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Impatiens devendrae Pusalkar is reported here as a new distribution record for the flora of Jammu & Kashmir from the Nathatop area in the forest range Batote of Ramban District. The identifying characteristics of the species include the presence of yellow streaks on the triangular lateral united petals, pinkish-white flowers, oblongbucciniform lower sepals, abruptly constricted into hooked spurs. Previously, the species was reported from Uttarakhand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most models of decision-making assume that individuals assign options absolute values, animals often assess options comparatively, violating principles of economic rationality. Such 'irrational' preferences are especially common when two rewards vary along multiple dimensions of quality and a third, 'decoy' option is available. Bumblebees are models of decision-making, yet whether they are subject to decoy effects is unknown. We addressed this question using bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) choosing between flowers that varied in their nectar concentration and reward rate. We first gave bees a choice between two flower types, one higher in concentration and the other higher in reward rate. Bees were then given a choice between these flowers and either a 'concentration' or 'rate' decoy, designed to be asymmetrically dominated on each axis. The rate decoy increased bees' preference in the expected direction, while the concentration decoy did not. In a second experiment, we manipulated choices along two single reward dimensions to test whether this discrepancy was explained by differences in how concentration versus reward rate were evaluated. We found that low-concentration decoys increased bees' preference for the medium option as predicted, whereas low-rate decoys had no effect. Our results suggest that both low- and high-value flowers can influence pollinator preferences in ways previously unconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress or oxidative cell damage may lead to various systemic or chronic diseases including cancer. Therefore, there is a need to prevent the cells from oxidative stress resulting prevention of disease. As a consequence of this, our study investigated the anti-oxidant property of hydroethanolic Impatiens balsamina L. flower extracts using various antioxidant assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging assay, catalase assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging activity. The results revealed the potent antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), catalase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging activities. The extract showed efficient inhibitions at 100 µg/ml as 56%, 69%, 67%, 56%, and 59% for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), catalase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, respectively. Overall, hydroethanolic I. balsamina flower extracts had potent antioxidant activity that could be used as a therapeutic agent in the management of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens walleriana is of great ornamental value, but it may suffer growth inhibition when it is exposed to sub-low temperatures for a long time. Although there are many studies on the positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cold tolerance, whether AMF could alleviate the sub-low temperature injury of Impatiens walleriana is unknown. In this experiment, two kinds of Impatiens walleriana were inoculated with AMF and treated with sub-low temperature to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Impatiens walleriana seedlings. The results showed that the plant height of 'Super Elf (Rose red)' under stress and inoculated with 50 g and 100 g AMF compared to sub-low temperature treatment increased by 4.94% and 19.01%, and the plant height of 'Super Elf (red)' under stress and inoculated with 50 g and 100 g AMF increased by 3.11% and 17.03%, respectively. Compared to sub-low temperature treatment, the stem diameter of 'Super Elf (Rose red)' under stress and inoculated with 50 g and 100g AMF increased by 47.17% and 50.94%, respectively. The same mitigation effect was observed in 'Super Elf (red)'. Compared with sub-low temperature treatment, Fv'/Fm', Y(II) and qP of 'Super Elf (Rose red)' inoculated with 50 g AMF significantly increased by 75.76%, 52.17%, and 43.48%, while NPQ significantly decreased by 2.96 times, whereas the corresponding values for 'Super Elf (Rose red)' inoculated with 100 g AMF increased by 87.88%, 82.61%, and 65.22%, while NPQ significantly increased by 1.47 times. Compared with sub-low temperature treatment, Fv'/Fm', Y(II) and qP of 'Super Elf (red)' inoculated with 50 g AMF significantly increased by 53.49%, 28.95%, and 29.31%, while NPQ significantly decreased by 0.84 times, whereas the corresponding values for 'Super Elf (red)' inoculated with 100 g AMF increased by 53.49%, 23.68%, and 22.41%, while NPQ significantly increased by 3.48 times. Meanwhile, 'Super Elf (Rose red)' and 'Super Elf (red)' vaccination with AMF reduced the levels of O2− and H2O2 accumulation in leaves at sub-low temperatures and mitigated the extent of damage to cell membrane lipid peroxidation. Therefore, AMF inoculation can improve the tolerance of plants to sub-low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the efficacy and suitability of five different nutrient solutions, including Biolife, BKFast, Hoagland, Hydro Umat F and Knop, on the growth and development of Impatiens walleriana in a hydroponic system. The investigated parameters were branch numbers, canopy diameter, leaf size, flower numbers, floral longevity, flower diameter and flowering time. The results showed that Knop and Hydro Umat F were the most suitable solutions for the growth of hydroponic Impatiens walleriana. The highest floral longevity (7.64 to 7.67 days) and largest flower diameter (4.68 to 4.71 cm) were obtained from Knop and Hydro Umat F solution treatment, respectively. Besides, compared to the other four solutions, using the Knop solution helped impatiens have the earliest flowers (27.14 days) and the highest number of flowers (54.86 flowers). Based on the results of our study, we recommend using the Knop nutrient solution with a TDS concentration range of 750-800 ppm and a pH level range of 5.5-6.5 for three-week-old Impatiens walleriana seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Impatiens is an important genus with rich species of garden plants, and its distribution is extremely extensive, which is reflected in its diverse ecological environment. However, the specific mechanisms of Impatiens’ adaptation to various environments and the mechanism related to lignin remain unclear. Results Three representative Impatiens species,Impatiens chlorosepala (wet, low degree of lignification), Impatiens uliginosa (aquatic, moderate degree of lignification) and Impatiens rubrostriata (terrestrial, high degree of lignification), were selected and analyzed for their anatomical structures, lignin content and composition, and lignin-related gene expression. There are significant differences in anatomical parameters among the stems of three Impatiens species, and the anatomical structure is consistent with the determination results of lignin content. Furthermore, the thickness of the xylem and cell walls, as well as the ratio of cell wall thickness to stem diameter have a strong correlation with lignin content. The anatomical structure and degree of lignification in Impatiens can be attributed to the plant's growth environment, morphology, and growth rate. Our analysis of lignin-related genes revealed a negative correlation between the MYB4 gene and lignin content. The MYB4 gene may control the lignin synthesis in Impatiens by controlling the structural genes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway, such as HCT, C3H, and COMT. Nonetheless, the regulation pathway differs between species of Impatiens. Conclusions This study demonstrated consistency between the stem anatomy of Impatiens and the results obtained from lignin content and composition analyses. It is speculated that MYB4 negatively regulates the lignin synthesis in the stems of three Impatiens species by regulating the expression of structural genes, and its regulation mechanism appears to vary across different Impatiens species. This study analyses the variations among different Impatiens plants in diverse habitats, and can guide further molecular investigations of lignin biosynthesis in Impatiens.

Pollination biology in the widespread species Impatiens capensis Meerb. has only been studied in America, specifically in zones of the U.S.A. and Canada. In this study, we investigated the pollination biology of I. capensis using an integrative identification approach using morphological and molecular tools in four populations of Northwest Poland. We also determined and compared the functional characteristics of the pollinators of the introduced species from the study sites and the native ones reported, for the latter collecting information from bibliographic sources. Visitors were identified using standard morphological keys, including identifying and classifying insect mouthparts. Molecular identification was carried out using mitochondrial DNA's cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). We morphologically identified 20 species of visitors constituted by 17 pollinators and three nectar robbers. DNA barcoding of 59 individuals proved the identification of 18 species (also 18 BINs). The frequency of pollinator species was primarily made up of representatives of both Hymenoptera (75%) and Diptera (21%). The morphological traits, such as the chewing and sucking mouthparts, small and big body height, and robber and pollinator behavior explained mainly the native and introduced visitors' arrangements that allow pollination success. However, to understand the process comprehensively, further investigation of other causalities in pollination success and understanding the diversity of pollinators in outer native ranges are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impatiens is an important genus with rich species of garden plants, and its distribution is extremely extensive, which is reflected in its diverse ecological environment. However, the specific mechanisms of Impatiens' adaptation to various environments and the mechanism related to lignin remain unclear. Results: Three representative Impatiens species,Impatiens chlorosepala (wet, low degree of lignification), Impatiens uliginosa (aquatic, moderate degree of lignification) and Impatiens rubrostriata (terrestrial, high degree of lignification), were selected and analyzed for their anatomical structures, lignin content and composition, and lignin-related gene expression. There are significant differences in anatomical parameters among the stems of three Impatiens species, and the anatomical structure is consistent with the determination results of lignin content. Furthermore, the thickness of the xylem and cell walls, as well as the ratio of cell wall thickness to stem diameter have a strong correlation with lignin content. The anatomical structure and degree of lignification in Impatiens can be attributed to the plant's growth environment, morphology, and growth rate. Our analysis of lignin-related genes revealed a negative correlation between the MYB4 gene and lignin content. The MYB4 gene may control the lignin synthesis in Impatiens by controlling the structural genes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway, such as HCT, C3H, and COMT. Nonetheless, the regulation pathway differs between species of Impatiens. Conclusions: This study demonstrated consistency between the stem anatomy of Impatiens and the results obtained from lignin content and composition analyses. It is speculated that MYB4 negatively regulates the lignin synthesis in the stems of three Impatiens species by regulating the expression of structural genes, and its regulation mechanism appears to vary across different Impatiens species. This study analyses the variations among different Impatiens plants in diverse habitats, and can guide further molecular investigations of lignin biosynthesis in Impatiens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) queens endure cold winter months by entering a diapause state. During this overwintering period, these animals use stored energy reserves while maintaining a low metabolic rate. This study investigates changes in the metabolic rate of bumble bee queens during diapause-like laboratory conditions and the potential reorganization of the flight muscle metabolic properties during this period. We first confirmed the hypometabolic state of queens during diapause in the laboratory, which lowered their resting metabolic rate to less than 5% of normal resting values. Body mass decreased during diapause, body composition changed where carbohydrates decreased initially, and later protein declined, with a similar trend for lipid content. Using cellular respirometry, we determined the capacity of the flight muscle cells of bumble bee queens to use various metabolic fuels and whether this capacity changes during the progression of diapause to favor stored lipid-derived substrates. Queens showed a low capacity to oxidize the amino acid proline, compared with workers, and their capacity to oxidize all metabolic substrates did not change during a 4-mo diapause period in the laboratory. We also show no detectable ability to oxidize fatty acid by flight muscle mitochondria in this species. The metabolic properties of flight muscle tissue were further characterized using metabolic enzyme activity profiles showing little change during diapause, indicating that profound metabolic suppression is induced without major changes in muscle metabolic phenotypes. Overall, B. impatiens queens undergo diapause while maintaining flight muscle capacity under the conditions used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Impatiens comprises more than 1000 species and displays enormous morphological diversity. As a taxon that is notoriously difficult to classify morphologically, the taxonomic significance of pollen morphology has been discussed in previous studies. However, there was only limited study on the evolution of palynological and macroscopic character in this genus before. In this paper, we observed pollen of 143 species of Impatiens, including all representatives of infrageneric groups and discussed their taxonomic value. Meanwhile, based on the reconstructed phylogenetic framework, we selected five pollen traits, and nine macroscopic traits including both vegetative and reproductive organs for evolutionary analysis. The character reconstruction showed that the morphology and number of aperture, granules in lumina, seed number of per capsule, number of sepals, lateral united petals connate, spur length, and phyllotaxy could be identified as unambiguous, while other characters were ambiguous in the last common ancestor of Impatiens. The results of comprehensively macroscopic characters and palynological evidence suggest that these traits experienced a complicated evolution, exhibit high levels of instability and variability and occur character multiple reversals in the evolutionary processes of Impatiens due to different selection pressures. In addition, we found that there is an evident mosaic evolution in this genus. Pollen and macroscopic character are conserved with a slower evolutionary rate in the I. subgen. Clavicarpa, however, these characters showed higher diversity with a rapid rate of evolution in the I. subgen. Impatiens. Furthermore, the relationship between floral morphology and pollinators was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens karenensis (I. sect. Semeiocardium) from Kayin State, Myanmar is described and illustrated here. It is most similar to I. micromeris, but differs in having lower petals with outer margins strongly undulate in the lower half (vs. lower petals entire), apex of upper petals acute to obtuse (vs. apex rounded), short stout spur, ± as long as the depth of lower sepal, ca. 2.5 mm long (vs. long attenuate spur, twice as long as the depth of lower sepal, ca. 5 mm long). Its conservation status is also assessed as Critically Endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens uliginosa is a plant of the Impatiens, with peculiar flowers. In this study, we combined morphogenesis and molecular biology to explore its development of flowers. An analysis of basic observational data and paraffin sectioning showed that it took approximately 13 d for the floral organs to differentiate. An analysis of the development of inflorescences and floral organs by scanning electron microscopy showed that the inflorescence of I. uliginosa is a spiral raceme. The floral organs differentiated in the following order: lateral sepals (Ls), posterior sepal (Ps), anterior sepals (As), anterior petal (Ap), lateral petals (Lp), stamens (St) and gynoecium (Gy). I. uliginosa was found to have four sepals, and the connate stamens are caused by the fusion and growth of filament appendages. The results of fluorescence quantification and virus-induced gene silencing showed that I. uliginosa had its own unique model for flower development, and there was functional diversity of IuAP1 and IuDEF. Among them, IuAP1 controls the formation of bract s (Br), regulates the morphogenesis of posterior sepal, controls the anthocyanin precipitation of the anterior petals and the formation of lateral petals. IuDEF regulates the morphogenesis of lateral sepals, the length of development of the spur, and controls the size of yellow flower color plaques of the lateral petals. In this study, the process of flower development and the function of flower development genes of I. uliginosa were preliminarily verified. This study provides basic guidance and new concepts that can be used to study the development of Impatiens flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens platypetala Lindl. (Balsaminaceae) with a small and white flower variant was recently discovered in West Java, Indonesia. This variant was known for some time but rarely found and collected in the field, thus there is little information on this flora. This specimen resembles I. platypetala based on morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) was performed to check its relationship with other I. platypetala accessions. The ITS result showed that the small white flower Impatiens was nested in I. platypetala clade, thus this is only a variant of I. platypetala. Therefore, a new variety, I. platypetala var. minialba Utami has been proposed here. A detailed description, notes on habitat and distribution, phenology, conservation status, and photographs of the small and white flower variety are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes Impatiens yingjingensis X.Q. Song, B.N. Song & Biao Yang, sp. nov., a new species collected from the Yingjing area of the Giant Panda National Park. This new species is distributed at an altitude of 1400-2100 m, with a plant height of 30-130 cm. The flowers are purple-red or light purple red, with 3-9 flowers on each inflorescence and the dorsal auricle of the lateral united petals is thread-like and about 2 cm long, differing significantly from other species of Impatiens. Furthermore, molecular data, as well as micro-morphological evidence under SEM (of pollens), also support the establishment of the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens uliginosa is a native and potential water body-restoring ornamental plant. In this study, RNA-Seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of its floral organs. Candidate genes related to flower color changes under copper stress were investigated through transcriptome screening, and the intrinsic mechanism of the effects of different concentrations of copper on I. uliginosa was revealed at the molecular level. The main findings were as follows: (1) Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on the flower organs of I. uliginosa treated with different concentrations of copper (0 mg·L−1, 10 mg·L−1, and 20 mg·L−1). A total of 70,319 transcripts and 39,949 unigenes were obtained. An analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed structural genes including GT, ANS, CHI, and PAL; transcription factors including MYB and WD40; and transport factors including GST and ABC. (2) The gene expression levels of flower color changed in the flowering period of I. uliginosa at different copper concentrations. The expression levels of IuGT and IuGST genes in I. uliginosa were significantly different under different concentrations of copper treatments. Their expression levels were the highest at a copper concentration of 0 mg·L−1 and the lowest at 20 mg·L−1. In summary, the low expression of IuGT and IuGST genes was more conducive to the formation of white flowers of I. uliginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower color is a major feature of ornamental plants, and the rich flower color of plants is an important factor in determining their ornamental and economic values, so flower color is an important research target for gardening and horticulture breeders at home and abroad. Our research group collected four colors of Impatiens uliginosa (white, pink, red, and deep red) during the collection of germplasm resources in the field. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the four flower colors of I. uliginosa by using RNA-Seq technology. The transcriptomes were screened to identify candidate genes related to flower color, and the coloring mechanisms of four flower colors were revealed at the molecular level. The main findings were as follows: (1) The number of the four different transcripts ranged from 64,723 to 93,522 and contained a total of 100,705 unigenes. (2) The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed structural genes including C4H, FLS, PAL, and ANS and transcription factors including MYB, MYB-related, AP2-EREBP, and bHLH. (3) Among the four flower colors of I. uliginosa, the C4H1 gene had the highest expression in pink flowers, and the C4H2 gene had the highest expression in red flowers. This indicated that C4H genes positively regulated the red flower color of I. uliginosa. However, FLS expression was the highest in white flowers, and with deepening flower color, FLS gene expression gradually weakened, acting as a negative regulator. The results of this study could lay the theoretical foundation for investigating the mechanism of coloration and flower color variation in I. uliginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens beipanjiangensis Jian Xu & H. F. Hu (Balsaminaceae), a new species of Impatiens subg. Clavicarpa discovered in Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated in this study along with its molecular phylogenetic analysis. I. beipanjiangensis is similar to I. liboensis, I. chishuiensis and I. clavigera in morphology, but I. tubulosa has the closest relationship to it. However, there are various ways in which the new species can be easily distinguished from these four species: Inferior nodes swollen rhizoid, pale green and with hooked outer sepals, longer lateral united petals, subovate auricle, deeper lower sepal and shorter spur that is reflexed towards the lower sepal. Furthermore, I. beipanjiangensis is distinguished from other Impatiens species, based on morphological, micromorphological and palynological evidence and molecular data (PP 0.967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Flower color is one of the important ornamental traits in the plants, which plays an active role in attracting pollinators to pollinate plants and reproduce their offspring. The flower color of Impatiens uliginosa is rich, there are four main flower colors in nature: deep red, red, pink, and white. However, it remains unclear whether on four different flower colors mechanism of I. uliginosa. Methods: We investigate colorimetric measurement, observation of epidermal cells, cellular pH determination, extraction and determination of total anthocyanins and flavonoid, semi-quantitative determination of pigment components, and gene cloning and qRT-PCR of CHS genes to study four flower colors of I. uliginosa. Results: The L* and b* values were the highest in white flower, while the a* values were the highest in pink flower. The same shape of epidermal cells was observed in different flower colors, which was all irregular flat polygons, and there were partial lignification. Their cellular pH values were weakly acidic, while the pH values of the deep red flower was the highest and the white flower was the lowest. The highest pigment content of the four flower colors was total anthocyanin content. And malvidin-3-galactosidechloride (C23H25ClO12), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C21H21O11) and delphinidin (C15H11O7) were the main pigment components affecting the color of four different flower colors. The anthocyanin synthesis gene IuCHS was expressed in four flowers, and all three copies of it had the highest expression level in pink flower and the lowest expression level in white flower. Discussion: These results revealed the influence of main internal factors on four different flower colors of I. uliginosa, and provided a basis for further understanding of the intracellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower color variation, and laid a foundation for the improvement of flower color breeding of Impatiens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) has emerged as a major pathogen of lettuce in the Salinas Valley of California. The virus is a member of the genus Orthotospovirus, and under natural conditions, is transmitted by the tiny insect, western flower thrips. Due to the high efficiency of virus transmission, chemical management of thrips vectors is often ineffective in preventing the spread of the disease. Utilization of genetic resistance will be a critical component for managing the disease; however, little is known about genetic sources of resistance in lettuce. Here, we evaluated 189 lettuce lines under natural disease pressure in four field experiments to identify INSV resistant germplasm. The stability of resistance was also evaluated using different inoculation methods under controlled conditions. Our results showed a significant variation (p < 0.0001) among lettuce cultivars for both INSV severity and incidence. We identified INSV resistant germplasm that belongs to different horticultural types and leaf color, including a red-leaf cultivar 'Eruption' with a high degree of genetic stability. Moreover, we characterized several factors influencing thrips and host plant relationships, including horticultural type, leaf color, and polyphenol concentration. Overall, INSV resistant germplasm identified in this study provide valuable resources for breeding of INSV resistant lettuce cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are widely reported to regulate plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. However, their possible application for bedding plants is little explored, especially when comparing different growing media. Considering that coconut coir dust is finding broader application in the ornamental plants sector as a peat substitute, this work was aimed to test the combination of Trichoderma atroviride AT10 and coconut coir dust on Impatiens walleriana plants. Four treatments were tested as a mix of: (i) two growing media (70:30), peat:perlite or coconut coir dust:perlite; and (ii) the absence or presence of a T. atroviride treatment. At the end of the production cycle, the biomass and ornamental parameters, leaf pigments, nutrient content of the plant tissues, and Trichoderma abundance were assessed. The results revealed that T. atroviride can readily colonize coir, and the same positive effects of inoculum were found in plants grown on both substrates. The biostimulant effect of T. atroviride was observed as an increase in the aboveground biomass, number and weight of flowers, pigments and nutrient concentration, thereby improving the commercial quality of I. walleriana. Thus, T. atroviride has shown its potential in making bedding plant cultivation more sustainable and improving the yield and aesthetic parameters of plants grown on peat and coconut coir dust substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens walleriana was introduced into Brazil and is now widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Impatiens plants from a public garden showing leaf mosaic and colour break symptoms were submitted to total RNA extraction and high throughput sequencing. Identity of 99% with Amaranthus leaf mottle virus (AmLMV, Potyvirus) was observed. This is the first report of AmLMV in both Impatiens walleriana and the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens mexicana is a native balsam restricted to the cloud forests of central and southwest Mexico, which is currently known to exist in four states (Zacatecas, Veracruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca), and is probably threatened by geographic restriction. Morphological and distributional information about this species is still scarce, with only a couple of investigations since its first description in 1910, which means the phylogenetic position of this species has yet to be placed. In order to contribute to knowledge of I. mexicana, morphological and molecular studies were carried out with material collected in the localities of Hidalgo, Veracruz, and Oaxaca, during expeditions from July to October 2021 and in 2022. The specimens selected were measured, photographed, and compared with morphological information from the six American balsams. At the same time, phylogenetic studies were carried out by using two regions of the cpDNA and one of the nrDNA. We report I. mexicana for the first time in Hidalgo state, and identify new registers in the Veracruz and Oaxaca localities, thus increasing the knowledge in its geographic distribution. We also redescribe the Mexican balsam by using new and complementary traits: we note that while the species is morphologically similar to I. capensis, it is distinguished by differences in flower color, the distribution of spot patterns on the upper petal, lower sepal, and lateral petals, and geographic information such as endemic geographic distribution in Mexico's Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF). We also carried out phylogenetic analyses by using ITS and ITS + atpb-rbcL, which showed the Mexican balsam was independent from its Asian-American congeners. Interestingly, our genetic distance analyses reveal differences of 0.01–0.16% between I. mexicana and the other North American congeners that use ITS, atpb-rbcL and trnL-F, both independently and as concatenated genes: this low divergence most likely occurred because of the recent diversification of the group. However, both future redescriptions and phylogenetic studies in American species are imperative, as this will enable better discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence for a trade-off between reproduction and immunity has manifested in many animal species, including social insects. However, investigations in social insect queens present a conundrum: new gynes of many social hymenopterans, such as bumble bees and ants, must first mate, then transition from being solitary to social as they establish their nests, thus experiencing confounding shifts in environmental conditions. Worker bumble bees offer an opportunity to investigate patterns of immune protein expression associated with ovary activation while minimizing extraneous environmental factors and genetic differences. Here, we use proteomics to interrogate the patterns of immune protein expression of female bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) by (i) sampling queens at different stages of their life cycle, then (ii) by sampling workers with different degrees of ovary activation. Patterns of immune protein expression in the haemolymph of queens are consistent with a reproduction–immunity trade-off, but equivalent samples from workers are not. This brings into question whether queen bumble bees really experience a reproduction–immunity trade-off, or if patterns of immune protein expression may actually be due to the selective pressure of the different environmental conditions they are exposed to during their life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Balsaminaceae, Impatiens brahmagiriana, under the section Annuae, collected from the Brahmagiri peak in the Wayanad district of Kerala located in the southern Western Ghats of India, is described here. This species shares morphological similarities with I. inconspicua Benth. ex Wight & Arn., and I. madapurae Bhaskar & Sringesw., but differs in the leaf character, number of flowers, length and pubescent nature of pedicels, standard petal, lateral sepals, wing petals, dorsal auricle, lip and spur. A detailed description, photographic plate and comparison table are provided to ease species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens bungeilang Mustaqim is described here as a species new to science based on plants collected from the northern Gayo Plateau, northern Sumatra. A detailed description, notes on distribution, ecology, phenology, notes, and color photographs are provided. According to the IUCN Red List Criteria, this species is here considered Critically Endangered due to its small geographic range and heavily fragmented as well as degraded habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate in detail the pollen wall ontogeny in Impatiens glandulifera, with emphasis on the substructure and the underlying mechanisms of development. Sporopollenin-containing pollen wall, the exine, consists of two parts, ectexine and endexine. By determining the sequence of developing substructures with TEM, we have in mind to understand in which way the exine substructure is connected with function. We have shown earlier that physical processes of self-assembly and phase separation are universally involved in ectexine development; currently, we try to clear up whether these processes participate in endexine development. The data received were compared with those on other species. The ectexine ontogeny of I. glandulifera followed the main stages observed in many other species, including the late tetrad stage named "Golden gates". It turned out that the same physico-chemical processes act in endexine development, especially expressed in aperture sites. Another peculiar phenomenon observed in exine development was the recurrency of micellar sequence at near-aperture and aperture sites where the periplasmic space is widened. It should be noted that, in the whole, the developmental substructures observed during the tetrad and early post-tetrad period are similar in species with columellate exines. Evidently, these basic physical processes proceed, reiterating again and again in different species, resulting in an enormous variety of exine structures on the base of a relatively modest number of genes. Granular and alveolar exines emerge on the base of the same basic processes but are arrested at spherical and cylindrical micelle mesophases correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamochaeta Wedd. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) is a New World genus with a center of diversity in South America. The genus is characterized by capitula usually arranged in spikes or headlike clusters; pistillate florets outnumbering the bisexual florets; truncate style branches with apical sweeping trichomes; pappus bristles connate at the base into a ring that falls as a unit; and achenes with usually globose twin trichomes. We present here the first morphometric analysis of this genus. Based upon these results, 53 species are recognized, and two are newly synonymized: G. neuquensis Cabrera under the name G. chamissonis (DC.) Cabrera, and G. impatiens G. L. Nesom under the name G. americana (Mill.) Wedd. A lectotype is newly designated for Gnaphalium spiciforme Sch. Bip. The occurrence in southern Argentina of Gamochaeta procumbens (Phil.) Cabrera is reported for the first time, and G. standleyi (Steyerm.) G. L. Nesom is new for Colombia. One species, Gamochaeta thouarsii (Spreng.) Anderb., is treated as dubious. A key to the species is provided, as well as morphological descriptions, synonymy, distribution and habitat information, distinguishing characters, taxonomic affinities, distribution maps, illustrations of the species, and additional material examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens is rich in germplasm resources, with more than 260 species in China. A study on the pollen micromorphology of Impatiens by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the pollen characteristics were richly diverse, and there was some correlation among the characteristics. In addition, the micromorphological index can be used for an effective cluster analysis of Impatiens. However, there was high interspecific similarity in some Impatiens, and the classification of Impatiens cannot be accurate to the species using pollen characteristics. Based on the classification conditions of Impatiens, the characteristics of the pollen structure were found to be useful to classify Impatiens into subgenera or smaller groups. The macroscopic characteristics and the number of sepals (NS) were used as references, which enabled the conclusion that there were 11 indices in the pollen micromorphological index, and the taxonomic effect was greater than the NS. In summary, the pollen micromorphology of Impatiens plays an important role in the classification of Impatiens. The purpose of this study was to explore this characteristic of Impatiens, which has some reference significance to supplement the pollen characteristics and palynological classification of Impatiens. The goal for this research was to aid in the interspecific identification and genetic breeding of Impatiens.

The study of the semiochemicals produced by the flowers of Impatiens spp. is an important topic that may explain the reason for the rapid expansion of some species in this genus. Impatiens L. belongs to the Balsaminaceae family, which includes several species considered to be invasive plants in Europe. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemistry of four naturally occurring plant species in Poland, including three invasive alien taxa (Impatiens parviflora, I. glandulifera, and I. capensis) and one native species (I. noli-tangere). Gas chromatographic techniques were used to assess phytochemical profiles of chemical attractant cues in their pollination biology. We detected differences in the scent profiles of the investigated species. All the examined Impatiens species produce various alcohols, i.e., heptacosanol, octacosanol, aldehydes (e.g., octadecanal, eicosanal, etc.), and fatty acids, as well as long-chain hydrocarbons such as dodecane, tricosane, petacosane, hexacosane, and farnesene. Impatiens parviflora, I. glandulifera, and I. capensis produce geraniol and linalool, which attract members of the Apidae family, including bumblebees and honeybees. Impatiens parviflora also produces linalool-derived monoterpenes (linalool oxide and 8-hydroxylinalool), which are a strong attractant for Diptera; this may clarify why the species is mainly visited and pollinated by syrphid flies. A list of insect visitors to the Impatiens species under study can be found in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens pseudolaevigata Gogoi, B. B. T. Tham & Lidén was collected in August 2019 from the broadleaved forest of Zhemgang district, and is reported as new to the flora of Bhutan. Detailed descriptions, remarks on ecology, field notes, and images of the species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens is a genus of flowering plants widely distributed in Indonesia, with a high level of endemism. Some studies about on Impatiens have been conducted in Indonesia and several new species have recently been proposed, however, a list of all Indonesian Impatiens species has never been provided. Here, such a checklist of the Indonesian Impatiens species is presented to provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date inventory of this genus in the region. There are 52 species, plus 3 subspecies and 7 varieties, of Impatiens in Indonesia. Most of the species are distributed in Sumatra, some in Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan (Borneo), Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku and Papua. Sumatra has the highest number of Impatiens species in Indonesia (45 species), while the Maluku region has the least (two species). Most of the species are native (50 species) and endemic (46 species), with Sumatra being the endemic hotspot (39 species). Some Impatiens species, such as I. dewildeana, have expanded their distribution to new areas. The conservation status of Impatiens species in Indonesia has not been assessed previously, therefore, we follow IUCN, as a reference for determining the status of Impatiens in Indonesia, especially those endemic to Sumatra. It is concluded that a majority of the species is threatened, and several may already be extinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), belong to genus Orthotospovirus, causes severe damage to greenhouse ornamental plants. INSV reported from almost every ornamental screen house in Iran. INSV general symptoms include necrotic leaf spot, chlorosis and stunting in infected ornamental host plants. A total number of 581 ornamental samples of 58 different plant species with symptoms similar to those of INSV infection were collected in 4 provinces of Iran. The results indicated an average of 20.13 per cent virus incidence. INSV infection was recorded to be 28% in Mahallat, 24.5% in Tehran, 22.1% in Mazandaran and 16.4% in Guilan provinces. No record of INSV infection on ornamental samples was obtained from Khouzistan province (Dezful). From the total of 58 ornamental species tested, 33 species recorded positive for INSV. ELISA positive samples were rechecked by RT-PCR using a set of specific primers directed to the N-gene region, which were designed to detect and characterize the virus species. The primers amplified a 777 bp product of the nucleoprotein as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. The nucleotide sequence of amplicons was compared with related sequences, using Blast software available at NCBI GenBank, which showed highest similarity with impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) isolates. Accordingly, all genome components of the isolate shared 89-96.5 % nucleotide sequence identities with corresponding sequence of other Iranian and GenBank INSV isolates. The Iranian isolates were all placed in the same group and bore the most similarity to INSV isolates from the Netherlands, Italy and United States. In phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of N region, INSV from Iran appears to be closely related to the Japanese AB1099100 Verbena spp. isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impatiens sect. Impatiens is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has diversified considerably, particularly within the Hengduan Mountains (HDM) in southwest China. Yet, the infra-sectional phylogenetic relationships are not well resolved, largely due to limited taxon sampling and an insufficient number of molecular markers. The evolutionary history of its diversification is also poorly understood. In this study, plastome data and the most complete sampling to date were used to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic framework for this section. The phylogeny was then used to investigate its biogeographical history and diversification patterns, specifically with the aim of understanding the role played by the HDM and past climatic changes in its diversification. Results: A stable phylogeny was reconstructed that strongly supported both the monophyly of the section and its division into seven major clades (Clades I-VII). Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction suggest that sect. Impatiens originated in the HDM and Southeast China around 11.76 Ma, after which different lineages dispersed to Northwest China, temperate Eurasia, and North America, mainly during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. An intercontinental dispersal event from East Asia to western North America may have occurred via the Bering Land Bridge or Aleutian Islands. The diversification rate was high during its early history, especially with the HDM, but gradually decreased over time both within and outside the HDM. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the distribution pattern of species richness was strongly associated with elevation range, elevation, and mean annual temperature. Finally, ancestral niche analysis indicated that sect. Impatiens originated in a relatively cool, middle-elevation area. Conclusions: We inferred the evolutionary history of sect. Impatiens based on a solid phylogenetic framework. The HDM was the primary source or pump of its diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Orogeny and climate change may have also shaped its diversification rates, as a steady decrease in the diversification rate coincided with the uplift of the HDM and climate cooling. These findings provide insights into the distribution pattern of sect. Impatiens and other plants in the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Narrow hybrid zones are maintained by the counteracting forces of selection and gene flow. Understanding the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of narrow hybrid zones helps elucidate the evolutionary forces shaping reproductive biology, distribution, and diversification. We studied the ecology of the hybrid zone of two Impatiens species, Impatiens rosea and Impatiens balsamina , and the causes of the hybrid zone's restriction in space. Methodology. We characterized floral morphometry for the identification of hybrids and parents. To understand the selection on floral traits, we modeled and compared geographic clines of floral traits. We assessed the effect of environmental niche, local adaptation, reproductive niche, and hybrid fitness on maintaining the structure of the hybrid zone. We studied two hybridization sites, one with an altitudinal gradient (Mulshi) and one without (Dapoli), to test the importance of environmental gradients. Pivotal results. We found that pollination-related floral traits, the length of the nectar spur and the size and shape of the wing petal, differ strongly between the parental populations; that these traits are intermediate in hybrids; and that they form the steepest coincident clines across the hybrid zone. Abiotic environmental niche and hybrid fitness do not regulate the hybrid zone structure. Parental species and hybrids show overlapping pollinators but differ in visitation frequencies. Local adaptation for reproductive success influences hybridization only in the site with an altitudinal gradient. Conclusions. The hybrid zone structure and its influencing factors differ across hybridization sites with and without altitudinal gradient. Neither the tension zone model nor the environment-dependent selection model completely explain this hybrid zone. Pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits is important in maintaining the narrow hybrid zone structure. Ecological factors primarily responsible for lineage divergence are also most likely to govern the dynamics of hybridization of the lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens huangyanensis Jin and Ding 2002 is a plant species with very small populations, and it distributes only in Huangyan, Zhejiang Province, China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of I. huangyanensis was assembled by using high-throughput Illumina paired-end sequences. Its genomic feature was determined, and comparative genomic analysis of the genus Impatiens was performed. The results revealed that the full-length chloroplast genome of I. huangyanensis was 152,156 bp with a GC content of 36.8%. The chloroplast genome contains a typical quadripartite structure, comprising two copies of inverted repeats (IRs), a small single-copy (SSC) region, and a large single-copy (LSC) region. The sequence lengths of IR, SSC, and LSC were 25,756 bp, 17,662 bp, and 82,982 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genome consisted of 134 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and five pseudogenes. Phylogenic results indicated I. huangyanensis shared a clade with I. davidii Franchet 1883, I. macrovexilla Chen 2000, I. fanjingshanica Chen 1999, and I. piufanensis Hook 1908, with a support rate of 100%. Our study provided insight into further studies on the conservation genetics of I. huangyanensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant family Balsaminaceae comprises only two genera, and they are a study in contrasts. While Impatiens is an impressively prolific genus, with over 1,000 species and more being discovered each year, its sister genus, Hydrocera, has one solitary species, H. triflora. The two genera also differ in geographic distribution and habitat type (Impatiens species are widely distributed in much of the Old World and N. America, while H. triflora is confined to wetlands specific to S. India, Sri Lanka, and SE Asia). Other contrasting features include plant habit, habitat, floral architecture, mode of seed dispersal, and a host of other traits. The family Balsaminaceae is therefore an excellent model for studying speciation and character evolution as well as understanding the proximal and evolutionary forces that have driven the two genera to adopt such contrasting evolutionary paths. Various species of the Impatiens genus are also commercially important in the ornamental flower industry and as sources of phytochemicals that are of medicinal and other commercial value. As a preliminary step towards studying the genomic basis of the contrasting features of the two genera, we have sequenced and assembled, de novo, the genome of an iconic Impatiens species from N. America, namely I. capensis, and report our findings here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens walleriana is a decorative horticultural plant species. Commercial production requires that the plants be brought to market, often accompanied by reduced water content during transport. Drought significantly affects metabolic processes in plants. The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit on shoots of I. walleriana were investigated using different mechanisms at the biochemical level. In addition, the potential water deficit-ameliorating effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was tested. Shoots of I. walleriana were initially grown on MS media supplemented with SNP (50, 100 and 250 μM). After pre-treatments, shoots were further transferred to media supplemented with PEG8000 (3%) and/or SNP (50, 100 and 250 μM). Water deficit conditions increased proline, photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In addition, PEG-induced water deficit increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities but decreased catalase (CAT) activity. SNP did not significantly affect photosynthetic pigments and total phenolic content but increased proline accumulation, MDA and H2O2 content, especially when applied simultaneously with PEG. Moreover, none of the investigated SNP pretreatments significantly altered the activities of SOD, POX, and CAT in I. walleriana. The results indicate that exogenous application of SNP effectively alleviated water deficit stress in shoots of I. walleriana grown in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, an interest has surged in incorporating extracts of medicinal plants as active ingredients in cosmetic formulations, highlighting the need to analyze medicinal plants of cosmetic interest for phytochemicals and bioactivities. The tuber of the Ethiopian medicinal plant Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich (Ensosila) is used to make traditional cosmetics. The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and mineral content of the Impatiens tinctoria tuber. Water, ethanol, and methanol were used during the extraction process. High phenolic content was found in methanol extract (107.8 ± 0.025 µg/ml GAE) followed by water extract (92.4 ± 0.02 µg/ml GAE). High flavonoid content was also obtained in methanol extract (136.7 ± 0.04 µg/ml QE). Strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity was recorded for methanol extract with IC50 value of 44.4 µg/ml, compared with ethanol extract (97.54 µg/ml) and water extracts (98.24 µg/ml). The lower IC50 value of methanolic extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. The three elements that were most prevalent in Impatiens tinctoria tuber out of the eight elements examined were K (170 ± 0.05 mg/100 g sample), Ca (87 ± 0.08 mg/100 g sample), and Mg (16 ± 0.01 mg/100 g sample). The phenolics, flavonoids, and minerals found in Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich (Ensosila) tuber may protect against oxidative stress-related skin damage and thus deserving attention for future applications in cosmetics formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balsaminaceae are world-famous ornamental flowers because of their high species diversity, rich variation, peculiar flower patterns, and long ornamental cycles. To study the species diversity, distribution patterns, and distribution hotspots of Balsaminaceae in China, we updated the list of Balsaminaceae by systematically searching the related literature. The distribution pattern and hotspots of Impatiens spp. were analyzed using the ArcGIS 10.8.2 software. Combining 19 meteorological factors and one elevation factor, the Maxent model was applied to analyze the dominant environmental factors that govern the distribution of Impatiens spp. As of February 2023, Balsaminaceae in China included 360 taxa in two genera, including one taxon in the genus of Hydrocera, 359 taxa in the genus Impatiens, 271 national endemic species, and 157 provincial endemic species. Impatiens spp. showed a diffusion pattern from the tropical and subtropical regions to the high-latitude and high-elevation regions concentrated in Southwest China, especially in the Hengduan Mountains in the broad sense, Southern Tibet, the Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi karst region, the Qinling–Daba Mountains, and the southeastern hills. The highest species richness was found in the 1200~1500 m elevation range, with 164 species of Impatiens spp. This high species richness was maintained at between 900 and 2700 m, the elevation range where Impatiens spp. are concentrated. When 100% of the species were screened out, 110 hotspots were found, including Southeast Yunnan, Northwest Yunnan, Southern Tibet, and Western Sichuan, where most of the hotspots were concentrated and overlapped with global biodiversity centers, but other hotspots were more scattered. Annual precipitation, the minimal temperature of the coldest month, the altitude and temperature annual range, and four environmental variables with a cumulative contribution of 93.7% were the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of Impatiens spp. in China. This study lays the foundation for subsequent studies of Balsaminaceae diversity and is conducive to the development and use of Impatiens spp. resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator's activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens spiralis, a new species of Balsaminaceae from Hekou County, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. This new species is similar to I. hongkongensis, but differs in its obovate‐lanceolate or oblong lamina, without glands at base, spirally curved spur and dorsal petal suborbicular or oblate. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ITS and plastid atpB‐rbcL suggests that the new species should be placed in I. subg. Clavicarpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first chemical study of the whole Impatiens parvisepala S. X. Yu & Y. T. Hou led to the isolation of a new triterpene saponin, named Iparvisepala-1 (6) along with ten known compounds, which cover three flavonoid glycosides (1-3), one dihydrochalcone glucoside (4), one triterpenoid saponin (5), one triterpene (7) and four miscellaneous compounds (8-11). Their structures were elucidated by MS, NMR spectroscopic analyses as well as by comparisons of spectra data with those of the related published literatures. Additionally, flavonoid glucoside 2 showed impressive effect on α-glucosidase inhibition with the IC50 value of 12.53 ± 0.39 µM, much better than that of the positive control acabose (IC50 = 197.53 ± 2.68 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens genus comprises several species important for agriculture and food industries, ethnobotany, and research in pharmacology, phytochemistry, biotechnology and pharmaceutical sciences. In this paper, a systematic review of ethnobotanical uses, bioactivities discovered, and research applications reported for Impatiens plants and their major bioactive constituents are presented aiming to provide an integrative comprehension of relevance of the genus in the mentioned fields and to give guidance for the further research of unexplored or poorly investigated species of this genus. Through this review, an update on this expanding area of research is also provided. According to revisited information, most of bioactive compounds are phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenoids, and peptides. There is a wide spectrum of applications investigated for Impatiens plants extracts and their bioactive metabolites, however, in most cases, they are related to their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anaphylactic, and antioxidant properties. Further efforts are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Impatiens plants extracts and bioactive compounds to get a complete perspective of their potential applications. Most plants from Impatiens genus with ethnobotanical interests have been poorly studied, therefore, more research of them will be useful to validate their use, to verify their safety and to isolate their main bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) is a major pathogen currently threatening lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the coastal areas of California. The virus is transmitted by the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande). Methods: We have tested a diversity panel of almost 500 lettuce accessions for disease incidence (DI) in 12 field experiments performed over 7 years. This set of accessions was also assessed for thrips feeding damage (TFD), the rate of plant development (PD), and the content of chlorophyll (SPAD) and anthocyanins (ACI) to determine their effect on resistance to INSV. In addition, recombinant inbred lines from two biparental mapping populations were also evaluated for DI in field experiments. Results: The mean DI in 14 field experiments ranged from 2.1% to 70.4%. A highly significant difference in DI was observed among the tested accessions, with the overall lowest DI detected in the red color cultivars, Outredgeous Selection, Red Splash Cos, Infantry, Sweet Valentine, Annapolis, and Velvet. Multiple linear regression models revealed a small but significant effect (p < 0.005) of the four analyzed determinants on DI. Accessions with lower DI values had slower plant development (PD, r = 0.352), higher ACI content (r = -0.284), lower TFD (r = 0.198), and lower SPAD content (r = 0.125). A genome-wide association study revealed 13 QTLs for DI located on eight out of the nine lettuce chromosomes (the exception was chr. 8). The most frequently detected QTL (qINSV2.1) was located on chr. 2. Several of the QTLs for DI were in the same genomic areas as QTLs for PD, ACI, and SPAD. Additional three QTLs for DI on chr. 5 and 8 were identified using linkage mapping performed on two biparental mapping populations. Conclusions: The work highlights the genetic basis of partial resistance to INSV and reveals the relationship between resistance, the host physiology, and the thrips vector. Results of this study are an important steppingstone toward developing cultivars with increased resistance against INSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inbreeding exposes deleterious recessive alleles in homozygotes, lowering fitness and generating inbreeding depression (ID). Both purging (via selection) and fixation (via drift) should reduce segregating deleterious mutations and ID in more inbred populations. These theoretical predictions are not well-tested in wild populations, which is concerning given purging/fixation have opposite fitness outcomes. We examined how individual- and population-level inbreeding and genomic heterozygosity affected maternal and progeny fitness within and among 12 wild populations of Impatiens capensis. We quantified maternal fitness in home sites, maternal multilocus heterozygosity (using 12,560 single-nucleotide polymorphisms), and lifetime fitness of selfed and predominantly outcrossed progeny in a common garden. These populations spanned a broad range of individual-level (f i = −0.17–0.98) and population-level inbreeding (F IS = 0.25–0.87). More inbred populations contained fewer polymorphic loci, less fecund mothers, and smaller progeny, suggesting higher fixed loads. However, despite appreciable ID (mean: 8.8 lethal equivalents per gamete), ID did not systematically decline in more inbred population. More heterozygous mothers were more fecund and produced fitter progeny in outcrossed populations, but this pattern unexpectedly reversed in highly inbred populations. These observations suggest that persistent overdominance or some other force acts to forestall purging and fixation in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In angiosperms, intraspecific variation of flowering phenology may affect reproductive isolation and, consequently, speciation. This study focused on Impatiens noli-tangere (Balsaminaceae), which is distributed over broad latitudinal and altitudinal ranges in Japan. We aimed to reveal the phenotypic mixture of two ecotypes of I. noli-tangere with different flowering phenology and morphological traits in a narrow contact zone. Previous studies have shown that I. noli-tangere has early- and late-flowering types. The early-flowering type makes buds in June and is distributed at high-elevation sites. The late-flowering type makes buds in July and is distributed at low-elevation sites. In this study, we analyzed the flowering phenology of individuals at an intermediate elevation site where the early- and late-flowering types grow in sympatry (contact zone). We found no individuals showing intermediate flowering phenology at the contact zone, and early- and late-flowering types were clearly distinguishable. We also found that the differences in many other phenotypic traits between the early- and late-flowering types were maintained, including the number of flowers produced (total number of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers), leaf morphology (aspect ratio, number of serrations), seed traits (aspect ratio), and flower bud formation positions on the plant. This study showed that these two flowering ecotypes maintain many different traits in sympatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]