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Ltaeif, Hela Belhaj, Sakhraoui, Anis, Hassemer, Gustavo, Castillo, Jesús M., Elimem, Mohamed, Rouz, Slim (2023): Plantago tunetana (Plantaginaceae) in Tunisia: notes on its morphology, distribution, and ecology. Phytotaxa 600 (3): 195-205, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.6

Plantago tunetana Murbeck, Contrib. ä la Connaiss. de la Flore du Nord-Ouest de l’Afr. et plus spec. de la Tunisie III: 2, T. 10 Fig. 5 –8 (1899) Type (lectotype, designated here):— TUNISIA. Souk-el-Djema, in campis argillosis, 5 June 1896, Murbeck s.n. [LD1221559! (Fig. 1), isolectotype P00466350! (image of the isolectotype available at https://science.mnhn.fr/taxon/species/plantago/tunetana?lang=en_ US)]. Notes on typification:— Murbeck (1899: 2–3) did not cite any original specimen in the protologue of Plantago tunetana. A provenance was provided: “ Tunisie centrale: Collines calcaires, champs argileux, etc. entre Maktar et Souk-el-Djema, c. 1000 m.”. In addition, an illustration (“Tab. Nostra X figs. 5–8) was provided and it is part of the original material for the name. We traced two specimens at LD (barcode LD1221559) and P (barcode P00466350) which are also original material. Svante Samuel Murbeck (1859–1946) lived and worked in or around Lund during most of his life, including the time when P. tunetana was published. For this reason, we here designate the specimen in LD as the lectotype (Fig. 1). LD1221559 bears two plants that are well-preserved and morphologically complete, which match the Murbeck’s description and correspond to the current application of the name. Description:—Perennial, roots thick woody. Leaves ovate or lanceolate–oblong, obtuse or short blade (4.0– 7.6 cm × 0.6–2.0 cm) with sinews 7 raising transmitted by base petiole broad. These leaves are obtuse at the apex, or suddenly contracted into a very short deflecting blade often slightly wavy at the edges, mostly entire or remotely denticulate especially at the veins, which are covered with very fine, soft hairs, the younger silky white, the more mature green. Scapes (3.6–12.0 cm) arched or subrogate, densely pubescent. Spikes cylindrical elongated or oblong, shorter than the scapes (1.4–3.6 cm long). Bracts lanceolate (3.51–3.83 mm × 2.13–2.33 mm) and villous on the outside, pale green behind, and white or brownish towards the margins. Sepals equal, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (5.23–6.09 mm × 1.93–2.28 mm), pointed, villous behind and at the apex, towards the margins with a whitish membrane, all free with an unkeeled back. Corolla tube glabrous, 5.0– 5.5 mm long. Corolla lobes very broad or reflexed, triangular or ovate-lanceolate (3.25–3.76 mm × 2.07–2.54 mm), gradually tapering in acuity, dark brown above, below with long, densely hairy silky hairs. Seeds smooth (3.25–3.54 mm × 1.32–1.42 mm), deeply grooved inner surface with sub-cymbiform. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to “Tunetia”, a Latin name for Tunisia. Taxonomic relationships:— Plantago tunetana belongs to P. subg. Albicans Rahn (1996: 185) sect. Albicantes Barnéoud (1844: 18) ser. Ciliatae Rahn (1996: 188). According to Murbeck (1899), this species shares remarkable similar affinities with P. albicans and P. cylindrica (Forsskal 1775: 31). These two species differ from P. tunetana by the presence of three to five raising veins on the abaxial face of blade leaves, less rapidly acuminate, linear or linearlanceolate. In addition, P. albicans differs considerably by its glabrous broadly oval corolla and by their seeds at most 2.5 mm long (Figures 1−6) (Table 2) (Murbeck 1899, Shipunov 2020). Phenology:—Flowering in late spring (April–)May–July, fruiting in July–August(–October). Distribution and ecology:— Rahn (1996) stated that Plantago tunetana was found in restricted areas in the mountains in north-west Africa. In Tunisia, P. tunetana was found only within roadsides in Gouraïa (about 100 plants), Kef (35°51’30.39” N; 8°41’04.72” E; 720 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 7). In Gouraïa, P. tunetana was observed growing on a silty clay soil, 10% of pebbles, nitrogen (33.83–34.87 ppm), phosphorus (36.67−38.71 pmm), potassium (99.47−102.19 ppm) content, organic matter (0.31−0.47%), soil pH (8.15−8.39); electrical conductivity (0.97−1.02 g /L), total limestone (42.77−44.43%), and active limestone (19.86−20.88%), being either totally exposed to the sun or partially exposed due to the presence of Olea europaea Linnaeus (1753: 8) subsp. europaea. We found only one population composed of a few adult individuals growing as isolated rosettes. The site was cultivated with O. europaea subsp. europaea. We recoded the presence of Avena fatua Linnaeus (1753: 80), Silybum marianum Linnaeus (1753: 823) Gaertner (1791: 378), Bromus scoparius Linnaeus (1755: 6). The climate of the area is typically high semi-arid with fresh winter (Verner et al. 2018). Conservation status:—According to the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2019), this species should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2a, b ii, iii, iv, v; C1a ii, b) in Tunisia. The habitat of Plantago tunetana is currently threatened by the expansion works of the road linking Dahmani to Djérissa (code P18), which passes through Gouraïa. Because this construction will require more space to widen the road, at least a part of the roadside will have to be removed, threatening the species with extinction. Therefore, the inclusion of P. tunetana in the “Taxon’s at risk of disappearance through serious rarefaction” of the Tunisian Flora (Le Floc’h et al. 2010) is crucial in our opinion. We recommend more collection efforts in the neighbouring area, in search for other possible populations of P. tunetana. This species should be the target of in-situ conservation efforts (microreserves, recovery of the habitats, use of targets to assess the success or failure of interventions in biodiversity conservation) and its seeds must be collected and cryopreserved ex-situ to increase their survival and natural regeneration. Notes on the associated species with Plantago tunetana in Tunisia :— Plantago tunetana occurs in degraded shrub community, dominated by some woody species. These communities consist of a tree layer dominated by Olea europaea subsp. europaea with a canopy cover of approximately 60%, whereas on herb layer several species which are common in opened, degraded, grazing Mediterranean areas take place, such as Avena fatua, Silybum marianum, and Bromus scoparius (Table 2). The full records of plants abundance/dominance are reported in Table 2. All the recorded species were native., Published as part of Ltaeif, Hela Belhaj, Sakhraoui, Anis, Hassemer, Gustavo, Castillo, Jesús M., Elimem, Mohamed & Rouz, Slim, 2023, Plantago tunetana (Plantaginaceae) in Tunisia: notes on its morphology, distribution, and ecology, pp. 195-205 in Phytotaxa 600 (3) on pages 196-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/8080834, {"references":["Murbeck, S. S. (1899) Contributions a la connaissance des plombaginees - graminees de la flore du nord-ouest de l'Afrique et plus specialement de la Tunisie. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift 35 (2, 3): 1 - 30, tabs. 10 - 12.","Rahn, K. (1996) A phylogenetic study of the Plantaginaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 145 - 198.","Barneoud, F. - M. (1844) m Memoire de Botanique - Recherches sur le developpement, la structure generale et la classification des Plantaginees et des Plumbaginees; Memoire de Geologie - De l'origine des lacs. Schneider et Langrand, Paris, 44 pp. + 2 tabs.","Shipunov, A. (2020) Plantagineae of the World. Identification keys. Available from http: // ashipunov. info / shipunov / plantago (accessed: 22 March 2023).","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Chistensen, J. H., McDonnell, R. A., Elbert, C. & Konichi, Y. (2018) Climate variability, drought and drought management in Tunisia's agricultural sector. Project: MENA-Regional Drought Management System.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed: 22 March 2023).","Le Floc'h, E., Boulos, L. & Vela, E. (2010) Catalogue synonymique commente de la flore de Tunisie, 2 nd edition. Ministere de l'Environnement et du Developpement Durable, Tunis, 500 pp."]}

Taxonomy of the South American Portulaca is advancing considerably but many problems and knowledge gaps still remain. As a result of further investigation of the genus, P. ferricola is here proposed as new name to replace, at species rank, the hitherto overlooked P. mucronulata var. microphylla. P. ferricola is a species endemic to ironstone grasslands from eastern Bolivia and central-western Brazil, whose conservation status is here assessed as Endangered (EN). In addition to a discussion of the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of the species, we also provide photographs of herbarium specimens and the species in natura.

Unequivocal communication of knowledge about organisms requires unequivocal names by which to refer to them. When the same name is used to refer to very distinct groups of organisms, misunderstanding and problems are certain to follow. In this work we discuss the complicated issues linked to the use of the name Stellaria to refer to species of Callitriche and make the necessary clarifications and amendments. Furthermore, the Linnéan name C. palustris var. bifida is lectotypified and its identity is discussed, and nomenclatural aspects pertaining to the name C. aquatica are also discussed.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

In this work, we describe a new species of Ludwigia from southern Brazil. We provide a detailed morphological account, field photographs and a distribution map. We also discuss the morphology and taxonomy of the new species in relation to morphologically similar species and assess its conservation status. Finally, we typify the name L. myrtifolia, which refers to the species morphologically most similar to the new species, and we discuss the distribution of this species.

Portulaca ferricola J.R.Ferraz & Hassemer, nom. et stat. nov. ≡ Portulaca mucronulata var. microphylla Legrand (1949: 355) non Richard (1845: 620) (Art. 6.11 of the ICN). Type: — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, March 1906, Etchichury 85 (holotype SI 003157!). Diagnosis:— Portulaca ferricola can be morphologically distinguished from the other Portulaca species by the combination of the following characters:slightly swollen roots,decumbent branches and stem covered with an exfoliating bark, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, abundant leaf axillary hairs stiff and a hemispheric operculum. Description (Figs. 1, 2, and 4): — Perennial succulent herb, up to 6 cm high; roots slightly swollen, covered with an exfoliating brown bark. Stem branched, covered with an exfoliating brown bark; primary branches 4‒12 cm long, decumbent, covered with an exfoliating bark, green in young living specimens, brownish in old living specimens, pale yellow or brownish in herbarium material; secondary branches usually with internodes very short, which gives the branch the appearance of a fascicle. Leaves alternate, subopposite at the apex, simple, fleshy, green in a wet environment, reddish in a dry environment; petiole 0.4‒0.6 mm long, green lighter than the blade; blades 3.5‒8.5 × 1.0‒ 2.5 mm, terete, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, adaxially and abaxially glabrous; base slightly rounded; apex acute, reddish; margins entire; leaf axillary hairs abundant (denser at the apex), up to 2 cm long, stiff, white in living specimens, yellow or brownish in herbarium material. Inflorescence a terminal head, 2‒4-flowered, subtended by an involucre of 6‒15 leaves. Flowers sessile; sepals 2, unequal, connate at the base, 5.2‒7.8 × 4.0‒ 6.5 mm, ovate, apex acuminate, margins scarious; petals 5, magenta, sometimes vinaceous, with a reddish spot in the adaxial surface at the base, 1.5‒2.2 × 0.8‒1.6 cm, obovate, apex obcordate, emarginate; stamens 50‒80, filaments connate at the base and forming a ring ca. 0.8‒1 mm long, filaments 2.0‒4.5(‒5.0) mm long, unequal, magenta, glabrous; anthers ca. 1 mm long, dark yellow, pollen released through longitudinal slits; ovary sub-globose; style 7.5‒8 mm long, very thickened near the stigmatic branches, magenta, glabrous; stigma magenta, 5‒10-lobed, 1.5‒2.2 mm long, linear, 3-nerved, the stigmatic surfaces covered with small hairs. Fruit a circumscissile capsule, sessile or pedicelate, pedicel 0.2‒0.4 mm long, capsule 4.0‒ 6.5 mm long, dehiscence line ca. at the lower third; operculum hemispheric, green, shiny, apiculate; fruit base sometimes reduced. Seeds ca. 30 per capsule, 0.52‒0.85 mm, subreniform, black, ornate, constriction zone present, individual cells elongated, anticlinal walls undulate with T-, U-, and V-type patterns, sometimes bifurcating, periclinal walls convex, the cells toward the peripheral face of the seed par-domed. Etymology:— The specific epithet “ ferricola ” is derived from the Latin ferreus (iron) and - icola (dweller), referring to the ironstone outcrops and shallow ferruginous soils, habitats in which the species is found. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting times from December to June. Geographic distribution and habitat:— Portulaca ferricola was collected in two municipalities (Corumbá and Ladário) in western Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, and in one province (Germán Busch) in Santa Cruz Department, eastern Bolivia (Fig. 3). This species is endemic to ironstone grasslands (canga vegetation), growing in ironstone outcrops and shallow soils at an elevation of 100–280 m a.s.l. This canga vegetation is surrounding by savannas and Seasonal Decidual Forest and occur along the foot of the plateau hills, presenting an impermeable substrate and with little presence of sediments (Takahasi & Meirelles 2014, Villarroel et al. 2017). The associated plants includes edaphic endemic species, such as Gomphrena centrota Holzhammer (1955: 188), Discocactus ferricola Buining & Brederoo (1975: 2), and Deuterocohnia meziana Kuntze ex Mez (1896: 465) (Lima et al. 2019). Conservation status:— Endangered (EN – B1ab[i, ii, iii]+2ab[i, ii, iii]). There are only five known populations of Portulaca ferricola occupying an AOO (Area of Occupancy) of 20 km 2 and EOO (Extent of Occurrence) of 294.066 km 2. The major threats to this species include habitat degradation, trampling from cattle and direct competition by invasive non-native plant species from adjacent pastures, such as the grass Megathyrsus maximus (Jacquin 1781: 2) Simon & Jacobs (2003: 572). Nomenclatural notes:— Elevation of Portulaca mucronulata var. microphylla to species rank was not possible by means of a new combination, because of the existence of the earlier and validly published name P. microphylla Richard (1845: 620). Therefore, P. ferricola, a new name, is proposed, in accordance with Art. 6.11 of the ICN. Taxonomic notes:— The abundant stiff leaf axillary hairs are an unusual feature in Portulaca species that give herbarium specimens a caterpillar-like appearance (Legrand 1962). In addition to P. ferricola, only three other South American species have very conspicuous stiff trichomes: P. cardenasiana, P. eruca, and P. mucronulata var. mucronulata. Portulaca cardenasiana (dry Chaco vegetation from Bolivia and Paraguay) shares with P. ferricola the ovatelanceolate leaves and branches and roots with exfoliating bark. However, P. ferricola can be distinguished from P. cardenasiana by the smaller branches (4‒12 cm vs. 15‒20 cm), stem habit (decumbent vs. decumbent to erect), apices of branches not widened and with a series of 6‒15 leaves (vs. widened and with more than 20 leaves organized in several series), and operculum shape (hemispheric vs. campanulate to subconical) (Table 1). Furthermore, P. cardenasiana can be easily recognized in herbaria by its short fascicles of leaves overlapped by brown trichomes, which persist after the leaf-fall (Fig. 5). Portulaca ferricola also has reproductive characters similar to P. eruca (endemic species from Argentina and Paraguay; Fig. 6) and P. mucronulata var. mucronulata (mountain range in central Argentina; Fig. 7). P. ferricola differs from P. eruca by the stem ramification and habit (branched and decumbent vs. simple to few branched and decumbent to erect), roots (slightly swollen vs. tuberous), and leaf shape (lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate vs. subulate) (Table 1). On the other hand, P. ferricola can be distinguished from P. mucronulata var. mucronulata by the leaf shape (lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate vs. linear), longer petals (1.5‒2.2 cm vs. 0.8‒1.0 cm), and the presence of an exfoliating bark in the branches, stem and roots (vs. absent) (Table 1). Additional specimens examined:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Serranias del Mutún, 14 March 2008, Villarroel et al. 2069 (MO2136220, USZ). BRAZIL. Rodovia BR-262, Serra do Urucum, 14 April 1972, Hatschbach 29490 (MBM021046); Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, Fazenda Banda Alta, 9 June 1994, Hatschbach et al. 60832 (MBM245674); ibidem (US 01344988); ibidem Hatschbach et al. 60832B (MBM245672); Fazenda Monjolinho, Takahasi 824 (COR00030468); ibidem (FUEL056657); Fazenda Monjolinho, 14 December 2006, Takahasi et al. 1169 (COR00030445); ibidem (FUEL056655); Fazenda Figueira, 13 March 2006, Takahasi et al. 970 (COR); ibidem (FUEL056656); Fazenda Banda Alta, 17 January 2007, Takahasi et al. 1193 (COR00007789); ibidem (FUEL056650)., Published as part of Ferraz, José Roberto, Rossetto, Elson Felipe Sandoli, Ribeiro, José Eduardo L. S. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2022, Taxonomic notes Portulaca (Portulacaceae) in South America I: the taxonomic status of P. mucronulata var. microphylla, pp. 71-81 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on pages 72-80, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7031241, {"references":["Legrand, C. D. (1949) Las especies del genero Portulaca en la Argentina. Lilloa 17: 311 - 376.","Richard, A. (1845) Botanique. Plantes Vasculaires. In: Sagra, R. (Ed.) Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba, vol. 10. Bertrand, Paris, 663 pp.","Takahasi, A. & Meirelles, S. T. (2014) Ecologia da vegetacao herbacea de bancadas lateriticas (cangas) em Corumba, MS, Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 515 - 528. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 2236 - 8906 - 63 / 2013","Villarroel, D., Aramayo, G. M., Martinez, M. T., Proenca, C. E. B., Munhoz, C. B. R., Klitgaard, B. B., Pinto-Ledezma, J. N. & Nee, M. H. (2017) Natural history of Cerro Mutun: VI. Checklist, status of conservation and new records for Bolivia. Kempffiana 13: 29 - 74.","Holzhammer, E. (1955) Die amerikanischen arten der gattung Gomphrena L. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung. Munchen 2: 178 - 257.","Buining, A. F. H. & Brederoo, A. J. (1975) Discocactus ferricola. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 26: 2 - 3.","Mez, C. (1896) Bromeliaceae. In: de Candolle, A. P. de (Ed.) Monographiae Phanerogamarum IX. Masson & Cie., Paris, 990 pp.","Lima, M, S., Takahasi, A., Damasceno-Junior, G. A. & Araujo, A. C. (2019) Checklist of the flora in ironstone outcrops at the Urucum Plateau, Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul. Biota Neotropica 19: 1 - 25. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - BN- 2018 - 0708","Jacquin, N. J. (1781) Icones Plantarum Rariorum, vol. 1. C. F. Wapler, Wien, 20 pp.","Simon, B. K. & Jacobs, S. W. L. (2003) Megathyrsus, a new generic name for Panicum subgenus Megathyrsus. Austrobaileya 6: 571 - 574.","Legrand, C. D. (1962) Las especies americanas de Portulaca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo 7: 1 - 147."]}

13. Callitriche mandonis van Heurck & Müller (1871: 136–137) Type: — BOLIVIA. LA PAZ: In lagunal de [..], Provincia Larecaja-viciniis Sorata, Gualatun apachetai, alt. rivules keg. Alpinal, 4000–4100 m, 9 March 1860, G. Mandon 1456 (holotype BR barcode AWH12906680! [Figure 6]; isotypes BM!, G!, GH barcode 00048931!, K barcode K000471001!, NY barcode 00248744!, P barcode P04214850!, P barcode P03986063!, P barcode P04214911!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves 10–12 mm × 1 mm, expanded submerged or floating leaves spathulate, elliptic, 2.3–8.0 × 1.0–4.0 mm, petiole 1.1–3.2 mm, venation simple, occasionally tertiary loops outside the secondary veins, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. 1 ♂ and 1♀ flower in one of a pair of aXils, opposed bY a ♀. Bracts persistent, 1.3 mm long. StYle erect to slightlY spreading, ≤ 4.1 mm long. Filament erect, ≤ 5.3 mm long, anther 0.4 × 0.3 mm, pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, more or less as wide as long, blackish when mature contrasting with paler wing, 1.0–1.5 × 0.9–1.4 mm, wing at apex and down the upper part of sides but base unwinged. Illustrations: — Figure 5 (b). Distribution: — Callitriche mandonis has been recorded from Bolivia (La Paz), Ecuador (Azuay, Pinchincha, Napo) and Peru (Cajamarca, La Libertad, Puno), however it is likely to be under-recorded and its distribution may well be much wider. Known altitudinal range: 2685–4050 m. Notes: — Callitriche mandonis has generally been overlooked within C. rimosa from which it can be distinguished by the wing of the fruit which extends from the top, partly down the sides but not to the base unlike C. rimosa which is characterised by the wing extending into the commissurial groove. The winged apex but unwinged base to the fruit is unique to this species among Callitriche species recorded from South America. Conservation status: — Callitriche mandonis is classed as Least Concern (LC) because it has a fairly wide distribution and there are specimens collected as recently as 1997. Additional material studied: — BOLIVIA. LA PAZ: Forming mats in shallow water, small bog surrounded by low cloud forest with Myrica, Brunellia, Weinnmannia etc., entire area more or less disturbed, Prov. Nor Yungas, Cotoata (46.9 km from puesto de transito Chuquiaguillo), 16.18’S, 67.51’W, 3200 m, 11 February 1983, J.C. Solomon 9484 (K); Challapampa, Murillo Province, ca. 3800 m, 26 October 1920, E. Asplund 588 (NY); Yungas, 1887, M. Bang (F, G barcode G00414935, G barcode G00414941, GH, NY, PH). ECUADOR. AZUAY: Ditch, secondary cloud forest and mountain scrub along road, about 5 km NW of Sayaus on road to Cajas, 79º 07’ W, 2º 50’ S, 3000 m, 15 June 1979, B. LØjtnant et al. 14847 (NY); PINCHINCHA: On margin of stream near Hacienda Antisana, Cerro Antisana, 4050 m, 8 August 1960, P.J. Grubb et al. 701 (K, NY); NAPO: In small streams in pasture, montane forest with grazed pasture in clearings, W of the lake, road Quito-Baez, at Laguna de Papallacta, 78 06” W, 0 21” S, 17 July 1976, B. Øllgaard & H. Balslev 8015 (NY). PERU. CAJAMARCA: Flotante pero enrraizada en el fango, Pajonal de jalca, al costado de un curso de agua, suelo turboso, humedo, entre Coymolache y el desvio de la carretera a Llapa, sobre la carretera Cajamarca Hualgayoc, 3000 m, 8 August 1981, I. Sánchez Vega et al. 2685 (F); parte baja del Cerro Shillas negras y Laguna Totora, 3920 m, 2 April 1994, I. Sanchez Vega & M. Cabanillas S. 7005 (F); LA LIBERTAD: Flotante en pozo de quebrada, arriba del pueblo de Shulgón, Otuzco Province, 3540 m, 4 June 1992, S. Leiva & P. Leiva 509 (F, NY); PUNO: Spring-fed ditch at hacienda, ½ km SE of Hac. Santa Rosa de Achaco, 9 January 1963, H.H. Iltis & D. Ugent 1330 (US); small cold clear stream (with Myriophyllum, Elodea, Callitriche, Limosella, Zannichellia, Potamogeton spp. and Lilaea subulata), at road and rail crossing of stream draining Lago Jaracocha, ca. 9 km SW of Santa Lucia, Lampa Province, 4000 m, 12 January 1963, H.H. Iltis et al. 1447 (US); Locally frequent in shallow (10–20 cm deep) ditches by a track, steep-sided valley with bare rocky slopes covered in rough grassland and with lakes in valley bottom, Murillo, Zongo valley, 3600 m, 28 June 1997, J.R.I. Wood 12357 (K)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["van Heurck, H. F. & Muller, J. (1871) Callitricheae novae. Observationes Botanicae 2: 136 - 137."]}

17. Callitriche quindiensis Fassett (1951: 185, t. 1173[14]) Type: — COLOMBIA. CALDAS: Páramo del Quindío, 15–20 August 1922, F.W. Pennell & T.E. Hazen 9850 (holotype GH barcode 00002216!; isotypes BM!, K!, NY barcode 00248746!, US!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves 0.3–0.7 × 3.3–4.9 mm, expanded submerged or floating leaves spathulate or oblanceolate-obovate, 1.0–2.8 × 1.7–3.0 mm, petiole 1.2–1.4 mm, venation simple, apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Flowers solitary. Bracts lacking. StYle erect, persistent, ≤ 1.8 mm. Filament ≤ 2 mm; anther 0.5–0.6 mm diameter; pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, slightly wider than high, tapered toward base, steely grey-brown when mature, 1.1–1.2 × 1.25–1.40 mm, unwinged. Illustrations: —plate 1173(14) in Fassett (1951); Figure 5 (f). Distribution: —This species is known from a single gathering from the Paramo del Quindío, Caldas Department, Colombia (Fassett 1951). There is a suggestion that it may occur in the Pantanos del Quindío associated with the Laguna la Virgen in the Parque de los Nevados (Sanabria & De Wilde 1998), but there is no evidence that material has been critically determined from this site. There is also a reference to the occurrence of Callitriche in the Laguna Las Muchachas (Sanabria & De Wilde 1998), again without further information, but may involve this species and merits investigation. Known altitudinal range: 4100–4300 m. See map on page 173 in Fassett (1951). Notes: — Callitriche quindiensis differs from all other Callitriche species in the fruit which is greater than 1.1 mm wide, lacks a wing and is wider at the apex than the base, appearing almost the shape of a stylised heart. Conservation status: —Information on this species is inadequate to derive an informed assessment and so it is classed as Data Deficient (DD) (Lansdown 2016)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","Sanabria, M. J. & De Wilde, A. (1998) Humedales del Departamento del Quindio. Inventario preliminar. Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Quindio. CRQ, Armenia, Colombia."]}

18. Callitriche rimosa Fassett (1951: 211, t. 1175[22]) Type: — URUGUAY. MONTEVIDEO: Santiago Vasquez, November 1924, W.G.F. Herter 695a (holotype GH barcode 00048937!; isotypes CM!, MO-260423!, NY barcode 00248747!, UC!, WIS!). Description: —Stem and leaf hairs present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded floating or submerged leaves elliptic or rarely narrowly oblong, 4.1–10.1 × 2.9–7.4 mm, petiole 1.2–3.6 mm, venation complex with many parallel veins both within and outside secondary veins, as well as loops and arcs, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. TYpicallY 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ flower in each aXil. Bracts oval or subfalcate 0.6–1.0 mm. StYles erect, ≤ 1.1 mm long. Filament erect ≤ 1.3 mm long, generallY curved at dehiscence, anther 0.1 mm wide, pollen yellow. Fruit strongly or weakly strumose, subsessile, ± as wide as high, brown contrasting with white wing when mature, 0.7–1.4 × 0.7–1.3 mm, winged throughout, extending strongly into commissurial groove. Illustrations: —plate 1175(22) in Fassett (1951); Figure 2 in Bacigalupo (1979b); Figure 5 (g). Distribution: — Callitriche rimosa occurs in north-east Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Ríos), southern Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Caterina) and Uruguay (Montevideo, Rocha) with single gatherings from Chile (Biobío), Paraguay (Misiones) and Peru (Puno). Known altitudinal range: 600–3900 m. See map on page 210 in Fassett (1951). Notes: — Fassett (1951), Bacigalupo (1975) and Hassemer & O’Leary (2018) all employed a concept of Callitriche rimosa which included C. mandonis and elements of C. concinna. While there is some similarity, as considered here C. rimosa includes plants with fruit which are pale grey-brown when mature, typically 0.7–1.2 mm wide, often strongly strumose and winged throughout, with the wing extending well into the commissurial groove. Callitriche mandonis includes plants with fruit which are winged only at the apex and top of the sides, while C. concinna includes plants which have small fruit which are broadly winged throughout but not into the commissurial groove and which are blackish-brown when mature. When considered in this way, C. rimosa is not particularly variable except in the degree to which the fruit are strumose, which may be influenced by preservation. The main diagnostic character is the extent to which the wing extends into the commissurial groove at the base of the mericarps. The illustrations in Figure 2 in Bacigalupo (1979b) show an aborted anther on a filament which arises from the pedicel. This is an extremely unusual morphology within the genus, otherwise only known from four species: C. capricorni Mason (1959: 307, f. 3), C. cycloptera, C. muelleri and C. sonderi Hegelmaier (1867: 18–19) occurring in Oceania (Schotsman 1985b) and C. occidentalis Hegelmaier (1864: 57, t. 4[5]) which is known only from Cuba (R.V. Lansdown, unpublished data). This character needs to be confirmed through study of fresh material. Conservation status: — Callitriche rimosa appears to be widespread and at least locally abundant, it is therefore classed as Least Concern (LC). Additional material studied: — ARGENTINA. BUENOS AIRES: Moist earth, subtropical rain forest, Punta Lara, La Plata, 6 November 1946, B. Sparre 35 (K); CORRIENTES: Puddles of rainwater on clayey soil, “La Yela”, Empedrado Dept., 7 October 1980, T.M. Pederson 12936 (BR barcode BR0000000938263, C, F, NY); top leaves floating, temporary pool a few inches deep, on clayey soil, Estancia “Santa María”, Mburucuyá Department, 5 August 1961, T.M. Pedersen 6055 (BR barcode BR0000024932790, C, GH, K, P barcode P04214917); en charcos del bord de la selva, selva con pindo, 35 km SE de San Luis del Palmar, ruta 5, San Luis del Palmar Department, 2 November 1975, C.L. Cristóbal 1408 (G); en arroyo, sumergida, Costa del Rio Uruguay, Garruchos, Estancia San Juan Bautista, 20 September 1974, A. Krapovickas et al. 25867 (G); ENTRE RÍOS: Selve marginal, Paso Yunque, La Paz Department, Entre Ríos, 18 November 1988, N.M. Bacigalupo et al. 660 (NY); acuática con hojas flotantes y terrestre en el fango, San Jaime de la Frontera, Arroyo Tunas, 27 November 1976, N.S. Troncoso et al. 1459 (SI), mixed collection two packets of C. terrestris and two mounted specimens of C. rimosa; camino al Balneario El Nandubaysal, 25 th September 1977, N. Troncoso et al. 2128 (SI-095397). BRAZIL. September 1998, J. Czermak & E.M. Reineck 472 (G barcode G00414769); PARANÁ: Interior do capao, brejo, Sete Butieiros (mun. Palmas), 20 November 1972, G.G. Hatschbach 30773 (G barcode G00414839, US-2688655 barcode 00609901); nas águas tranqüilas de córrego, Rincão, São José dos Pinhaes, 22 January 1950, G.G. Hatschbach 1764 (US-1998165 barcode 00609902); 2 January 1904, P.K.H. Dusén 14677 (US-2203301 barcode 00609897); aquática, em águas de valo, Horto Municipal do Guabirotuba (mun. Curitiba) 26 November 1991, J. Cordeiro & E. Barboza 794 (BR barcode BR0000024932820, C); cubre la superficie de agua [illegible], Estancia La Potala, proxima a Estancia Libertad, 26 October 1950, E.G. Nicora 5499 (SI); RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Barreto, Viana prope San Leopoldo, 24 October 1949, B. Rambo 44063 (BR barcode BR0000024932943, F, P barcode P04214960); São Leopoldo, August 1941, E. Leite 2804 (GH); prope Farroupilha, 13 July 1949, B. Rambo 42537 (P barcode P04214959); in graben au die Avenita Encuestro, Porto Alegro, September 1898, E.M. Reineck & J.Czermak 472 (P barcode P04214857); SANTA CATARINA: Slough, Trinta-tres, 33 km west of Caçador, Caçador Municipality, 900–1000 m, 23 December 1956, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 9102 (US-2282293 barcode 00609891); between Fazenda Santo Antonio and the falls of the Rio Canoas, Campo dos Padres, Bom Retiro Municipality, 1300–1400 m, 22 November 1956, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 7830 (US-2282250 barcode 00609889); 22 June 1885, Schwacke 14678 (US-2203302 barcode 00609898, US-1199738 barcode 00609895); small stream in sun, Mun. Chapecó Forest, Seminario Diocesiano, west of Chapecó, ca. 27 º 06’ S, 52 º 37’ W, 350–450 m, 9 November 1964, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 13090 (F, NY P barcode P04214838, US-2743511 barcode 00609931); brook, Três Pedrinhas, 12 km southwest of Săo JoaQuim, Santa Catarina, ca. 28º 22’ S, 49º 57’ W, 1200–1300 m, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 14335 (NY, P barcode P04214835, US-2743509 barcode 00609933); brook, Mun. Aguas de Chapecó, Lajeado Bonito, ca. 27 º 13’ S, 52 º 54’ W, 15 October 1964, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 12548 (F-V0308533F, GH, NY, P barcode P04214839, US-2743510 barcode 00609932); falls of Rio Canoas, Campo dis Padres, Mun. Bom Retiro, 1300–1400 n, 22 November 1956, L.B. Smith & R. Klein 7854 (P barcode P04214910); small stream, Linhe Bonita, Ipumerim Municipality, 26º 58’ S, 52º 11’ W, 600 m, 24 October 1964, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 12911 (P barcode P04214837, US-2743531 barcode 00609930); in aquis, Sao Benito, 22 June 1885, Schwaite s.n. (P barcode P04214849); [illegible] Blumenau, 19 October 1886, H. Schenck 715 (C). CHILE. BIOBÍO: Concepción, 27 November 1944, E. Barros 5558 (US-2168162 barcode 00609892). PARAGUAY. MISIONES: Temporary puddles a few ins deep, soil clay, Estancia “La Soledad”, Isla Carpincho, Santiago, 23 September 1962, T.M. Pedersen 6536 (C). PERU. PUNO: Ad oram lacus Titicaca, prope civitatem Huancane, 3900 m, 25 October 1976, L. Bernardi et al. 16886 (G barcode G00414945). URUGUAY. MONTEVIDEO: Terrain humide, Punta Brava, Fruchard s.n. (P barcode P04214936); sous l’eau, Cuarein, 24 September 1902, M.B. Berro 2850 (C); ROCHA: Castillos, Rocha Department, 31 November 1946, W.G. Herter 941 (F)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","Bacigalupo, N. M. (1979 b) El genero Callitriche en la flora argentina. Darwiniana 22: 377 - 396.","Hassemer, G. & O'Leary, N. (2018) Callitriche. In: Anton, A. M. R., Rugolo, Z. E. & Zuloaga, F. O. (Eds.) Flora Argentina, vol. 20 (1). Editorial Trama, Buenos Aires, pp. 357 - 362.","Mason, R. (1959) Callitriche in New Zealand and Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 295 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BT 9590295","Hegelmaier, C. F. (1867) Zur Systematik von Callitriche. Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins fur die Provinz Brandenburg und die angrenzenden Lander 9: 1 - 41, 1 plate.","Schotsman, H. D. (1985 b) Biologie floral des Callitriche (Callitrichaceae). II: Etude sur quelques especes d'Oceanie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Section B 7: 357 - 375.","Hegelmaier, C. F. (1864) Monographie der Gattung Callitriche. Ebner & Seubert, Stuttgart, 64 pp., 4 plates."]}

11. Callitriche heteropoda Engelm. ex Hegelmaier (1867: 40) Type: — BOLIVIA. LA PAZ: Viciniis Sorata; Gualata, apacheta des Sajena de Chucha, de [illegible], Prov. Larecaja, in lacunis rivulis, reg. alpina 4000–4100 m, 1859 March 1860, G. Mandon 1456 (lectotype [designated here] BR barcode BR000000696929! [two lower plants on sheet] [Figure 4]; isolectotypes BM!, G!, GH barcode 110079795!, K barcode K000471001!, MO-1913772, MO-1913773, MO-1913774, NY barcode 00248744!, P barcode P04214850!, P barcode P04214911!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves 0.6 × 5.0– 5.5 mm, expanded submerged or floating leaves broadly ovate, 2.3–4.9 × 1.3–3.4 mm, petiole 1.6–4.7, 3-veined, occasionally with an additional loop on one of the secondary veins, apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Bracts caducous, 0.6–1.0 mm. StYle erect, persistent, ≤ 2.6 mm. Filament erect, ≤ 5.5 mm; anther reniform, 0.4–0.5 mm diameter; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, as high as or higher than wide, grey-brown to maroon when mature, 1.1–1.3 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, unwinged. Illustrations: —plate 1173(12) in Fassett (1951); Figure 3 (j–l) in Bacigalupo (1979b); Figure 1 (l). Distribution: —This species occurs in Venezuela (Mérida), Peru (Ancash, Cuzco and Puno), in Ecuador (Azuay, Cañar, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Napo, Pichincha, and Tungurahua), Argentina (Córdoba) and the type locality near Sorata in Larecaja Province, La Paz, Bolivia (MacBride 1951, de la Barra 2003). Known altitudinal range: 3400–4360 m. See map on page 173 in Fassett (1951). Notes: —The gathering G. Mandon 1456 was listed by Fassett (1951: 172) under Callitriche heteropoda as “type in MO, isotypes in MO, GH, NY; however it is also listed in the description of C. mandonis as “G. Mandon 1456 (in Herb. Van Heurck”) (van Heurck and Müller 1871: 136). The various elements of this gathering in different herbaria (BM, BR barcode BR000000696929!, G, GH barcode 110079795, K barcode K000471001, MO-1913772, MO-1913773, MO-1913774, NY barcode 00248744, P barcode P04214850, P barcode P04214911) represent different combinations of C. heteropoda and C. mandonis, including sheets with only one species and sheets with both species. No original specimen for C. heteropoda could be located at STU (Mike Thiv, pers. comm., 27 October 2020). There is a single specimen (BR barcode AWH12906680) from the gathering G. Mandon 1456 in van Heurck’s herbarium; however, this specimen is entirely C. mandonis q.v. All other elements of G. Mandon 1456 seen involve mixed collections, except a sheet in the Bullemont Herbarium at BR. This sheet has five specimens, two of which on the upper part of the sheet are C. mandonis, one has only immature fruit and cannot reliably be determined and the lower two are C. heteropoda. The two lower specimens on sheet BR barcode BR000000696929 have therefore been selected and designated here as the lectotype of C. heteropoda. Callitriche oblongicarpa has been mistaken for this species, hence the statement “or on peduncles up to 15 mm ” (Bacigalupo 1979b) however confirmed C. heteropoda only has sessile fruit. It can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the fruit which are unwinged and of more or less even width from base to apex, resembling that of C. obtusangula but differing from that species in the bracts, stigma length and filament length (e.g. Lansdown 2008). Conservation status: — Callitriche heteropoda has a wide range and there are numerous relatively recent records, it is therefore classed as Least Concern (LC). Additional material studied: — ARGENTINA. CÓRDOBA: Hieronymous 537 (CORD); Tucumán: Sparre 8586 (LIL). BOLIVIA. COCHABAMBA: In 30–40 cm water, in bog pool (probably seasonal) in a hollow in open moorland, on the summit/junction on road from Qillacollo to Morochata, Cordillera Tunari, 4300 m, 28 January 1995, J.R.I. Wood 9231 (K); LA PAZ: Flaques d’eau, La Lancha, Ravin de Chuquiaguillo, 1851, M. Weddell s.n. (P barcode P05027489); Pacocoha Pampa, Valle de Chuiaquillo, Province Murillo, 4280 m, 7 April 1921, E. Asplund 3441 (NY); flotanto en el agua pero con las raices hundidas en el cieno del fondo, cecra de Achacachi en un area inundada con gramineas, Omasuyos, 4100 m, 8 March 1982 F.J.F. Casas 6617 & J. Molero (G, HUA, NY); dans petite mare, Valle de Zongo, 6 km avant la Cumbre, 4100 m, 24 April 1988, A. Fournet & P. Caballion 808 (US); riachuelo con poca corriente cerca del pueblo, Ulla-Ulla, Prov. F. Tamayo, 4360 m, 18 April 1982, X. Menhofer 1086 (SI). PERU. CUZCO: En laguna, pajonal bajo de quemado, Parque Nacional Manu, Cerro Macho Cruz, Acjanaco, Paucartambo Province, 3400–3450 m., 2 March 1991, A. Cano E. 4454 (F); pool in Distichia moor, La Raya, Cusco Department, 22 April 1925, F.W. Pennell 13493 (F, GH, PH). VENEZUELA. MÉRIDA: Páramo de Mucuchies, [illegible], 4100–4300 m, 20 November 1976, A. Ghanpiu et al. 13626 (G)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Hegelmaier, C. F. (1867) Zur Systematik von Callitriche. Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins fur die Provinz Brandenburg und die angrenzenden Lander 9: 1 - 41, 1 plate.","Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","Bacigalupo, N. M. (1979 b) El genero Callitriche en la flora argentina. Darwiniana 22: 377 - 396.","MacBride, J. F. (1951) Flora of Peru, vol. 13, part 3 A, No. 1. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series, publication 680. Field Museum Press, Chicago, 288 pp.","de la Barra, N. (2003) Ecological classification of aquatic vegetation of lacustrine systems in Bolivia. Revista Boliviana de Ecologia y Conservacion Ambiental 13: 65 - 93.","van Heurck, H. F. & Muller, J. (1871) Callitricheae novae. Observationes Botanicae 2: 136 - 137.","Lansdown, R. V. (2008) Water starworts of Europe. BSBI Handbook No. 11. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London."]}

19. Callitriche schotsmaniana Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — COLOMBIA. CUNDINAMARCA: Chisaca Páramo, southwest of Bogotá, 16 January 1966, J.W. Walker 273 (holotype GH!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche schotsmaniana can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the isodiametric fruit,> 1 mm diameter but unwinged. Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Linear leaves ± parallel-sided, apex deeply notched to the extent that the notch is almost circular, 5.6–12.0 × 0.3–0.4 mm, expanded floating or submerged leaves unknown, apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Flowers solitary. Bracts large, rapidlY caducous, 1.2 mm long. StYles erect, persistent, ≤ 4 mm long. Filaments erect, ≤ 0.2 mm long before dehiscence, Illustrations: — Figure 5 (h). Distribution: — Callitriche schotsmaniana is known only from two specimens, both from Cundinamarca Province of Colombia and both collected on the same day. Etymology: —The specific epithet commemorates the Dutch botanist Henriette Dorothea Schotsman (1921– 2004), who greatly contributed to taxonomic knowledge of Callitriche. Notes: — Callitriche schotsmaniana is known only from two gatherings from the same area and it is likely that these do not include representation of the full range of variation. The fruit appear to be unique within the genus in having a thicker central area surrounded by a thinner zone which would equate to the wing in most species, but there is no structural differentiation within this thinner area. This could be affected by the preservation process and more material is needed to enable better description of the fruit.There is a need for more survey and data collection from the area in which the collections were made. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of C. schotsmaniana and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). Additional material studied (paratypes): — COLOMBIA. CUNDINAMARCA: Chisaca Páramo, southwest of Bogotá, 16 January 1966, J.W. Walker 274 (GH, NY), Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744

1. Callitriche albomarginata Fassett (1951: 171–172, t. 1173[11]) Type: — CHILE. SANTIAGO. Cordillera de Santiago, 2700 m, March 1899, Reiche s.n. (holotype GH barcode 00002215!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves spathulate, elliptic, 2.6–2.9 × 1.6–2.1 mm, petiole 2.2–3.8 mm, venation fairly simple, 3-veined with numerous subsidiary veins looping from secondary veins or anastomosing, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. 1 ♂ and 1– 2 ♀♀ flowers in each aXil. Bracts rapidlY caducous, minute, 0.1–0.2 mm long. StYle erect ≤ 1 mm. Filament ≤ 2.5 mm, anther 0.4 mm diameter, pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or on pedicel ≤ 0.5 mm, longer than wide, blackish when mature, 1.0–1.1 × 1.1–1.3 mm, narrowlY winged throughout, wing whitish contrasting with colour of fruit. Illustrations: —plate 1173(11) in Fassett (1951); Figure 1 (a). Distribution: — Callitriche albomarginata is known only from the type specimen, collected from the Cordillera de Santiago in Chile in 1899. The type was collected at an altitude of 2700 m. See map on page 173 in Fassett (1951). Notes: —There have been published reports of Callitriche albomarginata (e.g. de la Barra 2003), however there is no evidence that the identifications have been based on comparison with the type. It seems better therefore to dismiss these records. Callitriche albomarginata can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region by the minute bracts and the large fruit which are typically> 1 mm diameter and winged throughout. Of all South American Callitriche species, C. albomarginata most closely resembles C. nubigena, from which it differs in its apparent lack of lingulate leaves, the bract size, style length, fruit size and the wing being wider at the apex. Conservation status: —Information on this species is inadequate to derive an informed assessment and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on pages 86-87, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","de la Barra, N. (2003) Ecological classification of aquatic vegetation of lacustrine systems in Bolivia. Revista Boliviana de Ecologia y Conservacion Ambiental 13: 65 - 93."]}

5. Callitriche concinna Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — ARGENTINA. CHUBUT: [illegible], Lago Vintter, Dpto. Tehuelcher, 19 March 1994, E.G. Nicora 10010 (holotype SI-063690!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche concinna differs from all other members of the genus in the broadly-winged, very uniform, medium-sized fruit which are brownish-black at maturity and intermediate in size between those of C. rimosa Fassett (1951: 211) and C. turfosa. It can be distinguished from C. rimosa by the fact that the wing does not extend into the commissurial groove and from C. turfosa by its development of submerged and floating leaves, the complex venation and presence of bracts. Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves ellipsoid, 1.9–10.8 mm × 1.2–5.1 mm, petiole 0.8–5.3 mm long, venation fairly simple with a few loops and anastomosing veins outside the secondary veins, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants 1.1–2.8 mm × 0.8–1.6 mm. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ flower in most aXils. Bracts persistent, 0.5–0.8 mm long. StYle erect to spreading ≤ 1.5 mm long. Filament erect, ≤ 1.9 mm long; anther size unknown; pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or on pedicel to 0.5 mm, more or less as wide as long, brownish-black when mature, contrasting with pale wing, 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.2 mm, broadly winged throughout, wing pale contrasting with dark fruit. Illustrations: — Figure 1 (f). Distribution: —The geographical distribution of Callitriche concinna is not clear, confirmed specimens have been collected from Buenos Aires, Chubut and Entre Ríos provinces of Argentina, as well as from Chile and Uruguay. It seems likely therefore that it has a relatively wide distribution from central Chile and Chubut Province in Argentina north to north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay. There are no altitude data available. Etymology: —The name means neat or tidy and refers to the uniform, evenly and broadly-winged fruit in which the pale wing contrasts strongly with the rest. Notes: — Callitriche concinna has typically been included within either C. rimosa or C. turfosa by other authors. It is relatively poorly represented in herbaria but is typically abundantly fertile so that specimens generally include large numbers of fruit. Conservation status: — Callitriche concinna is classed as Least Concern (LC) as it appears to have a broad geographical distribution with no evidence of threats which could cause its extinction. Additional material studied (paratypes): — ARGENTINA:BUENOS AIRES: [illegible], Hudson (F.C.S.) 3 October 1931, L.R. Parodi 9923 (GH); in pantanos, San Isidro, 20 October 1930, L.R. Parodi 9561 (GH); semiflotante en [illegible], Parana mini, Buenos Aires, 22 September 1956, A.E. Burkart 20027 (SI-063672). CHUBUT: Muy [illegible] en el bosque, en la toma de aqua, Lago Vintter, dpto. Tehuelcher, 30 January 1992, E.G. Nicora 9678 (SI). ENTRE RÍOS: Camino al balneario El Nandubaysal, Gualeguaychú, Dep. Gualeguaychú, 25 October 1977, N. Troncoso et al. 2140 (SI-065627); Concepción del Uruguay, 7 November 1877, P.G. Lorentz 851 (F-63757 barcode V0356633 F, K, P barcode P04214866, STU-31883). CHILE. M. Gay s.n. (K, P barcode P04214836); Punta Frias [?], 20 January 1904, Hicken s.n. (SI-095408). URUGUAY. Greges deusos en lugar humedo, [illegible], Florida, 22 December 1936, B. Rosengurt 782 (F, GH)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175."]}

16. Callitriche praetermissa Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — CHILE. MAGALLANES: In a tarn, near Hotel Rio Rubens (about 50 km SE of Natales), 18 January 1941, R. Santesson 1637 (holotype NY!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche praetermissa can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the combination of unwinged fruit ≥ 1 mm in diameter and widest in the middle, persistent bracts, long filament (≤ 4 mm long) and ♂ and ♀ flowers in each aXil or in one, opposed bY a solitarY flower. Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves parallel-sided, 9.6–13.2 × 0.5– 1.1 mm, expanded submerged or floating leaves narrowly elliptic, 5.6–8.0 × 1.7–2.4 mm, petiole 1.8–4.3 mm long, venation usually simple but occasionally short branches arise outside the secondary veins and extend either toward or awaY from the apeX, apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. TYpicallY a ♀ and ♂ flower in one aXil, opposed bY a single ♀ flower. Bracts persistent, 0.5–1.7 mm long. StYles caducous, ≤ 1.0 mm long. Filaments ≤ 4.1 mm; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm diameter; pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, ± isodiametric, brown when mature, 1.0–1.1 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, unwinged. Illustrations: — Figure 5 (e). Distribution: — Callitriche praetermissa is known only from the type specimen which was collected from a tarn near Magallanes, Chile in 1941. Etymology: —The specific epithet means “overlooked” or “neglected” because this is not a striking species and has been overlooked by other botanists. Notes: — Callitriche praetermissa is known only from the type gathering, it is not a particularly striking species and in a genus which is extremely under-collected it is not surprising that it has been overlooked. There is a need to re-visit the type locality to establish whether it still occurs and to survey potentially suitable habitat in the region to attempt to find other populations. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of Callitriche praetermissa and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD).

15. Callitriche oblongicarpa Fassett (1951: 194, t. 1174[20]) Type: — ARGENTINA. BUENOS AIRES: La Plata, 20 October 1928, L.R. Parodi 8571 (holotype GH barcode 00048936!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves spathulate, elliptic, 2.0–2.5 × 1.3–1.7 mm, petiole 3.2–5.0 mm, 3-veined, venation simple, venation complex with subsidiary veins arising within and outside the secondary veins forming loops, linking primary and secondary veins or anastomosing, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Flowers solitarY or ♂ and up to 3 ♀♀ in a single aXil. Bracts persistent, 0.3–0.9 mm. StYle erect, ≤ 1.7 mm. Filament erect, ≤ 2 mm, maY arise from pedicel; anther 0.3 mm diameter; pollen Yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or on pedicel Illustrations: —plate 1174(20) in Fassett (1951); Figure 5 (d). Distribution: — Callitriche oblongicarpa is known from a small number of confirmed specimens, from Uruguay, Corrientes Province in Argentina and a single collection from Bolivia. See map on page 193 in Fassett (1951). There are no altitude data available. Notes: — Callitriche oblongicarpa differs from all other Callitriche species by the combination of multiple male and female flowers in the same leaf axils and the long-pedicellate, very narrowly-winged fruit. The species was erroneously synonymised under C. lechleri by Bacigalupo (1979b), who overlooked the taxonomic importance of the long pedicels, a character that does not present a continuous variation linking C. lechleri to C. oblongicarpa. Extensive study of herbarium materials shows that the two species are undoubtedly distinct, hence our re-establishment of C. oblongicarpa. Callitriche oblongicarpa is one of the most distinctive members of the genus due to its striking orange-brown pedicellate fruit. It is therefore surprising that Bacigalupo (1975) included it within her concept of C. lechleri. C. oblongicarpa is also very unusual in often having more than 2 female flowers in a single axil. Most collections are from Argentina, theY have abundant fruit with ≤ 3♀ fruit in a single aXil, some of which are long-pedicellate. In contrast, a single collection from Tierra del Fuego (A. Schinini 7362) is verY different; all fruit have short pedicels (≤ 1 mm) and are solitary. It is possible that these differences have a genetic basis, but this can only be clarified through study of fresh material, preferably supported by molecular analysis. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of C. oblongicarpa and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). Additional material studied: — ARGENTINA. CORRIENTES: Estancia “Santa María”, Mburucayá Department, 4 September 1956, T.M. Pedersen 3976 (BR, C, G, K, NY, P barcode P04214918); flotante en charco, bosque de quebracho, Ruta 5, 18 km SE de San Luis del Palmar, Dep. San Luis de Palmar, 28 September 1975, C.L. Cristóbal 1266 (barcode G00414836); En charco, en bosque rebereño, sobre la laguna Iberá, Paso Picada, orilla de Laguna Iberá, frente a C. Pellegrini, Mercedes Department, 22 September 1973, A. Schinini 7362 (G, SI-065652). BOLIVIA. LA PAZ: Hierba acuatica con raices en el fondo de la laguna, desvio 11 km hacia laguna Hampaturi, 10 km hacia Los Yungas, Murillo Province, 1 May 1980, S.G. Beck 2944 (NY) [mixed with holotype of C. dacryoidea]. URUGUAY. LAVALLEJA: En un charco an la [..] del [..] natante, Arequita, Uruguay, 3 October 1937, Rosengurt 1353 (F)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","Bacigalupo, N. M. (1979 b) El genero Callitriche en la flora argentina. Darwiniana 22: 377 - 396."]}

Lansdown, Richard V., Hassemer, Gustavo (2021): The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America. Phytotaxa 501 (1): 85-118, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3

8. Callitriche ecarinata Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — VENEZUELA. MÉRIDA: Sierra Nevada, Laguna de los Anteojos, 4900 m, 2 November 1976, L. Bernardi et al. 16975 (holotype G barcode G00414944!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche ecarinata can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the combination of unwinged, subsessile fruit which are not strumose, orange when mature, 0.6–1.0 mm high, widest in the middle, wider than high, with ♂ and ♀ flowers in the same aXils and the stYle Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaves joined across stem. Lingulate leaves 4.4 × 0.8 mm, expanded submerged, or floating leaves 1.8–3.3 × 0.8–1.9 mm, petiole 0.3–3.5 mm long, venation simple, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants 1.0–1.8 × 1.0– 1.2 mm. UsuallY a ♂ and ♀ flower in one aXil opposed bY a solitarY ♀. Bracts caducous, 0.5–0.7 mm. StYles persistent, ≤ 2.7 mm long. Filament ≤ 3.6 mm; anther 0.2–0.4 mm diameter; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, wider than high, orange when mature, 0.6–1.0 × 0.8–1.2 mm, unwinged. Illustrations: — Figure 1 (i). Distribution: — Callitriche ecarinata occurs along the spine of the Andes from Mérida in Venezuela to Ambato in Ecuador, with an isolated occurrence in the Sierra Nevada de Santa María in northern Colombia. It is known from six gatherings, one from Venezuela, five from Colombia and one from Ecuador. Known altitudinal range: 3000–4900 m. Etymology: —The specific epithet means “not keeled” referring to the unwinged fruit. Notes: — Callitriche ecarinata is very poorly known and poorly represented in herbaria. There is a need to survey potentially suitable habitat to try to find more populations. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of Callitriche ecarinata and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). Additional material studied (paratypes): — COLOMBIA. BOYACÁ: Damp bank at streamside in páramo above Quebrada de las Playas, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, 8 August 1957, P.J. Grubb et al. 332 (K, US). CAUCA: Municipio de Purace, Volcan de Purace, 3850–4500 m, 5 October 1984, G. Lozano et al. 4582 (P barcode P04156182). CUNDINAMARCA: Alrededores de la laguna de Los Tunjos, vereda Santa Rosa, Parque Nacional Sumapaz 4º 16’ 35” N, 74º 12’ 17” W, 3500 m, 8 August 1998, P. Pedraza 275 (HUA). MAGDALENA: Trailing stems submerged or on surface of muck in center of valley, in a Bosque Pluvial Montano/Paramo Pluvial Subalpino transition zone with approx. 2000 mm /year rainfall, Valley of Rio Guiachinacopunameina, 73º 40’ W, 10º 44–45’ N, 3500–4000 m., 28 May 1977, S. White & W.S. Alverson 632 (NY). ECUADOR. TUNGURAHUA: Creeping and forming mat just beneath the water, anthers above surface, on well-trodden path through ‘165’ just north of Lake, by Lake Aucacocha, Llanganati Mountains [Cordillera de los Llangenates], 3000 m, July 1969, P.J. Edwards 49 (K)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744

9. Callitriche hegelmaieriana Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — VENEZUELA. PORTUGUESA: Wet places by road, selva nublada [cloud forest], 15 km al Este de Chabasquén, 67 km al NNO de Guanare, 9º 26–27’ N, 69º 54–55’ W, 1450–1520 m, 29–31 December 1982, J.A. Steyermark et al. 126665 (holotype NY!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche hegelmaieriana can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the combination of ♀ and ♂ flowers in most aXils, fruit Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Linear leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves unknown, apical leaves not forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants 6.9–10.0 × 2.7–4.8 mm, petiole 1.9–3.3 mm long, venation complex, both within and outside secondary veins. Bracts apparently lacking. GenerallY ♀ and ♂ flowers in both of a pair of aXils. StYle erect, persistent ≤ 0.2 mm long. Filament ≤ 0.6 mm long; anthers 4 mm wide; pollen yellow. Fruit on pedicels 0.3–0.5 mm long, slightly wider than high, dark brown when mature, 0.7–0.8 × 0.8–1.0 mm, broadly winged throughout, strumose. Illustrations: — Figure 1 (j). Distribution: — Callitriche hegelmaieriana is known only from two collections from Venezuela.Known altitudinal range: 1450–1800 m. Etymology: —The specific epithet commemorates the German botanist Christoph Friedrich Hegelmaier (1833– 1906), who greatly contributed to taxonomic knowledge of Callitriche. Notes: — Callitriche hegelmaieriana is a very unusual species, showing characteristics of terrestrial taxa, such as the ♀ and ♂ flowers in most aXils and lack of bracts, but contrasting with the leaves which are variable in size and have extremely complex venation which is more typical of amphibious taxa. Collection of more specimens may show that C. hegelmaieriana is capable of developing floating or submerged forms and that the two known specimens simply represent terrestrial forms of this taxon. It is very close to C. turfosa, from which it differs in the very complex leaf venation, broader wing to the fruit, shorter style and shorter filament. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of C. hegelmaieriana and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). Additional material studied (paratypes): — VENEZUELA. LARA: In open places on soil, sieve nublada, entre le Encrucijada y el camino al Parque Nacional Yacambú de El Blanquito, 10–15 km SSE de Sanare, Estado Lara, 1750–1800 m, 7 August 1970, A. Steyermark et al. 103550 (US)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744

20. Callitriche stagnalis Scopoli (1772: 251) Type: — UNITED KINGDOM. CARDIGANSHIRE: Aberleri Fields, Borth, Cards 22/61209160, 20 July 1998, A.O. Chater s.n. (neotype [designated by Lansdown 2006b: 108] NMW!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves very rare, usually lacking, expanded submerged or floating leaves variable, from broadly parallel-sided, through obovate spathulate to almost circular, 2.7–21.4(–21.7) × 1.4–8.3 mm, petiole 0.7–6.5(–7.5) mm, venation simple or complex with numerous loops and anastomosing veins, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants narrowly elliptic 2.6–4.4 × 1.6–3.3 mm, petiole 0.8–2.1 mm. Flowers usually solitary. Bracts falcate, persistent 0.6–2.6(–2.9) mm. Styles erect, becoming recurved in fruit, ≤ 6 mm. Filaments erect, becoming recurved and continuing to grow after dehiscence; ≤ 16.2 mm; anthers reniform, 0.3–0.9 mm diameter; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or occasionally very shortly-pedicellate, ± as wide as high, greyish when mature, 1.1–1.8 × 1.1–2.0 mm, winged throughout. Illustrations: —figures on pages 81 and 83 in Lansdown (2008); Figure 5 (i). Distribution: — Callitriche stagnalis is native to Europe, from the Azores to Iceland and east to the western side of the Ural Mountains in Russia (Lansdown 2006a). It also occurs as an alien (naturalised) in North America (Philbrick et al. 1998), Australia (Orchard 1980), New Caledonia and New Zealand (Mason 1959). Two specimens are known from South America, one from Biobío Province in Chile and one from the Falkland Islands. Notes: — Callitriche stagnalis was reported in error from Brazil, but recognised as occurring as a non-native in Chile and the Falkland Islands (Lansdown & Hassemer 2018). It can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region bY the large fruit (> 1 mm diameter), long stYle (≤ 6 mm long) and long filament (≤ 16 mm long). Conservation status: — Callitriche stagnalis is classed as Least Concern (LC) because it is widespread and abundant through much of its native range. Additional material studied: —[only South American specimens listed] CHILE: BIOBÍO: Submersed in shallow pools in grazed salt marsh, just beYond the PetroX refinerY, Estero Lenga 2.5 km west of Abda. Gran Bretaňa on Avda. Los Golondrinas, Concepción Province, 22 October 1990, T.G. Lammers et al. 7503 (F). UNITED KINGDOM. FALKLAND ISLANDS: Ditches/drainage, Stanley, East Falkland, seeds collected for MSB (MSB FI 51), growing with Juncus scheuzeroides, Agrostis sp., Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Juncus bufonius, 2 March 2009, R. Lewis 520786 (K barcode K000299348)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Scopoli, J. A. (1772) Flora carniolica, 2 nd ed. J. P. Krauss, Vienna, 496 pp.","Lansdown, R. V. (2006 b) Notes on the water-starworts (Callitriche) recorded in Europe. Watsonia 26: 105 - 120.","Lansdown, R. V. (2008) Water starworts of Europe. BSBI Handbook No. 11. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.","Lansdown, R. V. (2006 a) The genus Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in Asia. Novon 16: 354 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 1055 - 3177 (2006) 16 [354: TGCCIA] 2.0. CO; 2","Philbrick, C. T., Aakjar Jr., R. A. & Stuckey, R. L. (1998) Invasion and spread of Callitriche stagnalis (Callitrichaceae) in North America. Rhodora 100: 25 - 38.","Orchard, A. E. (1980) Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in South Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 2: 191 - 194.","Mason, R. (1959) Callitriche in New Zealand and Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 295 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BT 9590295"]}

14. Callitriche nubigena Fassett (1951: 191, t. 1174[17]). Type: — COLOMBIA. SANTANDER: pool on páramo, Alto del Almorzadero, north of Cerrito, 12000 ft, 12 October 1944, N.C. Fassett 25918 (holotype MO!; isotypes CM, GH barcode 00048935!, NY!, US-2166224 barcode 00095627!, WIS!). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves 7.5–18.2 × 0.3–0.7 mm, expanded submerged or floating leaves 2.5–3.2 × 1.5–2.6 mm, petiole 2.0– 3.7 mm, venation simple or with a few short looped or anastomosing veins, apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. ♂ and ♀ flowers in the same aXil, tYpicallY opposed bY a solitarY ♀. Bracts persistent, 0.7–2.0 mm StYle erect ≤ 2.0. Filament erect, 0.6–2.9 mm; anther 0.3–0.4 mm diameter; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile, ± as wide as high, black when mature 0.7–1.2 × 0.7–1.2 mm in diameter, winged throughout but wider at apex 0.03–0.07 at apex, 0.01–0.04 mm on side. Illustrations: —plate 1174(17) in Fassett (1951); Figure 5 (c). Distribution: —This species is endemic to Colombia where it is known from a small region east of La Belleza, Santander Province, north of Bogotá (Fassett 1951, specimens in F, GH, USNC). Records from other areas (e.g. Antioquia, Bolívar and Cundinamarca in Colombia, Ancash in Peru and Mérida in Venezuela) (Luteyn 1999, Hokche et al. 2008, Idárraga-Piedrahita et al. 2011, Missouri Botanical Garden 2014) are based on mis-identifications. Known altitudinal range: 110– 800 m. See map on page 173 in Fassett (1951). Notes: —Both known specimens of this species were collected by N.C. Fassett, who also named the species. As noted by Fassett (1951) the two collections have fruit of different sizes, that from the Paramo had fruit 0.9–1.2 mm (mis-represented by Fassett as 9–12 mm) high and wide, while that from the oxbow had fruit 0.7–0.8 mm high and wide (Fassett 1951). There is clearly a need to collect more material from the two known localities, as well as surveying in the region to try to find more populations, to establish whether this fruit size variation is genetic or whether the species is simply very variable. Callitriche nubigena can be distinguished from other Callitriche species by the fruit which are sessile and narrowly winged, with ♀ and ♂ flowers in most aXils, the bracts persistent and> 1.5 mm long, and the stYles> 2 mm long. It is most similar to C. albomarginata, from which it can be distinguished by its smaller fruit and large, persistent bracts. Conservation status: — Callitriche nubigena is classed as Data Deficient (DD) as it is known from only two gatherings made in 1944, from a fairly restricted area of Colombia. Additional material studied: — COLOMBIA. SANTANDER: Aquatic form in 20 cm. water, pool in pasture, “Moravia,” a level valley north-east of La Belleza, valley of Rio Minero near Florian, 7000 ft., September 26, 1944, N.C. Fassett 25808 (GH, MO, US [not listed by Fassett]); subaquatic form, N.C. Fassett 25809 (GH, MO); terrestrial form on mud, N.C. Fassett 25807 (GH, MO); small shallow pool, half-way between Sucre and La Belleza, 7650 ft., September 25, 1944, N.C. Fassett 25796 (CM, F [not listed by Fassett], UC, US,, WIS)., Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V. & Hassemer, Gustavo, 2021, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America, pp. 85-118 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on pages 104-106, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5424744, {"references":["Fassett, N. C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137 - 155, 161 - 182, 185 - 194, 209 - 222, plates 1167 - 1175.","Luteyn, J. L., Churchill, S. P., Griffin III, D., Gradstein, S. R., Sipman, H. J. M. & Gavilanes, M. R. (1999) Paramos: a checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical literature. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 84: 1 - 278.","Hokche, O., Berry, P. E. & Huber, O. (2008) Nuevo Catalogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela. Fundacion Instituto Botanico de Venezuela, Caracas, 859 pp.","Idarraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R. C., Callejas-Posada, R. & Merello, M. (2011) Flora de Antioquia: Catalogo de las Plantas Vasculares, vol. 2. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, 939 pp."]}

6. Callitriche dacryoidea Lansdown & Hassemer, sp. nov. Type: — BOLIVIA. LA PAZ: Hierba acuática con raíces en el fondo de la laguna, desvío 11 km hacia Laguna Hampaturi, 10 km hacia Los Yungas, Murillo Province, 1 May 1980, S.G. Beck 2944 (holotype NY!). Diagnosis: — Callitriche dacryoidea has very striking fruit which are black when mature, unwinged and wider at the base than the apex. These characters serve to distinguish it from all other Callitriche species. Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves elliptic, 1.8–3.4 × 1.4–1.8 mm, petiole 1.6–2.0 mm, venation complex and unusual with two points from which secondary veins arise on central nerve, the apical leaves forming a floating rosette, leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Bracts persistent, 0.7 mm long. StYle persistent, 1.0– 1.4 mm long. Filament erect, caducous, ≤ 1 mm long; anther size unknown, pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, sessile, longer than high, black when mature, widest near base, 1.4–1.6 × 1.2–1.4 mm, unwinged. Illustrations: — Figure 1 (g). Distribution: —This species is known only from the holotype from Hampaturi Lake in Yungas Province of Bolivia. There are no altitude data available. Etymology: —The specific epithet means tear-or pear-shaped and refers to the unique shape of mature fruit. Notes: — Callitriche dacryoidea is known from a single gathering (S.G. Beck 2944), and no duplicates of the holotype could be located. It resembles C. heteropoda, but differs in the shape and colour of mature fruit. Conservation status: —Available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment of the conservation status of C. dacryoidea and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD).

1.1. Margyricarpus lanatus Funez, sp. nov. Differs from Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze by the hypanthium pilose, with tuberculate projections vs. glabrous with thorny projections. Type: — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Lages, BR-116, ca. 15 km em direção a Vacaria, 28 February 1996, J. A. Jarenkow & M. Sobral 3092 (holotype MBM-212633!; isotype FLOR-27863!). Figure 1–2. Perennial plants 8–30 cm tall, erect, probably xylopodiferous (according to sheet annotations); stems covered by the sheathing base of the petioles; densely villose on the buds, above the sheaths, covered by long white trichomes, glabrescent on the opposite side; leaf sheaths glabrous, 6.4–7.2 mm long, with the main vein strongly impressed, stramineous, densely villous at the lateral margin and long erect cilia on the apex near the petiole insertion; petioles> 0.1 mm, glabrescent or pilose on both surfaces. Leaf blades imparipinnate, with 6–8 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 3.1–4.5 × 0.2–0.5 mm, narrow oblong, the apex acute–apiculate, and the base obtuse truncate, the margin strongly revolute, pilose on both sides, sessile; rachis 5.6–10.2 mm long, pilose. Flowers solitary and axillary. Sepals 4, green, 0.9–1.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, broad elliptic, acute, villose, with a nervure strongly impressed on exterior surface and continues longitudinally along all hypanthium, forming 4 rows of tuberculate projections. Stamens 2, purplish, easily deciduous. Stigma flabellate. Fruits partially visible in the plant, each one covered by the hypanthium, 3.3–4.7 × 1.7–2.1 mm, densely villose between the tubercles, greenish in vivo (according to field annotations), endocarp ovoid, with four longitudinal rows of tuberculate projections of 0.3–0.4 mm long, the apical ones smaller than basal, the basal portion forming a narrow beak of 0.8–1.2 mm long. Etymology: —The specific epithet makes reference to the woolly aspect of this species. Distribution and habitat: —Known only from the type, collected in Lages municipality, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 3). This species occurs in high-elevation grasslands. Conservation status: — Critically Endangered (CR — B1,2:a,b[iii,v]), according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2019). This species is known by the type locality, and only an old collection is known. This species does not occur in any conservation unit. The high-elevation grasslands of Lages region has been experiencing a disorderly and heavy rate of urbanization, as well as the remnants areas are being converted into agriculture or forestry at an extremely fast pace. Notes: —This species differs from M. pinnatus due the wooly stems, leaves, tepals and hypanthium vs. glabrous to glabrescent stems and leaves, and glabrous tepals and hypanthium. Another feature is the shape of the fruit, with rounded-tuberculate ornamentation vs. longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. According to field annotations on the label of the holotype of M. lanatus, the fruits are green vs. white to pink fruits in M. pinnatus., Published as part of Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3) on pages 284-285, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5423762

Key to species of Margyricarpus 1. Ovary bicarpellate; endemic to Juan Fernández Islands, Chile......................................................................................... M. digynus 1. Ovary unicarpellate; distribution in continental South America.......................................................................................................2 2. Leaves, stems and hypanthium densely pilose, hypanthium green.................................................................................... M. lanatus 2. Leaves and stems glabrous to glabrescent, hypanthium glabrous, pink or white at maturity............................................................3 3. Erect plants, fruits to 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, absence of thorny projections on the achenes.................................... M. microcarpus 3. Prostrate to suberect plants, fruits 3.8–4.2 × 1–2 mm, presence of thorny projections on the achenes ............................ M. pinnatus, Published as part of Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5423762

1.2. Margyricarpus microcarpus Funez, sp. nov. Differs from Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze by the fruits 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of vs. fruits 3.8–4.2 × 1–2 mm, endocarp ellipsoid, with four longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. Type: — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Bom Jardim da Serra, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, Campos de Santa Bárbara, 24 February 2019, L. A. Funez et al. 8774 (holotype FURB-65014!). Figures 4–5. Perennial plants 15–45 cm tall, erect, with lignified branches; covered by the sheathing base of the petioles; densely villose above the sheaths, covered by white trichomes, glabrescent on the opposite side; leaf sheaths glabrous, 4.0– 4.2 mm long, with the main vein strongly impressed, stramineous, densely villous at the margin; petioles 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous or glabrescent only in adaxial surface. Leaf blades imparipinnate, with 2–3 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 3–7 × 0.1–0.2 mm, narrow oblong, the apex acute–apiculate and the base obtuse truncate, the margin strongly revolute, glabrous on both sides, sessile; leaves of the main stems with petiole-rachis axis persistent, 6–7 mm long, stramineous, glabrous, curved down, and leaflets easily deciduous; leaves of the secondary stems with petiole-rachis axis shorter than 4 mm, the leaflets smaller than those of the main stems, crowded, persistent still at flowering time. Flowers solitary and axillary. Sepals 4, green, ca. 0.2 mm long, broad elliptic, acute, glabrous. Stamens 2, purplish, easily deciduous. Stigma flabellate. Fruits partially visible in the plant, each one covered by the hypanthium, 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, glabrous, fleshy, whitish-hyaline and rounded in vivo, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of Etymology: —The specific epithet makes reference to the small size of the fruits of this species. Distribution and habitat: —Known from a small area in Urubici and Bom Jardim da Serra municipalities, in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 3). This species occurs in rocky outcrops and rocky soils along riverbanks and grasslands were found flowering during September to October, fruiting during December to February. Conservation status: — Critically Endangered (CR — B1,2:a,b[iii,v]), according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2019). This species is only known from the type locality, where several individuals were observed, the majority of which along riverbanks. Although it occurs in environmentally protected area, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, this conservation unit has suffered repeated attacks by politicians and ruralists who seek to detach large areas of the Park to establish farms, hydroelectric plants or wind farms. Additional material examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Bom Jardim da Serra, 16 December 2018, L. A. Funez et al. 8487 (FURB-65020): Campos de Santa Bárbara. Parque Nacional de São Joaquim; Urubici: Santa Bárbara, próximo ao alojamento. Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, 25 January 2019, L. A. Funez et al. 8619 (FURB-65004) Notes: —This species resembles M. pinnatus, differing due the small size of the reproductive parts with sepals ca. 0.2 mm long and fruits 2.0–2.5 ×1.0– 1.1 mm, glabrous, fleshy, whitish-hyaline and rounded in vivo, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of vs. sepals 1.0–1.2 × 0.7–0.8 mm, fruits 3.8–4.1 × 1.8–2.0 mm, white and rounded in vivo, endocarp ellipsoid, with four longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. The habitat of M. microcarpus is rocky outcrops and riverbanks at high elevations. Sometimes M. microcarpus is sympatric with M. pinnatus, frequently on mixed populations., Published as part of Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5423762