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An automotive 2.1 μm CMOS image sensor has been developed with a full-depth deep trench isolation and an advanced readout circuit technology. To achieve a high dynamic range, we employ a sub-pixel structure featuring a high conversion gain of a large photodiode and a lateral overflow of a small photodiode connected to an in-pixel storage capacitor. With the sensitivity ratio of 10, the expanded dynamic range could reach 120 dB at 85 °C by realizing a low random noise of 0.83 e- and a high overflow capacity of 210 ke-. An over 25 dB signal-to-noise ratio is achieved during HDR image synthesis by increasing the full-well capacity of the small photodiode up to 10,000 e- and suppressing the floating diffusion leakage current at 105 °C.

Purpose This study aimed to identify differences in ankle laxity in chronic ankle instability (CAI), coper, and control groups, and a correlation between ankle laxity, self-reported function, and perceived instability. Methods Sixty-six participants (22 CAI patients, 22 copers, and 22 controls) selected by recommendations of the International Ankle Consortium volunteered for this study. Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Activities of Daily Living (FAAM-ADL), FAAM-Sports, and Ankle Instability Instrument (AII) were used to assess participants’ self-reported function and perceived instability. The FAAM-ADL and FAAM-Sports are reported as a percentage. Higher scores indicate better function. The AII is reported as “yes” responses while more “yes” responses indicate higher instability. Three trials of anterior/posterior (A/P) displacement and inversion/eversion (I/E) displacement were assessed by an instrumented ankle arthrometer. Greater displacement indicates higher laxity. The ankle positioned in sagittal− and frontal-plane neutral while A/P and I/E displacement were assessed with 125 N and 4 N-m, respectively. The means of three trials were used for data analysis. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc comparisons (α=0.05) were performed to identify differences in ankle laxity between groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to identify a relationship between ankle laxity, self-reported function, and perceived instability. Results CAI patients show greater A/P displacement compared to control group (p