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Additional file 1: Procedures for model identification. Fig. S1. Flowchart of sample identification. Table S1. Descriptive statistics of resilience indicators across the survey waves (N = 1052)*. Table S2. Frequency of each chronic medical condition in the whole sample. Table S3. Comparison between participants with and without chronic medical conditions at baseline*. Table S4. Descriptive statistics at the first wave of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with a chronic condition included vs excluded (because did not fill at least three waves of the survey). Table S5. Gender distribution of participants.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder, which is associated with emotional and cognitive functioning problems. Psychological interventions, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (tf-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are effective in reducing PTSD symptoms. Despite evidence showing that PTSD is associated with neurocognitive deficits, there is no systematic overview available on neurocognitive outcomes following treatment for PTSD. The current systematic review examined whether psychological treatments for PTSD improve neurocognitive functioning outcomes related to memory, attention, information processing, and executive functioning. Method: A literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, and Cochrane Library was performed up to March 7, 2022, in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Eligible PTSD treatment studies examining neurocognitive outcomes (memory, attention, information processing and executive function) in patients with a DSM-IV or ICD diagnosis of PTSD were included. Results: Of the 3023 titles and abstracts identified, 9 articles met inclusion criteria, of which 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 non-randomized studies. Treatments included were cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), brief eclectic psychotherapy (BEP), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), virtual reality graded exposure therapy (VR-GET), and resilience-oriented treatment (ROT). Conclusions: This systematic review showed that psychological treatments for PTSD do not affect most neurocognitive functions, with exception of the memory outcomes. Future research, high-quality studies are needed to provide evidence of the effect of psychological treatment in improving neurocognitive functioning in PTSD. HIGHLIGHTS: This systematic review investigated the effects of psychological treatments on neurocognitive functioning in adults with PTSD. This review showed that most studies were very heterogeneous in design, method, and analysis. This review supports the evidence for psychological treatments for PTSD on improving memory outcomes.

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Pregnancy is a period in which women can experience or develop feelings of anxiety. Research shows that particularly high levels of pregnancy-related anxiety may have detrimental effects on childbirth and child development. One could assume that general anxiety, or a tendency to worry and ruminate, and pregnancy-related anxiety are (strongly) interrelated. Similarly, pregnancy-related anxiety and depression may be associated, as both may develop during pregnancy and reflect an internalizing pattern of symptoms. Yet, recent studies suggest that pregnancy-related anxiety denotes an emotional state that is more contextually based than general anxiety and is clearly linked to concerns about one’s current pregnancy and as such may reflect a distinct type of anxiety occurring in pregnancy only. This chapter starts with describing normal patterns of change in maternal psychological well-being during pregnancy, including the occurrence and pattern over time of pregnancy-related anxiety. Next, this chapter will provide an overview of studies that examined the interrelationship of pregnancy-related anxiety and general anxiety or depression, across pregnancy. Finally, it describes the predictive validity of pregnancy-related anxiety, when compared to more general measures of anxiety across pregnancy.

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Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose a major public health concern. In recent years, technological (i.e., e-health) interventions have emerged and are increasingly offered in a variety of settings, including substance use treatment. E-health interventions encompass a wide variety of advantages depending on the chosen delivery format. This chapter discusses existing interventions and the effectiveness of delivering them as an e-health intervention, with a focus on randomized controlled trials, for the treatment of alcohol, cannabis, opioid, psychostimulant, or poly-substance use, as well as in transdiagnostic interventions. Based on the literature, suggestions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.

Growing up in an urban area has been associated with an increased chance of mental health problems in adults, but less is known about this association in adolescents. We examined whether current urbanicity was associated with mental health problems directly and indirectly via biological stress system functioning. Participants (n = 323) were adolescents from the Dutch general population. Measures included home and laboratory assessments of autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, neighborhood-level urbanicity and socioeconomic status, and mother- and adolescent self-reported mental health problems. Structural equation models showed that urbanicity was not associated with mental health problems directly. Urbanicity was associated with acute autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity such that adolescents who lived in more urban areas showed blunted biological stress reactivity. Furthermore, there was some evidence for an indirect effect of urbanicity on mother-reported behavioral problems via acute autonomic nervous system reactivity. Urbanicity was not associated with overall autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity or basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Although we observed some evidence for associations between urbanicity, biological stress reactivity and mental health problems, most of the tested associations were not statistically significant. Measures of long-term biological stress system functioning may be more relevant to the study of broader environmental factors such as urbanicity., Funding Agencies:Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development 3116.0002Behavioural Science Institute Fellowship (Radboud University)

Work-related stress is relatively common in modern society and is a major cause of sick-leave. Thus, effective stress reducing interventions are needed. This study examined the effects of mental training and mechanical massage, on employee's heart rate variability (HRV) and plasma cortisol at their workplaces. Moreover, it was investigated whether baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) can explain differences in effectiveness of the intervention. Ninety-three participants from four workplaces were randomly assigned to one of the five programs: (I) Mechanical massage and mental training combined, II) Mechanical massage, III) Mental training, IV) Pause, or V) Control. HRV and plasma cortisol were measured at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. SBP was measured at baseline. On the reduction of cortisol levels, a small effect of the mechanical massage program was found, whereas no effect was found for the other programs. None of the programs showed any effect on HRV. Nonetheless, when the level of systolic blood pressure was taken into account, some small beneficial effects on HRV and cortisol of mental training and the mechanical massage were found. This exploratory pilot-study provides useful information for future studies that aim to reduce stress among employees. Stavning i artikeln: Jasmin Müller