circuit current, Voc -open circuit voltage, IM -current at maximum power, UM - voltage at maximum power, PM - maximum power of a solar cell, FF - filling factor, Eff- efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key parameters characterizing the microstructure of a layer is its degree of order. It can be determined from optical studies or X-ray diffraction. However, both of these methods applied to the same layer may give different results because, for example, aggregates may contribute to the amorphous background in XRD studies, while in optical studies, they may already show order. Because we are usually interested in the optical and/or electrical properties of the layers, which in turn are closely related to their dielectric properties, determining the optical order of the layers is particularly important. In this work, the microstructure, optical properties and electrical conductivity of poly(3-hexyl)thiophene layers were investigated, and a model describing the electrical conductivity of these layers was proposed. The model is based on the generalized theory of the effective medium and uses the equation from the percolation theory of electrical conductivity for the effective medium of a mixture of two materials. The results indicate a key role of the aggregate size and limited conductivity of charge carriers, mainly due to structural imperfections that manifest themselves as an increase in the number of localized states visible in the subgap absorption near the optical absorption edge. The critical value of the order parameter and the corresponding values of the Urbach energy, excitonic linewidth and band gap energy are determined.

This study investigates a supramolecular approach to elucidate the interaction between an organic semiconducting molecule, specifically butyric acid-functionalized perylene diimide, and a block copolymer comprising poly-3-hexyl thiophene-b-polyethylene glycol. This interaction results in the formation of a precisely structured nanoarchitecture within the supramolecular block copolymer, driven by the ionic interplay between the block copolymer and small organic molecules. The optical properties of the synthesized supramolecular block copolymer were characterized by using ellipsometry. Additionally, further characterization employing atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction provided detailed insights into the crystallinity and morphology of the nanostructure. The characterization data showed that this approach significantly influenced the tuning of morphology, crystallinity, and optical and electronic properties of the resulting nanostructure. The demonstrated methodology holds considerable promise as a strategic tool for broadening the spectrum of attainable nanomorphologies in semiconducting polymers, particularly for applications in electronics or photovoltaics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory condition with global implications. Accurate and timely diagnosis is critical; however, traditional diagnostic methods (based on spirometry) show limitations, prompting the search for predictive biomarkers and modern diagnostic techniques. This study explored the validation of COPD-related biomarkers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophil elastase, and alpha-1 antitrypsin) in saliva. A diverse cohort, including healthy non-smokers, healthy smokers, and COPD patients of Polish origin, underwent spirometry and marker analysis. The data correlated with clinical factors, revealing noteworthy relations. Firstly, salivary biomarker levels were compared with serum concentrations, demonstrating notable positive or negative correlations, depending on the factor. Further analysis within healthy individuals revealed associations between biomarker levels, spirometry, and clinical characteristics such as age, sex, and BMI. Next, COPD patients exhibited an enhanced concentration of biomarkers compared to healthy groups. Finally, the study introduced a breathing assessment survey, unveiling significant associations between self-perceived breathing and spirometric and tested parameters. Outcomes emphasized the relevance of subjective experiences in COPD research. In conclusion, this research underscored the potential of salivary biomarkers as diagnostic tools for COPD, offering a non-invasive and accessible alternative to traditional methods. The findings paved the way for improved modern diagnostic approaches.

Herein, we report the thermal transitions and structural properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/cucurbit[7]uril) pseudopolyrotaxane (PEDOT∙CB7-PS) and polyrotaxane (PEDOT∙CB7-PR) thin films compared with those of pristine PEDOT. The structural characteristics were investigated by using variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). VTSE and DSC results indicated the presence of an endothermic process and glass transition in the PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films. X-ray diffraction of PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR powders displayed the presence of interchain π-π stacking revealing a characteristic arrangement of aromatic rings in the internal structure of the crystallites. AFM imaging of PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films exhibited significant differences in the surface topographies compared with those of PEDOT. A high degree of crystallization was clearly visible on the surface of the PEDOT layer, whereas the PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films exhibited more favorable surface parameters. Such significant differences identified in the surface morphology of the investigated layers can, therefore, be clearly associated with the presence of surrounding CB7 on PEDOT skeletons.

The thermal properties and alignment of crystallinity of materials in thin films play crucial roles in the performance and reliability of various devices, especially in the fields of electronics, materials science, and engineering. The slight variations in the molecular packing of the active layer can make considerable differences in the optical and thermal properties. Herein, we aim to investigate the tuning of the physical properties of a blended thin film of n-type small organic molecules of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA-SMs) with the mixing of the p-type polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The resulting thin films exhibit an enhanced surface crystallinity compared to the pristine material, leading to the formation of long crystallites, and these crystallites are thermally stable in the solid state, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermal analysis using variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We believe that the crystalline structure of the obtained P3HT/PTCA-SMs blends is a combination of edge-on and face-on orientations, which enable the potential use of this material as an active layer in organic electronics.

Two combined ellipsometric techniques-variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) and variable temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE)-were used as tools to study the surface order and dielectric properties of thin films of a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixture with a fullerene derivative (6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester) (PC70BM). Under the influence of annealing, a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the blend films. The dielectric function of the ordered PC70BM was determined for the first time and used in the ellipsometric modeling of the physical properties of the P3HT:PC70BM blend films, such as their dielectric function and thickness. The applied ellipsometric optical model of the polymer-fullerene blend treats the components of the blend as a mixture of optically ordered and disordered phases, using the effective medium approximation for this purpose. The results obtained using the constructed model showed that a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the layer of the polymer and fullerene mixture. Namely, as a result of thermal annealing, the thickness of the layer of the ordered fullerene phase increased, while the thickness of the underlying material layer decreased.

Phase diagrams of ternary π-bonded polymer (PTB7-Th) solutions were constructed as a function of molecular weight, temperature, and electron acceptor species (ITIC, PC 61 BM and PC 71 BM). For this purpose, the Flory-Huggins lattice theory was employed with a constant χ interaction parameter, describing a binodal, spinodal, tie line, and critical point. Then, the morphologies of the blends composed of highly disordered PTB7-Th and crystallizable ITIC were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the surface polarities of the PTB7-Th:ITIC thin films were examined by water contact-angle goniometer, exhibiting a transition at the composition of ~ 60 ± 10 wt.% ITIC. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction indicated the presence of ITIC's crystallites at ≥ 70 wt.% ITIC. Hence, the PTB7-Th:ITIC system was observed to undergo a phase transition at ~ 60-70 wt.% ITIC., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2';5',2″;5″,2'''-quater-thiophen-5,5'''-diyl)]-PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2'-bithiophene)-PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.

The aim of this study was to obtain stable star polymer layers with incorporated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to study the antimicrobial activity of these hybrid materials. In this work, a novel approach regarding the synthesis of AgNPs directly by the star polymer layer is presented. Nanolayers of poly(N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and hydroxyl-bearing poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (P(DMAEMA-co-OEGMA-OH)) stars, covalently bound with solid supports, were obtained through chemical reaction of hydroxyl groups in the star arms with substrate modified with imidazole derivative. Quantitative chemical composition analysis and tracking of the changes in the morphology and wettability after every step of surface modification confirmed the covalent attachment of stars with the support. In the next step, the polymer nanolayers were modified with AgNPs formed in situ using only amine groups of the star arms and followed by the crystal quartz microbalance (QCM). The analysis of the layer thickness and affinity to water, both with the shape, size and amount of silver incorporated into the layer, confirmed the efficacy of AgNPs formation. The amount of silver incorporated into layers was correlated with the molar masses of the grafted stars, and a possible location of AgNPs within layers was shown. The antibacterial activity tests of prepared nanolayers showed that obtained hybrid materials were highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria strains. This study shows that the obtained layers are promising as stable coatings for antibacterial applications., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, we present research on thermal transition temperature determination in poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM), and their blends, which are materials that are conventionally used in organic optoelectronics. Here, for the first time the results of electrical resistance measurements are explored to detect thermal transitions temperatures, such as glass transition T g and cold crystallization T cc of the film. To confirm these results, the variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of the same samples were performed. The thermal transitions temperatures obtained with electrical measurements are well suited to phase diagram, constructed on the basis of ellipsometry in our previous work. The data presented here prove that electrical resistance measurements alone are sufficient for qualitative thermal analysis, which lead to the identification of characteristic temperatures in P3HT:PC60BM films. Based on the carried studies, it can be expected that the determination of thermal transition temperatures by means of electrical resistance measurements will also apply to other semi-conducting polymer films., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Thin polymer films have found many important applications in organic electronics, such as active layers, protective layers, or antistatic layers. Among the various experimental methods suitable for studying the thermo-optical properties of thin polymer films, temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry plays a special role as a nondestructive and very sensitive optical technique. In this Review Article, issues related to the physical origin of the dependence of ellipsometric angles on temperature are surveyed. In addition, the Review Article discusses the use of temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry for studying phase transitions in thin polymer films. The benefits of studying thermal transitions using different cooling/heating speeds are also discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how the analysis and modeling of raw ellipsometric data can be used to determine the thermal properties of thin polymer films.

The presented study describes the method for the synthesis and characterization of a new class of conjugated copolymers containing a perylenediimide (PDI) and naphthalene diimide (NDI) side groups. The main conjugated backbone is a donor-acceptor polymer poly[3,6-carbazole- alt -5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] containing thiophene and carbazole as donor units and benzothiadiazole as an acceptor unit. The presented compounds were synthesized in a multistep synthesis. The polymerization was carried out by Suzuki or Stille coupling reaction. Redox properties of the studied polymers were tested in different conditions. Electrochemical investigation revealed independent reduction of the main polymer chain and diimide side groups. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the overlap of two absorption spectra. The difference between the electron affinity of the polymer main chain and that of the diimides estimated electrochemically is approximately 0.3 eV.

In this work we present an in-depth study of the how the composition of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend films influences their phase transitions using variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry. We demonstrate that this non-destructive method is a very sensitive optical technique to investigate the phase transitions and to determine the glass transition temperatures and melting crystallization points of the P3HT:PCBM blend films. By analyzing the influence of the temperature T on the raw ellipsometric data, we have identified a high sensitivity of the ellipsometric angle Δ at a wavelength of 280 nm to temperature changes. Characteristic temperatures determined from the slope changes of the Δ( T ) plot appeared to be very good guess values for the phase transition temperatures.

The aim of this study was to produce nanocomposite polymer fibres, consisting of a matrix of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and a reinforcing phase in the form of SiO2/TiO2/Bi2O3 nanoparticles, by electrospinning the solution. The effect of the nanoparticles and the electrospinning process parameters on the morphology and physical properties of the obtained composite nanofibres was then examined. The morphology of the fibres and the dispersion of nanoparticles in their volume were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of the physical properties, which included the band gap width, dielectric constant and refractive index, were tested and plotted against the concentration by weight of the used reinforcing phase, which was as follows: 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% for each type of nanoparticles. The width of the band gap was determined on the basis of the absorption spectra of radiation (UV-vis) and ellipsometry methods. Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used in order to determine the dielectric constant, refractive index and the thickness of the obtained fibrous mats.