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Joseph Jacob Gumprecht, MD, 1772–1838, is the first Jew known as a university lecturer (Privatdozent) at a German university. This biographical article analyses the network of family, friends and colleagues, in which his life course was embedded. It shows his achievements, failures and partial successes. When his career at the University of Göttingen was blocked, he moved to Hamburg, practised as a physician and man-midwife. He was not successful economically, and his family broke up. But he made noteworthy contributions to the emergent discipline of obstetrics, both as an author and editor of periodicals. Moreover, he was active in establishing associations in several fields: for the profession of medical men, and in the context of the Jewish reform movement. Gumprecht's example shows that German Jews not just integrated themselves into the middle class, but that they actively contributed to shaping civil society and the culture of the middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime spaces have transformed rapidly the last decades. Open waters and beaches have become restricted and sometimes privatized enclosures. Different forms of extractivism have led to biodiversity loss and in particular to declining fish populations. Additionally, large-scale coastal and marine infrastructure projects, such as deepening and widening of shipping channels, have destroyed important habitats. These profound socio-ecological transformations have had an impact on geographies of resource access and control and consequently on the ability of actors to access, use and benefit from coastal and marine space. Moreover, changes in the lending policies of local banks have posed additional and severe challenges for fishers’ ability to fish. Such processes effect in particular the livelihoods of coastal and small-scale fisher communities and consequently increase existing inequalities and injustices. We suggest to bring the literature on ocean justice and access and property into dialogue and develop a heuristic for analysing inequalities and justice claims. Based on qualitative case studies focussing on the Sicily (Italy), the Elbe estuary (Germany) and the Lofoten (Norway), we show that investigating access relations facilitates the identification of unequal societal relationships with nature. Our cases illustrate that power relations in which privatization processes and access relations are embedded, determine whether injustices can be translated into justice claims and how successful these claims are. Moreover, unequal socio-ecological relations are also influenced by what we call translocal justice. Translocal justice is often lost in processes of commodification, privatization and in the rescaling of political authority and power, as local ties and confidential relationships vanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Mulsow's Knowledge Lost provides a window into the precarious world of intellectuals in northern Germany around 1700. This essay considers that book's place in Mulsow's work and in the intellectual history of radical enlightenment through the prism of contemporary activity in Hamburg and its surroundings, in particular as informed by the work of those who exchanged ideas most extensively with English intellectual culture. It suggests that themes of obligation and expectation as they emerge in dialogue with Mulsow's work might provide means to extend his consideration of the material culture of knowledge around 1700 and to reshape its engagement with religious orthodoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hamburg State and University Library collects deposit copies of print, audio and electronic media published in Hamburg as part of its mandate as state library and deposit repository. This article describes the practical implementation of the library's collection mandate with regard to various media types and formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recounting the events of the #NoG20 protests in Hamburg in 2017, particularly the effects of the ban of one large scale protest camp by the authorities, this paper investigates how the protest was re-organized after the ban. Within a wide variety of existing forms of social movement organization (SMO), protest camps are increasingly visible and important, occurring on all continents and with increasing frequency. It appears that making a camp can be a strategy for network-based organization to materialize spatially where formal organizing is absent or eschewed. Based on interviews with participants and document analysis, the paper analyses the emergence of alternative hospitality structures, and of a new antagonism helping to forge a collective identity of the #NoG20 mobilisation. We structure our analysis through the notion of "care for the whole," in which Rodrigo Nunes describes parameters of strategic action in networked SMO. We advance organizational thinking by extending this notion with two further dimensions: the literal caring for participants needs and its infrastructures; and the creation of a sense of community in narrative and representation. This can be applied in the analysis in any networked organization aspiring to be more democratic and open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the contemporary material, political, and symbolic construction of Hamburg's free port, zooming in on its festive opening in 1888, when Kaiser Wilhelm II visited to perform this ceremonious act. Asking why the "Speicherstadt" (warehouse city) was right away dubbed a "city" even though this was an exclusively commercial space devoid of inhabitants, the article uses this case study to argue that process concepts like "urbanization" frame our perspectives in ways that eclipse how older ideas about urbanity still defined a late-nineteenth-century political imaginary. The article shows how the opening ceremony, staged as an imperial adventus, alongside the "Speicherstadt's" neo-Gothic red-brick architecture, made recourse to established cultural forms that historians and other commentators often deem premodern. To counteract the prospect that port expansion could turn Hamburg into a working-class city, Hamburg's bourgeois merchant elite tried to construct the free port as a global urban bourgeois space embodying the city's history and its longevity as a space of urban trade privilege. The latter had erstwhile been defined by Hamburg's city walls, which, as the article argues, were symbolically rebuilt in the form of the Speicherstadt. The latter was the "city" into which this modern-day imperial adventus led. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die internationale Schulentwicklungsforschung weist mit Blick auf sich erfolgreich entwickelnde Schulen auf die Bedeutsamkeit der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Daten und wissenschaftlicher Evidenzen hin (z.B. Mandinach & Schildkamp, 2021; Muijs et al., 2004; Rutledge et al., 2015). Auch in Deutschland erhält die Nutzung von Daten im Schulentwicklungsprozess zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit. Ausgehend von Hinweisen auf diverse förderliche Rahmenbedingungen, die die Ausbildung einer „Data Richness“ in Schulen begünstigen, untersucht vorliegender Beitrag, inwiefern ein reichhaltiges Datenangebot durch die Bildungsadministration im Stadtstaat Hamburg eine Entsprechung im Datennutzungsverhalten der Schulen findet. Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie mit Hamburger Schulleitungen legen nahe, dass Hamburger Schulen sowohl die von der Bildungsadministration bereitgestellten als auch intern generierte Datenbestände intensiv und zielorientiert in ihrer Schulentwicklung nutzen. Dabei berichten sie häufig von der Etablierung organisationaler Regelungen der Datennutzung und Funktionsstellen im mittleren Management, damit Daten für verschiedene Adressat*innengruppen auf Schulleitungs-, Team- und Individualebene ausgewählt und für die pädagogischen Entwicklungskontexte anschlussfähig aufbereitet werden können.

2019 feierte die Universität Hamburg ihr 100-jähriges Jubiläum. Doch wann begann ihre Geschichte wirklich? Das Hamburgische Kolonialinstitut, das von 1908 bis 1919 der wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung von Kolonialbeamten diente, war im heutigen Hauptgebäude der Universität untergebracht. Das Kolonialinstitut war nicht nur der Vorläufer der Universität, sondern markierte auch die Entstehung einer der ersten Institutionen für höhere Bildung in der Hansestadt. Die Jubiläumsfeier spiegelt eine koloniale Amnesie wider, die eine Ausblendung dieses Teils der Universitätsgeschichte ermöglicht. In diesem Beitrag setzen wir uns kritisch mit der verdrängten Geschichte der Bildungsinstitution auseinander, indem wir folgenden Fragen nachgehen: Was bedeutet es für eine wissenschaftliche Institution, aus der deutschen Kolonialgeschichte hervorgegangen zu sein? Wie lässt sich diese Geschichte heute aus einer dekolonial- feministischen Perspektive rekonstruieren? Wir versuchen mit dem Beitrag in die offizielle Erinnerungskultur und -politik der Universität und in ihren amnestischen Umgang mit ihrem kolonialen Erbe zu intervenieren.

This article examines the history of the liberation of General L. L. Bennigsen in the spring of 1814 the city-state of Hamburg from soldiers of the Great Army of Napoleon. After a grueling, almost year-long occupation of a crowded city that has survived the destruction of entire districts, the looting of a local bank, the expulsion of part of the local population from the city, an epidemic of typhus, which claimed the lives of several thousand people, the citizens welcomed the Allied Coalition Forces in the vicinity of their city again. In contrast to the first liberation of the city from the French in the spring of 1813 local authorities now prepared for official celebrations more thoroughly. A special regulation was drawn up and the rules of conduct for the entry of Allied troops into the city were communicated to the citizens through the press. The main imperative of both the city and the Allied military command is to avoid revenge excesses. Also, the article, based on the analysis of sources of personal origin and the press of that time, reveals the perception of occupation by the allied troops of the city as a local population and Russian officers.

Hamburg's "Religious Education for All" (RUfa 2.0) is a confessional multifaith approach to shared religious education and a new and unique concept in Germany and Europe. All large religious communities in Hamburg collaborate their legal responsibility for its content. RUfa 2.0 is neither grounded in neutral religious studies nor in pluralistic theology of religion but relies on differentiated learning arrangements. They enable students to learn about their own religion, to learn about other religions and to develop their religious identity through dialogue. This article outlines development, legal and organizational frameworks, goals and competences, didactical principles, teacher roles and teacher training and places them in a European perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beatles’ Hamburg period is important for the group’s early career in particular, and is among the most rewritten periods, not least after the group split in 1970. The aim of this article is to identify the original British Hamburg narrative from the 1960s, both its sources and changes in the stories during the decade. For this purpose, a broad review has been made of existing media material from the period. The result shows the existence of extensive 1960s source material and several contemporary narratives of the period, divided here into three categories: the ‘Liverpool narrative’, the ‘national narrative’ and the ‘official narratives’. The most primary is the Liverpool material; the most diverse is the national material; and the one with the greatest impact both in the 1960s and later is the official publications. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.

This article presents a semantic analysis of the names of districts and districts of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. In the introductory part, the etymology of the name of the city of Hamburg will be presented. Subsequently, the history of the city’s founding and development was summarized, also based on the Greater Hamburg Act. In the research part, the names of districts and districts of the city were classified.

This paper examines the (re)making of two distinct but related migrant arrival infrastructures in Hamburg: the Lampedusa in Hamburg tent (hereafter referred to as the ‘Lampedusa tent’), which existed from 2013 to 2020, and the Refugee Info Point, which existed for six months in 2022. Both infrastructures were built by and for migrants as an access point to the city of Hamburg. This paper is based on fieldwork conducted in Hamburg between 2017 and 2022. Building on existing research on arrival infrastructures as gateways to the city, I elucidate how arrival infrastructures at the edge function as sites of transformation and contestation where migrants in Hamburg claim rights to the city. My material speaks to the mutability, adaptability, vanishing, and (re)emergence of arrival infrastructures in Hamburg’s urban spaces over several years.

Abstract In this study, we set out to develop a new social vulnerability index (SVI). In doing so, we suggest some conceptual improvements that can be made to existing methodical approaches to assessing social vulnerability. To make the entanglement of socio-spatial inequalities visible, we are conducting a small-scale study on heterogeneous urban development in the city of Hamburg, Germany. This kind of high-resolution analysis was not previously available, but is increasingly requested by political decision makers. We can thus show hot spots of social vulnerability (SV) in Hamburg, considering the effects of social welfare, education, and age. In doing so, we defined SV as a contextual concept that follows the recent shift in discourse in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) concepts of risk and vulnerability. Our SVI consists of two subcomponents: sensitivity and coping capacity. Populated areas of Hamburg were identified using satellite information and merged with the social data units of the city. Areas with high SVI are distributed over the entire city, notably in the district of Harburg and the Reiherstieg quarter in Wilhelmsburg near the Elbe, as well as in the densely populated inner city areas of Eimsbüttel and St. Pauli. As a map at a detailed scale, our SVI can be a useful tool to identify areas where the population is most vulnerable to climate-related hazards. We conclude that an enhanced understanding of urban social vulnerability is a prerequisite for urban risk management and urban resilience planning.

Over the last ten years or so, Hamburg's public authorities have seen the emergence of new private operators in the mobility field: digital shared mobility platforms. In an attempt to regulate them, public authorities embraced the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) by creating the Switchh platform in 2013, backed up by “mobility stations” deployed in public spaces. This article looks at how the city of Hamburg is using MaaS as an instrument to i) organise this new ecosystem of mobility stakeholders and ii) transform public space to meet its sustainable mobility objectives. Our qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews, documents analysis and observation, shows that the public authorities are taking advantage of MaaS as a tool for coordinating players, via the city's public transport operator. However, the public sector's lack of human and financial resources, coupled with the neo-liberal interests of private operators in a freely competitive market, has led to the privatisation of Hamburg's public space through MaaS, and calls into question its social effects.

Recent debates among historians and in public have concerned the links between German colonialism and imperialism before the First World War and the Nazi regime and its crimes. While a maximalist position on German colonial continuities is unsustainable, the possibility of important imperial legacies stretching into the Nazi period and the argument for a German colonial Sonderweg , or "special path," are not logically coextensive. This article explores the transformation of Wilhelmine German liberal imperialism by focusing on commercial interests in Hamburg. It argues that empire's strongest legacy was its absence, an absence that created ambivalent possible futures and blurred the line between liberal and illiberal avenues to German power and international order. This blurriness offers an end-run around problematical attempts to narrate Nazism as little more than an extreme expression of global patterns and around untenable notions of German exceptionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1910s and 1920s, female art dealers such as Maria Kunde (Kunstsalon Maria Kunde, Hamburg) championed the art of their time. This commitment of women to contemporary art can also be followed up in exile – for example in London: Ala Story who came from Vienna was not only active in several progressive London galleries for contemporary art, but also emigrated to the USA in 1940, where she established the American British Art Center in New York. In the post-war period, art dealer Hanna Bekker vom Rath (Frankfurter Kunstkabinett) was an important advocates of the modernists banned by the Nazis, but also stood up for younger artists. The mentioned female gallerists were active in a field of contemporary art, less burdened by competition with male colleagues and offering opportunities for profiling and commitment. At the same time, modern and contemporary art received a significant boost from the activities of these and other female actors.

In this study, we set out to develop a new social vulnerability index (SVI). In doing so, we suggest some conceptual improvements that can be made to existing methodical approaches to assessing social vulnerability. To make the entanglement of socio-spatial inequalities visible, we are conducting a small-scale study on heterogeneous urban development in the city of Hamburg, Germany. This kind of high-resolution analysis was not previously available, but is increasingly requested by political decision makers. We can thus show hot spots of social vulnerability (SV) in Hamburg, considering the effects of social welfare, education, and age. In doing so, we defined SV as a contextual concept that follows the recent shift in discourse in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) concepts of risk and vulnerability. Our SVI consists of two subcomponents: sensitivity and coping capacity. Populated areas of Hamburg were identified using satellite information and merged with the social data units of the city. Areas with high SVI are distributed over the entire city, notably in the district of Harburg and the Reiherstieg quarter in Wilhelmsburg near the Elbe, as well as in the densely populated inner city areas of Eimsbüttel and St. Pauli. As a map at a detailed scale, our SVI can be a useful tool to identify areas where the population is most vulnerable to climate-related hazards. We conclude that an enhanced understanding of urban social vulnerability is a prerequisite for urban risk management and urban resilience planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civic, cultural and political engagement of women is an intrinsically interesting issue in the context of Polish migration processes. The Poles constitute the second largest group of immigrants in Germany, after the Turks. Despite this fact, they are still considered the so-called invisible minority, characterised by generally low social and civic engagement which is mainly due to the history of migration to Germany before 1989. However, it has been gradually changing in recent years and nowadays different behaviour patterns can be observed. This is particularly visible among the women who are more socially, culturally and politically active than the men. Although it cannot be regarded as a general trend, it may be considered a significant precedent indicating some key changes in Polish migration to Germany. What is more, the level of socio-political engagement depends on the host city itself, as well as on numerous socio-cultural and economic issues. In order to grasp the variability of behaviour patterns and approaches of the Polish women in Germany, a series of in-depth interviews was carried out in two German cities: Berlin and Hamburg. The study allowed to assess the level of participation in both cities and revealed some reasons behind the diversity of behaviour patterns observed in the selected cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe and located approximately 120 km from the North Sea in the inner delta of the vast Elbe estuary. The foundation, expansion, and maintenance of Hamburg’s port required the reconfiguration of the estuary and its inner delta. Dredging and reclamation have transformed aquatic spaces and provided the material framework conditions for shipping and port industry. We build our contribution on an analysis of contemporary and historical documents, newspaper articles, and qualitative interviews, focusing on the metabolism of territorialization and protests against port expansion. Conceptually, we formulate a political ecology of estuarine territorialization and show how the materiality and the tidal-fuelled power of the Elbe estuary and constant dredging produce a specific form of territoriality, which is itself dynamic and in constant change, reflecting power dynamics within society and among humans and the estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic a high case fatality rate (CFR) was noticed worldwide including also Germany where the first European cases have been observed. The WHO recommended immediate intubation for patients with dyspnoea which has since been revised after reviewing the initial clinical outcome. The objective of this study is to analyze CFR and assess if there is an advantage of a more conservative management of COVID-19 induced hypoxemia. Methods PCR confirmed COVID-19 infections and death counts were obtained for all German districts from 27 Jan 2020 until 15 Feb 2021 using official reports of Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Germany. A moving average CFRt was constructed by dividing disease related deaths two weeks after a given index day by the number of infections two weeks prior to that date. In addition to a local comparison also mortality outcomes in other German speaking countries were compared. Results The mean CFR is estimated to be 2.92% based on 71.965 fatalities and 2.465.407 cases. There was a large regional scattering of CFRs across the German districts. Differences of the mortality pattern were observed also at state level and preserved across different sex and age groups while being largely independent of case numbers. Although Munich city had higher infection rates, more patients died during the first wave in Hamburg (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–1.9) which was mirrored also by higher death risk at Hamburg intensive care units (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1). While the majority of Munich hospitals favoured a conservative management of hypoxemia including high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), Hamburg hospitals followed a more aggressive scheme of early mechanical ventilation (MV). Austria and Switzerland experienced higher CFRs than Germany during the first wave but after changing their treatment guidelines, both countries experienced lower CFRs during the second wave. Conclusion Using retrospective public health data, different case fatality rates have been observed across Germany. A more conservative management of COVID-19 induced Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is justified also by epidemiological data.

The article explores the images of the German cities, Lubeck and Hamburg, presented in Nikolay Gretsch’s travelogue “The real trip to Germany in 1835”. The author determines the link between the images of the two cities and the tradition of describing Germany as an idyllic place. This tradition was widespread in Russian literature at the end of the 18th century — first half of the 19th century. In Gretsch’s text, Lubeck and Hamburg are depicted as idyllic but to different degrees. The locus of Lubeck is a homogeneous, patriarchal and achronous idyll, a static space that seems to have frozen in the Middle Ages. In contrast to Lübeck, the city of Hamburg is depicted as a large, contemporary, and dynamic city — in other words, as a modern type of idyll. Moreover, its orderliness goes beyond the idyll and is defined by the rational organisation of space, which is characterised by heterogeneity. Firstly, the idyllic subloci are distinguished, where the key role belongs to the demi-natural images of the garden, the park and the promenade. Secondly, the utilitarian-rational subloci of the stock exchange, quay, and canals are described. Subloci, which are marked by both idyll and rationality, have been identified (e. g. an orphanage, an almshouse). Finally, the third spatial type identified marginal sublocations of seafarers’ establishments associated with the motives of disorderli­ness — drunkenness, debauchery, etc.

Welche Bedeutung haben subjektive Lerngeschichten für die Teilnahme oder Nichtteilnahme an einer Weiterbildung? Und wie können bildungsbenachteiligte Personen zur Teilnahme motiviert werden? Diese Fragen stehen im Zentrum der von Mai 2021 bis Dezember 2023 durchgeführten qualitativ-explorativen Regionalstudie „Bildungsaspirationen verstehen“. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Erkenntnisse aus den subjektiven Lernnarrativen zu nutzen, um für die Metropolregion Hamburg Strategien zu entwickeln, mit denen in der Weiterbildung bislang unterrepräsentierte Zielgruppen besser erreicht werden können. Durch Interviews mit Betroffenen konnten bereits konkrete subjektive Begründungen einer Nichtteilnahme rekonstruiert werden, etwa negative Lernerfahrungen und negative Selbstbilder in Bezug auf Lernen, schwierige Lebenssituationen und beschränkte persönliche Ressourcen, Rollenzuschreibungen von außen oder negative Migrations- und Fluchterfahrungen. Was braucht es, um diese Menschen zur Teilnahme an Weiterbildung zu motivieren? Die Autorinnen plädieren für eine situative und kontext-spezifische Weiterbildungsberatung, die die individuellen Lebensumstände genau berücksichtigt. Rahmenbedingungen wie Vermittlungsquoten usw. sollten jedenfalls kritisch hinterfragt werden, bevor eine Weiterbildung „verordnet“ wird. (Red.)

Central to the ongoing deliberations concerning the future of religious education are inquiries situated within the macro-level realm of church and educational policy actions. Considering the dynamics associated with religious pluralization, individualization, and dechurching, the primary objective of this study is to explore whether differences exist at the micro-level of religious education in Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Hesse, and Brandenburg. The computation of a one-way ANOVA indicates no significant differences in the perceived instructional-related pluralism of religious education among these federal states. Given this context, the paper advocates for a heightened focus on the quality of religious education at the micro-level of specific task formats and didactic settings, rather than shifting the discourse to the macro-level of organizational formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to verify microbiological and yield indexes, sensorial attributes profile, acceptability and buy intention of fishburgers from residuals of mapará (Hypophthalmus spp.) from the fishery industry of Santarém -- Pará -- Brazil. The meat adhered to spines and skins (residuals) were extracted manually and this minced fish was submitted to washes using chlorinated water with pH (4.2; 5.2; 6.2 and 7.2) previously adjusted. Later, this minced fish was supplemented with various ingredients and shaped in circular format (80 g), resulting on fishburger, that was submitted to microbiological characterization (viability indicator) and yield determinations (on unwashed minced fish, washed minced fish and hamburger -- production indicators). The sensory analysis by 70 untrained judges verified the attributes profile and acceptation of fishburgers (commercial indicators). The bigger yield was obtained with water pH 7.2 and the microbiological indexes pointed the fishburger as adequate for human consumption. Sensorially, all the fishburgers obtained "I liked" as qualification. Although the water pH influenced on sensorial characteristics of fishburgers, is still recommended the neutral pH due the bigger yield and for adequation to actual Brazilian legislation. So, the viability of using mapará residuals for fishburger production is expressive due the positive tendence on the market, the security to consumer's health, potentials low cost of production and high index of the monetary aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1945, the Iron Curtain cut off half of the hinterland of Germany's largest seaport, Hamburg. Located in the middle of Europe, the city found itself at the periphery of the Federal Republic and Western Europe. The political and economic elites of the city-state conceived the Policy of the Elbe to deal with this situation. Its proponents pursued apolitical strategies to reconnect it to Eastern Europe despite political obstacles and against national foreign policy principles. This article sheds light on the ideas and practices of a city forced to redefine its position in Cold War Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically analyses the proliferation and production of what we call "religious maps" in Europe in recent years. Religious maps have emerged as a form of monitoring, describing, and representing spatial processes of (ethno-) religious diversification. Through the comparative empirical analysis of the cases of Barcelona, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, we demonstrate that maps and the knowledge formations they (re)produce have become key tools to govern religious diversity in contemporary Europe. Counting, mapping, and categorizing places of worship provides allegedly objective and stable knowledge about increasingly complex and dynamic religious practices. Religious maps also make religion "legible" for the state through the classification of places of religious practice according to historically contingent categories of religious traditions and groups and by (re)producing what Brian Harley calls "cartographic silences". As such, the practice of mapping religions necessarily reduces the complexity of transnational and translocal social reality. This produces particular forms of intelligibility and representational hierarchy through which policy-makers and citizens in general understand religion in cities. The article shows that the analysis of the ways maps are conceived, produced, and circulated offers a distinctive lens through which to explore entanglements of knowledge, media, and power in the contemporary making of social, political, cultural, and religious landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic a high case fatality rate (CFR) was noticed worldwide including also Germany where the first European cases have been observed. The WHO recommended immediate intubation for patients with dyspnoea which has since been revised after reviewing the initial clinical outcome. The objective of this study is to analyze CFR and assess if there is an advantage of a more conservative management of COVID-19 induced hypoxemia. Methods: PCR confirmed COVID-19 infections and death counts were obtained for all German districts from 27 Jan 2020 until 15 Feb 2021 using official reports of Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Germany. A moving average CFRt was constructed by dividing disease related deaths two weeks after a given index day by the number of infections two weeks prior to that date. In addition to a local comparison also mortality outcomes in other German speaking countries were compared. Results: The mean CFR is estimated to be 2.92% based on 71.965 fatalities and 2.465.407 cases. There was a large regional scattering of CFRs across the German districts. Differences of the mortality pattern were observed also at state level and preserved across different sex and age groups while being largely independent of case numbers. Although Munich city had higher infection rates, more patients died during the first wave in Hamburg (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–1.9) which was mirrored also by higher death risk at Hamburg intensive care units (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1). While the majority of Munich hospitals favoured a conservative management of hypoxemia including high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), Hamburg hospitals followed a more aggressive scheme of early mechanical ventilation (MV). Austria and Switzerland experienced higher CFRs than Germany during the first wave but after changing their treatment guidelines, both countries experienced lower CFRs during the second wave. Conclusion: Using retrospective public health data, different case fatality rates have been observed across Germany. A more conservative management of COVID-19 induced Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is justified also by epidemiological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]