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1. Dents in the Veil: Protostellar feedback in Orion

Author

Ü. Kavak, J. Bally, J. R. Goicoechea, C. H. M. Pabst, F. F. S. van der Tak, A. G. G. M. Tielens, Dutch Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Universities Space Research Association (US), University of Stuttgart, University of Cologne, Ames Research Center, and Astronomy

Subjects
ISM kinematics and dynamics, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, HII regions, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, stars massive, stars: massive, ISM: jets and outflows, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, ISM bubbles, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, ISM jets and outflows, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, ISM: bubbles, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

17 pags., 18 figs., 3 tabs., Context. Interest in stellar feedback has recently increased because new studies suggest that radiative and mechanical feedback from young massive stars significantly regulates the physical and chemical composition of the interstellar medium. Recent SOFIA [C ii] 158 μm observations of the Orion Veil have revealed that the expanding bubble is powered by stellar winds and influenced by previously active molecular outflows of ionizing massive stars. Aims. We aim to investigate the mechanical feedback on the whole Veil shell by searching for jets and outflows that interact with the Veil shell and by determining the driving mechanisms of these collisions. Methods. We make use of the [C ii] 158 μm map of the Orion Nebula taken with the upGREAT instrument on board SOFIA. We image the [C ii] emission of more extreme local standard of rest velocities (ILSR) between 3 and 20 km s1 to pinpoint the high-velocity structures. Using position-velocity (PV) diagrams and high-velocity [C ii] emission, we search for spots of shock-accelerated [C ii]-emitting gas, so called dents. At these positions, we extract [C ii] line profiles to identify velocity components. We also compare the intensity distribution of the [C ii] emission with that of 8 μm PAH and 70 μm warm dust emission to see if there is a trend among these PDR tracers and to understand the origin of the dents. Results. We identify six dents on the Veil shell, with sizes between 0.3 and 1.35 pc and expansion velocities ranging from 4 to 14 km s1, relative to the expanding Veil shell. The [C ii] line widths toward the dents vary from 4 to 16 km s1 indicating that the dents are the result of interaction of the highly turbulent motions (e.g., shocked gas) with the Veil shell. Moreover, dents appear only in the [C ii] PV diagram, not in the 12CO or HI 21 cm diagrams. Furthermore, the intensity distribution of the [C ii] emission of the dents has a tight correlation with that of the 8 and 70 μm as long as the Orion Molecular Cloud or the Veil do not dominate its emission. Also, the observed dents do not have CO counterpart emission. These results indicate that the dents are made up of CO-dark H2 gas. In light of these findings, as well as the momenta of the dents and their dynamical timescales, we propose that the dents are created by the interaction of collimated jets and outflows from protostars in the Orion star-forming cloud with luminosities ranging from 103 to 104 L-, which indicates that they are B-type stars, with the surrounding Veil shell. However, it is challenging to pinpoint the driving stars as they may have moved from the original ejection points of the jets and outflows. Conclusions. We conclude that the dynamics of the expanding Veil shell is influenced not just by the O-type stars in the Trapezium cluster, but also by less massive stars, especially B-type stars, in the Orion Nebula. Mechanical feedback from protostars with a range of masses appears to play an important role in determining the morphology of H II regions and injecting turbulence into the medium., Studies of interstellar dust and gas at Leiden Observatory are supported by a Spinoza award from the Dutch Science agency, NWO. J.R.G. thanks the Spanish MICINN for funding support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00. This study was based on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA is jointly operated by the Universities Space Research Association Inc. (USRA), under NASA contract NAS2-97001, and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI), under DLR contract 50 OK 0901 to the University of Stuttgart. upGREAT is a development by the MPI für Radioastronomie and the KOSMA/Universität zu Köln, in cooperation with the DLR Institut für Optische Sensorsysteme. We acknowledge the work, during the C+ upGREAT square degree survey of Orion, of the USRA and NASA staff of the Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, the Ames Research Center in Mountain View (California), and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut.

Published
2022
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2. SOLIS XVI. Mass ejection and time variability in protostellar outflows: Cep E

Author

A. de A. Schutzer, P. R. Rivera-Ortiz, B. Lefloch, A. Gusdorf, C. Favre, D. Segura-Cox, A. López-Sepulcre, R. Neri, J. Ospina-Zamudio, M. De Simone, C. Codella, S. Viti, L. Podio, J. Pineda, R. O’Donoghue, C. Ceccarelli, P. Caselli, F. Alves, R. Bachiller, N. Balucani, E. Bianchi, L. Bizzocchi, S. Bottinelli, E. Caux, A. Chacón-Tanarro, F. Dulieu, J. Enrique-Romero, F. Fontani, S. Feng, J. Holdship, I. Jiménez-Serra, A. Jaber Al-Edhari, C. Kahane, V. Lattanzi, Y. Oya, A. Punanova, A. Rimola, N. Sakai, S. Spezzano, I. R. Sims, V. Taquet, L. Testi, P. Theulé, P. Ugliengo, C. Vastel, A. I. Vasyunin, F. Vazart, S. Yamamoto, A. Witzel, A. de A. Schutzer, P. R. Rivera-Ortiz, B. Lefloch, A. Gusdorf, C. Favre, D. Segura-Cox, A. L??pez-Sepulcre, R. Neri, J. Ospina-Zamudio, M. De Simone, C. Codella, S. Viti, L. Podio, J. Pineda, R. O'Donoghue, C. Ceccarelli, P. Caselli, F. Alve, R. Bachiller, N. Balucani, E. Bianchi, L. Bizzocchi, S. Bottinelli, E. Caux, A. Chacón-Tanarro, F. Dulieu, J. Enrique-Romero, F. Fontani, S. Feng, J. Holdship, I. Jiménez-Serra, A. Jaber Al-Edhari, C. Kahane, V. Lattanzi, Y. Oya, A. Punanova, A. Rimola, N. Sakai, S. Spezzano, I. R. Sim, V. Taquet, L. Testi, P. Theulé, P. Ugliengo, C. Vastel, A. I. Vasyunin, F. Vazart, S. Yamamoto, A. Witzel, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Astrophysique, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (CMLS), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University College of London [London] (UCL), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire de Radiopathologie (LRP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, Dip. Chimica 'G. Ciamician', Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Ural Federal University [Ekaterinburg] (UrFU), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), RIKEN - Institute of Physical and Chemical Research [Japon] (RIKEN), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Based on observations carried out with the IRAM NOEMA interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). AS, BL, PR-RO, acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 811312 for the project 'Astro-Chemical Origins' (ACO) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for the Project 'The Dawn of Organic Chemistry' (DOC) grant agreement No 741002. DSC is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-2102405. A.V. and A.P. are the members of the Max Planck Partner Group at the Ural Federal University. A.P. and A.V. acknowledge the support of the Russian Ministry of Science and Education via the State Assignment Contract no. FEUZ-2020-0038., European Project: 811312, LERMA Cergy (LERMA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), IGN (Spain), European Union [811312], European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union [741002], NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST-2102405], and Russian Ministry of Science and Education [FEUZ-2020-0038]

Subjects
DYNAMICS, MASS EJECTION, JETS AND OUTFLOWS [ISM], KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS [ISM], ISM JETS AND OUTFLOWS, TIME VARIABILITY, JET FORMATION, HIGH VELOCITY, FORMATION [STARS], ISM: kinematics and dynamic, KINEMATICS, ISM: jets and outflow, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, stars: formation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], astrochemistry, STARS FORMATION, ACCRETION PROCESS, PROTOSTARS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, VELOCITY, MASS LOSS RATE, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, ISM: jets and outflows, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], STARS
Abstract

Context. Protostellar jets are an important agent of star formation feedback, tightly connected with the mass-accretion process. The history of jet formation and mass ejection provides constraints on the mass accretion history and on the nature of the driving source. Aims. We characterize the time-variability of the mass-ejection phenomena at work in the class 0 protostellar phase in order to better understand the dynamics of the outflowing gas and bring more constraints on the origin of the jet chemical composition and the mass accretion history. Methods. Using the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometer, we have observed the emission of the CO 2–1 and SO NJ = 54–43 rotational transitions at an angular resolution of 1.0 00 (820 au) and 0.400 (330 au), respectively, toward the intermediate mass class 0 protostellar system Cep E. Results. The CO high-velocity jet emission reveals a central component of ≤400 au diameter associated with high-velocity molecular knots that is also detected in SO, surrounded by a collimated layer of entrained gas. The gas layer appears to be accelerated along the main axis over a length scale δ0 ∼ 700 au, while its diameter gradually increases up to several 1000 au at 2000 au from the protostar. The jet is fragmented into 18 knots of mass ∼10−3 M, unevenly distributed between the northern and southern lobes, with velocity variations up to 15 km s−1 close to the protostar. This is well below the jet terminal velocities in the northern (+65 km s−1) and southern (-125 km s-1)lobes. The knot interval distribution is approximately bimodal on a timescale of ∼50–80 yr, which is close to the jet driving protostar Cep E-A and ∼150−20 yr at larger distances >1200. The mass-loss rates derived from knot masses are steady overall, with values of 2.7 x 10−5 M yr−1 and 8.9 x 10−6 M yr−1 in the northern and southern lobe, respectively. Conclusions. The interaction of the ambient protostellar material with high-velocity knots drives the formation of a molecular layer around the jet. This accounts for the higher mass-loss rate in the northern lobe. The jet dynamics are well accounted for by a simple precession model with a period of 2000 yr and a mass-ejection period of 55 yr. © Authors 2022 741002; National Science Foundation, NSF: AST-2102405; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, MSCA: 811312; European Research Council, ERC; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: FEUZ-2020-0038; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS; Ural Federal University, UrFU interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). AS, BL, PR-RO, acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 811312 for the project “Astro-Chemical Origins” (ACO) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for the Project “The Dawn of Organic Chemistry” (DOC) grant agreement No 741002. DSC is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-2102405. A.V. and A.P. are the members of the Max Planck Partner Group at the Ural Federal University. A.P. and A.V. acknowledge the support of the Russian Ministry of Science and Education via the State Assignment Contract no. FEUZ-2020-0038. Based on observations carried out with the IRAM NOEMA interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). AS, BL, PR-RO, acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 811312 for the project "Astro-Chemical Origins" (ACO) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for the Project "The Dawn of Organic Chemistry" (DOC) grant agreement No 741002. DSC is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-2102405. A.V. and A.P. are the members of the Max Planck Partner Group at the Ural Federal University. A.P. and A.V. acknowledge the support of the Russian Ministry of Science and Education via the State Assignment Contract no. FEUZ-2020-0038.

Published
2022

3. Ambient magnetic field amplification in shock fronts of relativistic jets: an application to GRB afterglows.

Author

da Silva, G. Rocha, Falceta-Gonçalves, D., Kowal, G., and de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.

Subjects
*MAGNETIC fields, *WAVE amplification, *SHOCK waves, *RELATIVITY (Physics), *JETS (Fluid dynamics), *GAMMA ray bursts
Abstract

Strong downstream magnetic fields of the order of ∼1 G, with large correlation lengths, are believed to cause the large synchrotron emission at the afterglow phase of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Despite the recent theoretical efforts, models have failed to fully explain the amplification of the magnetic field, particularly in a matter-dominated scenario. We revisit the problem by considering the synchrotron emission to occur at the expanding shock front of a weakly magnetized relativistic jet over a magnetized surrounding medium. Analytical estimates and a number of high-resolution 2D relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (RMHD) simulations are provided. Jet opening angles of θ = 0°–20°, and ambient to jet density ratios of 10−4–102 were considered. We found that most of the amplification is due to compression of the ambient magnetic field at the contact discontinuity between the reverse and forward shocks at the jet head, with substantial pile-up of the magnetic field lines as the jet propagates sweeping the ambient field lines. The pile-up is maximum for θ → 0, decreasing with θ, but larger than in the spherical blast problem. Values obtained for certain models are able to explain the observed intensities. The maximum correlation lengths found for such strong fields is of lcorr ≤ 1014 cm, 2–6 orders of magnitude larger than the found in previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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4. Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS): VI. Chemical evolution of sulfuretted species along the outflows driven by the low-mass protostellar binary NGC 1333-IRAS4A

Author

V. Taquet, C. Codella, M. De Simone, A. López-Sepulcre, J. E. Pineda, D. Segura-Cox, C. Ceccarelli, P. Caselli, A. Gusdorf, M. V. Persson, F. Alves, E. Caux, C. Favre, F. Fontani, R. Neri, Y. Oya, N. Sakai, C. Vastel, S. Yamamoto, R. Bachiller, N. Balucani, E. Bianchi, L. Bizzocchi, A. Chacón-Tanarro, F. Dulieu, J. Enrique-Romero, S. Feng, J. Holdship, B. Lefloch, A. Jaber Al-Edhari, I. Jiménez-Serra, C. Kahane, V. Lattanzi, J. Ospina-Zamudio, L. Podio, A. Punanova, A. Rimola, I. R. Sims, S. Spezzano, L. Testi, P. Theulé, P. Ugliengo, A. I. Vasyunin, F. Vazart, S. Viti, A. Witzel, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), RIKEN - Institute of Physical and Chemical Research [Japon] (RIKEN), Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN), National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing] (NAOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University College of London [London] (UCL), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ural Federal University [Ekaterinburg] (UrFU), Departament de Química [Barcelona] (UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), IRAM PdBI/NOEMA Interferometer [V05B, V010, U003, L15AA], MPG (Germany)Max Planck Society, IGN (Spain), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grantEuropean Union (EU) [664931], PRIN-INAF 2016 'The Cradle of Life -GENESIS-SKA (General Conditions in Early Planetary Systems for the rise of life with SKA)', European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeEuropean Research Council (ERC) [741002], European MARIE SKLODOWSKA-CURIE ACTIONS under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [811312], French National Research Agency of the 'Origin of Life' project of the Universite Grenoble-AlpesFrench National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-15-IDEX-02], INSU/CNRS (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ceccarelli, C. [0000-0001-9664-6292], Balucani, N. [0000-0001-5121-5683], Rimola, A. [0000-0002-9637-4554], Al Edhari, A. J. [0000-0003-4089-841X], De Oliveira Alves, F. [0000-0002-7945-064X], Lefloch, B. [0000-0002-9397-3826], Persson, M. V. [0000-0002-1100-5734], Bachiller, R. [0000-0002-5331-5386], Pineda, J. [0000-0002-3972-1978], Segura Cox, D. [0000-0003-3172-6763], IRAM PdBI/NOEMA Interferometer, V05B V010 U003 L15AA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), ANR-15-IDEX-0002,UGA,IDEX UGA(2015), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), European Research Council (ERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Taquet V., Codella C., De Simone M., Lopez-Sepulcre A., Pineda J.E., Segura-Cox D., Ceccarelli C., Caselli P., Gusdorf A., Persson M.V., Alves F., Caux E., Favre C., Fontani F., Neri R., Oya Y., Sakai N., Vastel C., Yamamoto S., Bachiller R., Balucani N., Bianchi E., Bizzocchi L., Chacon-Tanarro A., Dulieu F., Enrique-Romero J., Feng S., Holdship J., Lefloch B., Jaber Al-Edhari A., Jimenez-Serra I., Kahane C., Lattanzi V., Ospina-Zamudio J., Podio L., Punanova A., Rimola A., Sims I.R., Spezzano S., Testi L., Theule P., Ugliengo P., Vasyunin A.I., Vazart F., Viti S., and Witzel A.

Subjects
MILLIMETER ARRAYS, Binary number, CHEMICAL EVOLUTION, ISM: molecule, Astrophysics, Space (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, ISM: abundances, CHEMICAL CONDITIONS, ISM jets and outflows, ABUNDANCES [ISM], jets and outflows -ISM, CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ISM abundances, Astrochemistry, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], ASTROCHEMISTRY, Shock (fluid dynamics), INTERSTELLAR ICE, SUBMILLIMETRE TELESCOPES, NGC 1333-IRAS4A, ISM: abundance, ISM: molecules, stars formation, Radial velocity, ISM: jets and outflows, ISM individual objects NGC1333-IRAS4A, ISM: individual objects: NGC 1333-IRAS4A, CHEMICAL HISTORY, Low Mass, molecules -stars, Stars: formation, individual objects, JETS AND OUTFLOWS [ISM], FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), INDIVIDUAL OBJECTS: NGC 1333-IRAS4A [ISM], SILICON COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE, ISM molecules, astrochemistry -ISM, FORMATION [STARS], 0103 physical sciences, Protostar, ISM: jets and outflow, formation -ISM, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, abundances -ISM, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), MOLECULES [ISM], Outflow, MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS, STARS
Abstract

Context. Low-mass protostars drive powerful molecular outflows that can be observed with millimetre and submillimetre telescopes. Various sulfuretted species are known to be bright in shocks and could be used to infer the physical and chemical conditions throughout the observed outflows. Aims. The evolution of sulfur chemistry is studied along the outflows driven by the NGC 1333-IRAS4A protobinary system located in the Perseus cloud to constrain the physical and chemical processes at work in shocks. Methods. We observed various transitions from OCS, CS, SO, and SO2 towards NGC 1333-IRAS4A in the 1.3, 2, and 3 mm bands using the IRAM NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array and we interpreted the observations through the use of the Paris-Durham shock model. Results. The targeted species clearly show different spatial emission along the two outflows driven by IRAS4A. OCS is brighter on small and large scales along the south outflow driven by IRAS4A1, whereas SO2 is detected rather along the outflow driven by IRAS4A2 that is extended along the north east-south west direction. SO is detected at extremely high radial velocity up to + 25 km s-1 relative to the source velocity, clearly allowing us to distinguish the two outflows on small scales. Column density ratio maps estimated from a rotational diagram analysis allowed us to confirm a clear gradient of the OCS/SO2 column density ratio between the IRAS4A1 and IRAS4A2 outflows. Analysis assuming non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium of four SO2 transitions towards several SiO emission peaks suggests that the observed gas should be associated with densities higher than 105 cm-3 and relatively warm (T > 100 K) temperatures in most cases. Conclusions. The observed chemical differentiation between the two outflows of the IRAS4A system could be explained by a different chemical history. The outflow driven by IRAS4A1 is likely younger and more enriched in species initially formed in interstellar ices, such as OCS, and recently sputtered into the shock gas. In contrast, the longer and likely older outflow triggered by IRAS4A2 is more enriched in species that have a gas phase origin, such as SO2., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020

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