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Dietary acid load is a known and important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cancer. However, despite the link between cancer and acid load in the body, strategies related to this effect have not been properly investigated to reduce the risk of cancer. According to the Warburg Hypothesis, inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues and an acidic cellular environment are the main causes of cancer. Hence, many cancers may be controlled by maintaining an optimal alkaline pH at the cellular level along with sufficient oxygenation and providing essential nutrients. An acid-forming diet may produce more acid than is excreted by the kidneys and lead to chronic acidosis and a significant increase in the risk of cancer. This unfavorable situation can be effectively managed by presence of sufficient alkaline compounds in the body and by neutralization of excess acids produced around the cells that can lead to the control of the growth and spread of cancer cells too. This review shows the correct and practical use of the Warburg hypothesis for more effective control of preventable cancers. considering Warburg hypothesis as a potential complementary strategy, it may help improve cancer treatment outcomes and increase survival rate.

Background: Human cells may switch metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic or vice versa depending on cellular conditions. The use of anaerobic cellular respiration is especially common in cells with metabolic disorders such as cancer cells. However, despite the fact that metabolic alteration in cancer cells is well-established, its cause is still not well understood. Objective: The purpose of this study is to address the origin of abnormal behavior and metabolic changes in cancer cells to better understand the processes that are involved in the formation and spread of cancer. Methods: This paper reviews and explains key concepts related to the evolutionary origin of key metabolic pathways in cancer cells, considering the behavioral similarities between cancer cells and ancient unicellular organisms. The evaluations help better understand the Warburg effect and the related cancer control strategies. Results: The risk of cancer may be reduced by creating suitable and optimal conditions at the cellular level, which can increase the chance of cell survival in the event of cellular stress. This may be achieved through dietary and lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a balanced natural diet that meets cellular needs in a way that leads to cancer control. Conclusions: Understanding the biological origin and causes of cancer initiation and development is essential for the metabolic control of cancer as well as for improving therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Effective treatment of cancer requires understanding the nature of the disease and accurately addressing the main root causes. General risk factors for cancer include poor nutrition, an acidogenic diet, an unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to carcinogens such as toxins, chemicals, and radiation. The risk of developing cancers may be reduced by sufficient oxygenation and maintaining optimal alkalinity and nutritional balance at the cell level. The review paper summarizes some diet and lifestyle modifications that may potentially be considered for preventing and controlling some cancers. Moreover, worldwide statistical data for cancer incidence rates published by International Agency for Research on Cancer are analyzed for certain cancers regionally, concerning the effect of dietary habits and environmental factors that meaningfully correlate with the global trends of cancer. The study of cancer root causes integrated with analyzing the statistics related to cancer incidence rates suggests that the risk of developing cancer may be reduced by modifying dietary habits and lifestyle factors, as well as reducing exposure to carcinogens. Those with healthy balanced dietary habits may have a lower cancer risk than those who frequently have unhealthy diets; hence, considering a balanced natural diet and healthy lifestyle may be suggested as a complementary or alternative solution in cancer treatments.

Diet and so-called dietary acid load have a significant effect on what have traditionally been called acid-base disorders and various disease states, including cancer. However, the effect has been poorly investigated, and standards of care in medical treatments for cancer patients generally do not consider monitoring acid-base disorders and resolving them using dietary interventions. This paper begins by explaining the Warburg Hypothesis, focusing on dietary interventions thought to help maintain acid-base balance and reduce inflammation at the cellular level, as reflected in certain venous blood parameters. By integrating traditional and modern nutritional sciences for preventing and managing cancer, potential dietary interventions are identified that may help maintain nutritional status. In addition, data on the efficacy of these nutritional interventions are presented, where the effect of following an alkalizing diet for 1-3 months is measured through venous blood gas parameters. Of 30 volunteers, 10 followed the prescribed diet for an entire month and their venous blood gas parameters before and after the diet were compared. There appeared to be a significant impact of the diet on these parameters. Thus, we speculate that the prescribed alkalizing diet may be an effective practice to eliminate acid-base disorders and reduce its impact on cancer and other diseases. Further research should examine on a larger sample over a longer period of time, using additional parameters, whether such a diet could have an impact on the incidence or development of the cellular acid-base balance, levels of inflammation, and eventually various diseases, including cancer.

Warburg effect is a form of cellular metabolism commonly used by cancer cells, in which, consumption of glucose and production of acidic cell metabolic wastes take place at a considerably higher rate. The effect is well described in the literature, however, the applications for cancer prevention and treatment have not been resolved effectively yet. According to the Warburg effect, anaerobic cellular respiration and the resulting acidic cellular environment are linked to the development of cancerous tumors. But an oxygen-rich environment with optimum alkalinity at the cellular level can result in retaining healthy cells and inhibiting cancer cell growth. As an alternative or complementary solution for cancer treatment based on the Warburg effect, a healthy balanced diet with alkalizing (but not alkaline) properties helps maintain acid-base balance in the body and also provides optimum metabolic rate and sufficient hydration for more effective health improvement. This paper presents a review of the key concepts related to links between cancer and dietary and environmental factors, with the main focus on the Warburg effect and energy metabolisms in cancer cells. In addition, some practical diet-based solutions are summarized that may potentially control cancer by utilizing the reversed Warburg effect by which, optimum pH levels and sufficient oxygenation may be provided at the cellular level.

Depression is a mental illness with several categories that have common symptoms such as chronic sorrow, lack of interest, lack of pleasure, mood swings between guilt and poor self-esteem, sleep disturbances, and a loss of appetite. Over 300 million individuals globally suffer from depression, and the socioeconomic cost of this debilitating disorder is expected to rise dramatically in the future decades. Behavioral health illnesses can be prevented and treated to some extent with dietary and nutritional means. Nutritional psychiatry has produced observational and effectiveness evidence regarding the role of healthy dietary patterns in the onset and treatment of depressive symptoms. Diet is associated with depressive symptoms or depression, meaning that an increase in depressive disorders coincide with a deterioration in healthy living choices, including poor quality diets. Healthy eating habits and adequate intake of essential nutrients via the diet can help prevent and treat depression by reducing symptoms of mental illness. In addition, because nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for depression, it is practical for the public to consider dietary changes to reduce the prevalence of depressive disorders. This paper reviews the potential value of diet-based actions to manage depression, and ways in which dietary changes could be made to improve mental and cognitive health. Furthermore, some practical solutions for preventing and controlling depression are proposed based on health-related effects of improving dietary habits and life style.

Rock typing has been utilized in numerous studies where it has been proven to be a powerful tool for determining rock properties and estimating unknown parameters such as permeability. It can be performed based on routine core analysis (RCAL) or special core analysis (SCAL) data, and the accuracy of results could be different. Because of the high cost and time-consuming process of special core analysis, SCAL data are not available in all wells of a reservoir. Hence, in this study, a practical workflow is carried out using RCAL data. For this purpose, the data of four wells in a reservoir have been used. After utilizing three HFU (Hydraulic Flow Units), Winland r35 and lithology methods, the results showed that the best and the most accurate rock typing method is Winland r35 method. In the next step, several approaches were used to estimate permeability, and it was observed that the combination of the multi-resolution graph-based clustering (MRGC) method in GEOLOG software and Winland r35 method in this carbonate reservoir is the best estimation approach. The correlation coefficient (R2), between measured and estimated permeability was approximately 0.96. Eventually, when the only available data are the RCAL data, the presented algorithm yields a high degree of accuracy.

The changing diets accompanying our modern life style have increased the content of foods that form acidic metabolic waste residues in the body. Wastes from these metabolic processes are released into the interstitial fluids and the blood, slightly changing their pH temporarily. This link may in turn have an impact on the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). According to Warburg effect theory, an acidic cellular and circulatory environment may cause various specific health problems such as hypoxia and cancer, whereas an oxygen-rich optimum-alkaline environment could retain healthy cells. However, the mechanisms by which the diet may be influential on blood pH-related parameters and on health have remained largely unknown. This paper begins with a detailed presentation of the concepts, issues and the existing evidence regarding alkaline and acid forming diets, and summarizes the three main mechanisms by which the diet influences the acid-base balance in the body. It then presents the findings of a small exploratory study in which one author (HB) followed diets traditionally thought to produce alkaline or acidic residues. After each diet period of one month (with a two-month wash out period), pH, oxygen saturation, and carbon dioxide partial pressure were measured for arterial and for venous blood. The resulting data indicated that the diets followed changed blood pH-related parameters in the expected directions according to the acid-base theory of health. Increased intake of acid-forming foods resulted in a slightly lower pH level, but a significant reduction of oxygen saturation in the blood, whereas increased consumption of alkaline forming foods maintained the high oxygen saturation in the blood that, according to Warburg effect theory, may, if maintained, reduce the incidence of NCDs. Further cross-over research of this kind is needed, utilizing large samples and testing various dietary modifications.

In this paper, the effects of different grasp types, grasp widths, coupling types, and wearing gloves on pinch-insertion force have been studied using the discrete wavelet transform method, which was proposed for extracting features from the force-time curves during the experiment that simulates the snap-fit assembly procedure. This paper uses collected Salmanzadeh and Landau [4] experiments data as an application for proposed methodology. This method allows to use of all information obtained from the experiment and considers the whole force exertion process instead of one point of curves and at the same time reduce the number of variables without losing information. The results obtained by applying multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on the wavelet coefficients are more sensible and more precise than the results of the conventional method based on only one point of the curve. The results show that both wearing glove and grasp type significantly affect the pinch-insertion forces. The second series of results show that the effects of both grasp width and grasp type on pinch force are significant. The third result series show that both pinch-insertion forces are significantly affected by coupling type with/without wearing gloves. Further analysis was performed on the average wavelet coefficients curves that can explain the cause of MANOVA test results. The results of this paper can be used for ergonomic designing of snap-fits to reduce the potential damage of the assembly process.

Introduction: Tissue culture is an effective technique for mass propagation of walnut that has many advantages. Plants were obtainedby in vitro techniques in comparison with in vivotechniques areableto producet fruitearlier. However one of the major problems in walnut micropropagation is the difficulty of rooting. Auxin protection against auxin-oxidase system can make a major contribution to rooting. Among all the compounds that can play the synergistic role with auxin, they will probably have the ability of auxin protection against enzymes. In this experiment, the effect of lignosulfunate on rooting of micropropagated walnut was investigated for the first time. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, Hartley cultivar of walnut was used. At first, explants were washed under running water for 1 hour then explants were placed in 70% alcohol for 1 minute and after that in 10% bleach for 10 minutes. After sterilization, under laminar air flow hood, explants were washed three times with distilled water and werecultured on Driverand Kuniyuki, 1984(DKW) medium supplemented with 2.2 g l-1phytagel, 2 mg l-1 BA, 0.01 mg l-1 IBA and 30 gl-1 sucrose (establishment stage). In multiplication stage, plantlets were subcultured every 25 days. All of the plantlets were placed in jars and were kept inside a growth chamber in photoperiod of 16 hours of light. All the multiplicated shoots were used as explants for the trails. Twodifferenttestswere usedto induceroot in explants. At the first trial, explants were transferred to induction medium containing IBA (3, 5, 7 and 10 mg l-1) and treatmentswere placedin thedark for 3, 5and7 days. Treatments related to theconcentrations of5and7 mg l-1IBAand7 daysof darknesshadthe highestpercentage ofrooting. In the next experiment, thecombination ofthree levels oflignosulfunate (1, 2 and 3 g l-1), and two concentration of 5and7mg l-1IBAwere used. Treatmentswere placedindarknessfor 7 days. After root induction,shootlets were transferred to root development medium. Rootdevelopmentmedium includesa quarteroftheDKWand vermiculite. Results and Discussion:The aim of the first trial was to determine the concentration of IBA which produced the highest percentage of rooting. Among all the auxins, it was shown in other experiments that IBA has the best results in rooting of walnut. Due to this, we chose IBA as root induction hormone. With increasing of IBA concentrations and the induction period, rooting increased. Because the higher amount of exogenous auxin will induce the higher amount of endogenous auxin (IAAsp). However, rooting increased to a certain level and then began to decrease. With increasing concentrations above 10 mgl-1 IBA rooting reduced and formation of callus in the shoot end increased which is not good for rooting because callus would not let the cells form roots. It seems that accumulation of IAAsp induces self-productive cells in root area to grow and duplicate abnormally and maybe root formation stops because of this accumulation and also because of the inadequacy of the IAAsp to transfer to neighboring cells. Also with increasing concentration, defoliation and wilting happens. A lower concentration of IBA (about3 mgl-1) caused loss of rooting. The highest percentage of rooting for the first treatment with IBA was with 5 mgl-1 IBA and 7 days of darkness and 7 mgl-1 IBA and 7 days of darkness. The treatments were placed in darkness due to degradation of auxin under light condition. The induction time was related to auxin concentration. If the auxin concentration is less, the exposure time in the dark will be more. Root induction in the dark had better results than induction in light. The capacity of rooting in walnut is related to the amount of endogenous (IAAsp) and exogenous auxin. The amount of endogenous auxin is completely related to the cultivar and thatis why some cultivars respond really well to the amount of exogenous hormones in rooting stage. Exogenous auxin induces the production of endogenous auxin (IAAsp). These two concentrations were chosen for next treatment with lignosulfunate. Rootingratedecreaseswith increasinglignosulfunate. However, the highest root induction among all the treatments wasachieved on medium containing 1 g l-1lignosulfunate. The reason of transferring all explants after root induction to root development medium was changing the hormone and salts concentrations. At this stage, the ¼ DKW was used as a medium. This is due to the reduction of salts, root induction and rooting accelerate. Conclusions: In this study, the effect of lignosulfunate (auxin synergist) on rooting stage of Hartley cultivar of walnut was investigated. For this goal, two trials were done. The first trial was to determine the best concentration of IBA for rooting. Two concentrations were chosen and another trial was the effect of the combination of lignosulfunate with IBA on rooting. For the first time in this study, we showed that lignosulfunatecan improve rooting of walnut.

Abstract Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most common serovars, associated with human salmonellosis. The food-borne outbreak of this bacterium is mainly related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and poultry products, including eggs. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection, besides investigation of virulence characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. Enteritidis in poultry and poultry egg samples is essential. A total of 3125 samples (2250 poultry and 875 poultry egg samples), sent to the administrative centers of veterinary microbiology laboratories in six provinces of Iran, were examined for Salmonella contamination, according to the ISO 6579 guideline. Next, duplex PCR was conducted on 250 presumptive Salmonella isolates to detect invA gene for identification of the genus Salmonella and sdf gene for identification of S. Enteritidis. Subsequently, the S. Enteritidis isolates were examined for detection of important virulence genes (pagC, cdtB, msgA, spaN, tolC, lpfC, and spvC) and determination of antibiotic resistance patterns against nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalothin, ceftazidime, colistin sulfate, and kanamycin by the disk diffusion method. Results Overall, 8.7 and 2.3% of poultry samples and 6.3 and 1.3% of eggs were contaminated with Salmonella species and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The invA and msgA genes (100%) and cdtB gene (6.3%) had the highest and the lowest prevalence rates in S. Enteritidis isolates. The spvC gene, which is mainly located on the Salmonella virulence plasmid, was detected in 50.8% of S. Enteritidis isolates. The S. Enteritidis isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to nalidixic acid (87.3%) and ceftazidime (11.1%), respectively. Unfortunately, 27.0% of S. Enteritidis isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion The rate of contamination with Salmonella in the poultry and egg samples, besides the presence of antimicrobial resistant and MDR Salmonella isolates harboring the virulence genes in these samples, could significantly affect food safety and subsequently, human health. Therefore, continuous monitoring of animal-source foods, enhancement of poultry farm control measures, and limiting the use of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes in food producing animals, are essential for reducing the zoonotic risk of this foodborne pathogen for consumers and also choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment of salmonellosis.