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Bakgrunn: Rus og psykiatrilidelser (ROP) opptrer ofte samtidig. Undersøkelser viser at omkring 65 prosent av brukere med rusmiddelproblematikk som er brukere av kommunale helse-, omsorgs- og velferdstjenester, også har psykiske utfordringer som preger deres daglige fungering i stor grad. ROP-lidelser er ofte forbundet med sosiale utfordringer og lavere deltakelse i meningsfulle aktiviteter. Personene faller lettere utenfor behandlingstiltak, og det er fortsatt behov for økt kompetanse med tanke på utredning, behandling og oppfølging. Nasjonale myndigheter har økt satsningen på bruk av motiverende intervju (MI). Tidligere har MI i stor grad vært benyttet i arbeid med personer med alvorlige psykiske lidelser, men benyttes nå også for personer med mildere psykiske utfordringer. MI er nedfelt som en anbefalt samtalemetode i spesialisthelsetjenesten og kommunal sektor, i Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for utredning, behandling og oppfølging av personer med samtidig ruslidelse og psykisk lidelse. Mål: Formålet med denne studien er å finne et svar på om motiverende intervju (MI) kan benyttes av ergoterapeuter som en intervensjon for livsstilsendring, for personer som lider av ROP-lidelser. Metode: Dette er en litteraturstudie som har analysert både kvalitative og kvantitative forskningsstudier. De analyserte studiene ble valgt på bakgrunn av utvalgte eksklusjons- og inklusjonskriterier. Resultater: Resultatene viser hvordan bruk av MI som en intervensjon har virkning på personer med overdrevent alkohol- og/eller rusinntak, også i sammenheng med psykiske lidelser. Konklusjon: Funnene som er gjort gir en indikasjon på at MI som intervensjon samsvarer med ergoterapeutisk tilnærming for brukere i en endringsprosess, og er en intervensjon som kan benyttes av ergoterapeuter i deres arbeid med brukere som har en ROP-lidelse. Background: Drug related disorders and mental disorders often co-occur. Studies show that around 65 percent of patients with drug issues that use municipal health-, care- and welfare services, also struggle with mental challenges that highly affects their functioning in daily living. Co-occurring disorders (COD) is often associated with social challenges and less participation regarding meaningful activities. They fall out of treatment more easily, and there is still need for increased competence in regards to examination, treatment and follow-up. The National authorities in Norway has increased the focus on the use of motivational interview (MI). MI is a recommended conversation method in secondary care and municipal sector, in the national professional guideline for examination, treatment and follow-up of people with co-morbid drug disorder and mental disorder. Aim: The aim of this study is to find an answer to if motivational interviewing can be used by occupational therapists as an intervention for lifestyle change, in working with people that suffer from Co-occurring disorders. Method: Both qualitative and quantitative research studies has been used. The studies were chosen on the basis of selected exclusion and inclusion criteria. Results: The results show how MI as an intervention has an impact on patients with exaggerated use of alcohol and/or other drugs, along with mental illnesses. Conclusion: The findings indicate that MI as an intervention matches occupational therapy approaches for people in a change process, and is an intervention that can be used by occupational therapists in their work.

miRNAs are small 22 nucleotide RNAs that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. It has been proposed that dietary plant miRNAs can enter the human bloodstream and regulate host transcripts, however these findings have been widely disputed. We here conduct the first comprehensive meta-study in the field, surveying the presence and abundances of cross-species miRNAs (xenomiRs) in 824 sequencing datasets from various human tissues and body fluids. We find that xenomiRs are commonly present in tissues (17%) and body fluids (69%), however the abundances are low, comprising 0.001% of host human miRNA counts. Further, we do not detect a significant enrichment of xenomiRs in sequencing data originating from tissues and body fluids that are exposed to dietary intake (such as liver). Likewise, there is no significant depletion of xenomiRs in tissues and body fluids that are relatively separated from the main bloodstream (such as brain and cerebro-spinal fluids). Interestingly, the majority (81%) of body fluid xenomiRs stem from rodents, which are rare human dietary contributions, but common laboratory animals. Body fluid samples from the same studies tend to group together when clustered by xenomiR compositions, suggesting technical batch effects. Last, we performed carefully designed and controlled animal feeding studies, in which we detected no transfer of plant miRNAs into rat blood, or bovine milk sequences into piglet blood. In summary, our comprehensive computational and experimental results indicate that xenomiRs originate from technical artifacts rather than dietary intake.

miRNAs are small 22-nucleotide RNAs that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. It has been proposed that dietary plant miRNAs can enter the human bloodstream and regulate host transcripts; however, these findings have been widely disputed. We here conduct the first comprehensive meta-study in the field, surveying the presence and abundances of cross-species miRNAs (xenomiRs) in 824 sequencing data sets from various human tissues and body fluids. We find that xenomiRs are commonly present in tissues (17%) and body fluids (69%); however, the abundances are low, comprising 0.001% of host human miRNA counts. Further, we do not detect a significant enrichment of xenomiRs in sequencing data originating from tissues and body fluids that are exposed to dietary intake (such as liver). Likewise, there is no significant depletion of xenomiRs in tissues and body fluids that are relatively separated from the main bloodstream (such as brain and cerebro-spinal fluids). Interestingly, the majority (81%) of body fluid xenomiRs stem from rodents, which are a rare human dietary contribution but common laboratory animals. Body fluid samples from the same studies tend to group together when clustered by xenomiR compositions, suggesting technical batch effects. Last, we performed carefully designed and controlled animal feeding studies, in which we detected no transfer of plant miRNAs into rat blood, or bovine milk sequences into piglet blood. In summary, our comprehensive computational and experimental results indicate that xenomiRs originate from technical artifacts rather than dietary intake.