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Driven by the growing threat of natural disasters caused by climate change, there is an urgent need to strengthen the emergency rescue logistics network. However, insufficient research has been conducted on optimizing both pre-disaster preparation and post-disaster response, resulting in lower resilience and inefficiency of emergency logistics management. To this end, this study explores the optimization of emergency rescue resource allocation and transportation network design, considering the uncertainty and multi-period nature of natural disaster rescue. By employing a lateral transshipment strategy, a three-stage stochastic programming model is established, which aims to balance economic benefits with the need for devastations, thereby enhancing the resilience of the logistics network. Numerical experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed model with different instances and the performance of the lateral transshipment strategy by comparing it with a two-stage stochastic programming model. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the costs of constructing a depot and the penalties for unmet needs. The analysis yielded valuable insights that can be used to enhance emergency rescue operations, supply chain network design, and logistics network design. The research outcome can benefit emergency responders and logistics professionals in optimizing their operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing synthetic fertilizer by organic manure has been shown to reduce emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), but the specific roles of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms and gross nitrogen (N) transformation in regulating N2O remain unclear. Here, we examined the effect of completely replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure on N2O emissions, ammonia oxidizers, gross N transformation rates using a 13‐year field manipulation experiment. Our results showed that organic manure reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 16.3%–210.3% compared to chemical fertilizer. The abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was significantly lower in organic manure compared with chemical fertilizer during three growth stages of maize. Organic manure also significantly decreased AOB alpha diversity and changed their community structure. However, organic manure substitution increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea and the alpha diversity of comammox Nitrospira compared to chemical fertilizer. Interestingly, organic manure decreased organic N mineralization by 23.2%–32.9%, and autotrophic nitrification rate by 10.5%–45.4%, when compared with chemical fertilizer. This study also found a positive correlation between AOB abundance, organic N mineralization and gross autotrophic nitrification rate with N2O emission, and their contribution to N2O emission was supported by random forest analysis. Our study highlights the key roles of ammonia oxidizers and N transformation rates in predicting cropland N2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing synthetic fertilizer by organic manure has been shown to reduce emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), but the specific roles of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms and gross nitrogen (N) transformation in regulating N 2 O remain unclear. Here, we examined the effect of completely replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure on N 2 O emissions, ammonia oxidizers, gross N transformation rates using a 13-year field manipulation experiment. Our results showed that organic manure reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 16.3%-210.3% compared to chemical fertilizer. The abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was significantly lower in organic manure compared with chemical fertilizer during three growth stages of maize. Organic manure also significantly decreased AOB alpha diversity and changed their community structure. However, organic manure substitution increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea and the alpha diversity of comammox Nitrospira compared to chemical fertilizer. Interestingly, organic manure decreased organic N mineralization by 23.2%-32.9%, and autotrophic nitrification rate by 10.5%-45.4%, when compared with chemical fertilizer. This study also found a positive correlation between AOB abundance, organic N mineralization and gross autotrophic nitrification rate with N 2 O emission, and their contribution to N 2 O emission was supported by random forest analysis. Our study highlights the key roles of ammonia oxidizers and N transformation rates in predicting cropland N 2 O., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)