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Additional file 5. Example of a classification obtained using the random forests algorithm including NIR-derived variables

Additional file 7. Summaries of the larval sampling sites by presence/absence of late stage mosquito larvae found.

Additional file 8. Examples of the vegetation types observed in the sampling sites – (from L to R) none, floating, submerged, emerging.

Additional file 2. Number of training and testing segments that were manually created for each land class.

Additional file 6. Variable importance plot corresponding to the classification presented in Fig. 5 (without NIR) and Additional file 5: Fig. S1

Additional file 3. A description of the variables that were derived from the images captured by the drones.

Additional file 9. Summary of larval sampling sites by presence/absence of larvae, vegetation type and vegetation cover.

Additional file 4. An example of a contingency table and individual class accuracy summaries obtained using a classification obtained without NIR-derived variables, applied to the interpolated area only.

Additional file 1. Locations of reservoirs around which the drone image capture and entomological surveys were focused. The area covered represents the size of the area captured in the drone imagery.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergy-related diseases is increasing in low-income countries. Parasitic helminths, common in these settings, may be protective. We hypothesized that intensive, community-wide, anthelminthic mass drug administration (MDA) would increase allergy-related diseases, while reducing helminth-related morbidity. METHODS: In an open, cluster-randomized trial (ISRCTN47196031), we randomized 26 high-schistosomiasis-transmission fishing villages in Lake Victoria, Uganda, in a 1:1 ratio to receive community-wide intensive (quarterly single-dose praziquantel plus albendazole daily for 3 days) or standard (annual praziquantel plus 6 monthly single-dose albendazole) MDA. Primary outcomes were recent wheezing, skin prick test positivity (SPT), and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (asIgE) after 3 years of intervention. Secondary outcomes included helminths, haemoglobin, and hepatosplenomegaly. RESULTS: The outcome survey comprised 3350 individuals. Intensive MDA had no effect on wheezing (risk ratio [RR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.93), SPT (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.85-1.42), or asIgE (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82-1.12). Intensive MDA reduced Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity: the prevalence from Kato Katz examinations of single stool samples from each patient was 23% versus 39% (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55-0.88), but the urine circulating cathodic antigen test remained positive in 85% participants in both trial arms. Hookworm prevalence was 8% versus 11% (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-1.00). There were no differences in anemia or hepatospenomegaly between trial arms. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reductions in S. mansoni intensity and hookworm prevalence, intensive MDA had no effect on atopy, allergy-related diseases, or helminth-related pathology. This could be due to sustained low-intensity infections; thus, a causal link between helminths and allergy outcomes cannot be discounted. Intensive community-based MDA has a limited impact in high-schistosomiasis-transmission fishing communities, in the absence of other interventions. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ISRCTN47196031.