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Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are currently the first-choice materials in minimally invasive dentistry and are widely used in paediatric dentistry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of viscosity and mixing on porosity and the relationship between the porosity and microhardness of GICs. Nine GICs were used: EQUIA® Forte Fil, Ionostar®Plus, 3MTMKetacTM Universal AplicapTM, Riva Light Cure HV®, Riva Silver®, Riva Protect®, VitremerTM, VitrebondTM Plus and Activa BioActive RestorativeTM. Samples were prepared from each material and images were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using software, the number and diameter of pores, area, and percentage of area they occupied were measured. After SEM analysis, the samples were used to make surface microhardness (SMH) measurements. Ionostar® Plus, EQUIA® Forte Fil and Riva Light Cure HV® had the highest number of pores. Riva Protect® had the largest pores and the highest percentage of pore-occupied area, while Activa BioActive RestorativeTM and VitrebondTM Plus had a smaller pore size and a smaller percentage by area. Riva Silver® and EQUIA® Forte Fil showed the highest microhardness values and VitrebondTM Plus and VitremerTM the lowest. In conclusion, when the cement viscosity is low, the type of mixture determines the degree of porosity, but has less influence when viscosity is high. There was no correlation between microhardness and the porosity of GICs.

Introducción: La caries sigue siendo la enfermedad crónica más frecuente en el niño y es considerada un problema de salud pública. El flúor es la principal medida protectora contra la caries dental y el agua de consumo es la principal fuente de ingesta de flúor.Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue calcular la concentración de ión fluoruro en el agua de abastecimiento de 10 zonas y en 10 aguas embotelladas comercializadas en la Región de Murcia.Material y Métodos: La concentración de fluoruro en las aguas se determinó con un electrodo ion–selectivo para flúor previamente calibrado con patrones de fluoruro preparados con TISAB II.Resultados: En el agua de abastecimiento, se detectaron concentraciones de fluoruro entre 0.09 y0.18 mgF/L (ppm) en las aguas embotelladas la concentración de fluoruro varió desde 0.04 a 0.50 ppm.Conclusiones: El fluoruro está presente en aguas consumidas en la Región de Murcia pero enconcentraciones que no alcanzan niveles preventivos para la caries dental. Es necesario prescribir suplementos de flúor en niños con alto riesgo de caries y para ello se deben contabilizar todas las fuentes externas de flúor, incluido el agua. Introduction: Dental caries remains the most frequent chronic disease in childhood and is considered a public health problem. Fluoride has proven effectiveness in the prevention of caries and drinking water is the main source of fluoride intake. The objective of this study was to determine fluoride concentrations in tap water from 10 areas and in 10 bottled waters sold in the Region of Murcia.Materials and Methods: The concentration of fluoride in water was determined using a fluoride ion-selective electrode with a direct technique previously calibrated with standard fluoride concentrations prepared with TISAB II.Results: In tap water, fluoride concentrations from 0.09 to 0.18 mgF/L (ppm) were detected; in bottled waters the concentration of fluoride varied from 0.04 to 0.50 ppm.Conclusion: Fluoride is present in the water consumed in the Region of Murcia but in concentrations that do not prevent dental caries. Fluoride supplements should be prescribed in children at high risk of caries, and for this, all external sources of fluoride intake, including water, must be accounted for.

The use of fluoridated toothpastes is considered the most rational method in dental caries control, and it is recommended for all ages people, but for this they must be established at a minimum concentration of 1,000 ppm of total soluble fluoride, in pediatric patients. The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of total and soluble fluoride present in toothpastes marketed in Spain for pediatric use.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out throughout 2019, analyzing 11 toothpastes for pediatric use marketed in Murcia, Spain. The concentration of fluoride (ppm F=mg F/Kg) total (FT), soluble (FTS) and fluoride ion (F) and MFP (FPOAmong the analyzed toothpastes, 45% contained NaF (sodium fluoride), 45% MFP (sodium monofluorophosphate) and 10% both types of salts. The abrasive used was silica. 98% of the analyzed toothpastes showed total fluoride contents similar to those described by the manufacturer, only 3 toothpastes had fluoride concentrations lower than those described. The range obtained from FT oscillated between 398 -1,474.6 ppm F, and 100% of the toothpastes did not show differences between values of total fluoride and soluble fluoride.Most of the analyzed toothpastes contain a concentration of soluble fluoride between 1,000-1,500 ppm Fluoride, corresponding to the values described by the manufacturers However, there are still toothpastes with values lower than those recommended, minimum 1,000 ppm F, that do not allow effective anticaries activity from a public health point of view.El uso de pastas dentales fluoradas es considerado el método más racional en el control de caries dental, y es recomendado para personas de todas las edades, pero para ello han de establecerse en una concentración mínima de 1.000 ppm de fluoruro total soluble, en pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del estudio fué determinar la concentración de fluoruro total y soluble presente en pastas dentales comercializadas en España para uso pediátrico.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el año 2019, analizando 11 pastas dentales de uso pediátrico comercializadas en Murcia, España. Se analizó la concentración de fluoruro (ppm F=mg F/kg) total (FT), soluble (FTS) e ión de Flúor (F) y de MFP (FPOEntre las pastas dentales analizadas, el 45% contenían NaF (fluoruro sódico), 45% MFP (monofluorofosfato de sodio) y un 10 % ambos tipos de sales. El abrasivo de todas era sílice. El 98% de las pastas dentales analizadas mostraban contenidos de flúor total similares a los descritos por el fabricante, solamente 3 pastas presentaban concentraciones de flúor inferiores a las descritas por el fabricante. El rango obtenido de FT oscilaba entre 398-1.474,6 ppm F, y el 100% de las pastas dentales no mostraron diferencias entre valores de flúor total y flúor soluble.La mayoría de las pastas dentales analizadas contienen una concentración de flúor soluble entre 1.000-1.500 ppm F, correspondiéndose con los valores descritos por los fabricantes. Sin embargo, todavía existen pastas dentales con valores inferiores a los recomendados de mínimo de 1.000 ppm F que no permiten tener la actividad anticaries efectiva desde el punto de vista de salud pública.