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The synergistic potential of using graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) as GO enhanced polymer hybrid (GOeP) for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) purposes has drawn attention. However, the hybridization method and stability of GOeP have not been comprehensively studied. To cover this gap, the current study evaluates the stability of GOeP under different conditions, including temperatures such as 60 and 80 °C, high and low salinities, and the presence of Mg2+ ions (6430 and 643 ppm). Hence, GO nanosheets were synthesized and characterized through XRD, Raman, FTIR, and DLS techniques. The performance of five preparation methods was assessed to determine their ability to produce stable hybrids. Zeta potential and sedimentation methods, coupled with the ANOVA statistical technique, were used for measuring and interpreting stability for 21 days. Results revealed that the stability of GOeP in the presence of brine is influenced by hydrolyzation duration, the composition of the water used in polymer hydrolyzation, the form of additives (being powdery or in aqueous solution), and the dispersion quality, including whether the GO solution was prediluted. The results revealed that the positive impact of higher temperatures on the long-term stability of GOeP is approximately seven times less significant than the reduction in stability caused by salinity. Under elevated salinity conditions, a higher Mg2+ concentration led to an 80% decrease in long-term stability, whereas the temperature impact was negligible. These findings highlight the potential of GOeP for EOR applications, offering insights into optimizing stability under challenging reservoir conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The second phase of the health sector reform, called the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), has been implemented in Iran since 2014, aims to improve the equity and quality of health services. In the present study, we aimed to measure the trend of hospitalization and the crude intrahospital mortality rate from 1 year before the HSEP implementation (2013) to 5 years after the HSEP implementation (2018) in public hospitals compared with profit, nonprofit, and charity hospitals, which are affiliated with the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI)., Methods: In a prospective, cross-sectional study, the data related to the frequency of hospitalized patients and intrahospital mortality during the time of hospitalization were collected through census sampling from 39 public hospitals as the exposed hospitals and 20 profit, nonprofit, and charity hospitals as the control hospitals., Results: After HSEP implementation, the frequency of hospitalization increased in public hospitals by 50.45% compared with the previous period. Although the crude intrahospital mortality rate increased from 12.61 to 12.93 per 1000 hospitalized patients (an increase of 2.54%) in public hospitals, the raise was not significant ( P value = 0.348). The frequency of hospitalization increased in Social Security Organization's (SSO) hospitals as well as charity hospitals. However, the percent of decrease in the intrahospital mortality rates were -42.96%, -34.76%, and -18.47% in the private, charity, and SSO hospitals, respectively, but was not significant ( P value > 0.05)., Conclusions: The crude intrahospital mortality rates in public hospitals affiliated with MUI did not change significantly after the implementation of the HSEP., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.)

Background: Respectful maternity care (RMC) emphasizes the social and relational elements of maternity care and is a crucial part of initiatives to improve service accessibility and quality. Women's perceptions have influenced much of what we know about RMC and contempt in the labor ward. In order to understand midwives' perspectives of RMC, this meta-synthesis focused on them., Method: For this inquiry, the databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to find studies on midwives' perceptions of RMC written between 2011 and April 20 th 2023. The included articles were to English language restriction. The results of the included research were examined using thematic analysis. Using the inclusion criteria, 84 potentially relevant articles were carefully reviewed, and only 22 were ultimately selected for synthesis. The quality of the qualitative study was assessed using the CASP, a tool for quality evaluation and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Using the MAXQDA program, the cited quotes and the original authors' interpretations were combined., Result: There were 22 studies total, thematic synthesis was determined to be appropriate for a total of 22 research studies. Following are the topics which we summarized our analysis: in six major themes: Midwives' conceptualizations of RMC, Midwives commitment to woman's rights, The value and impact of RMC to midwives, Midwife's perception of disrespectful care, Challenges in providing respectful maternity care, and Midwives' recommendations for optimal RMC practice., Conclusion: In addition to specific focus on promoting cooperation, policies to enhance health systems and strategic consideration of the midwifery profession's future are required., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on female sexual function during pregnancy. The present study was a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 124 pregnant women (62 people in each group) at 16-22 weeks of gestation who referred to health centers in Ilam in 2020 to receive prenatal care. The intervention group received 300 mg of omega-3 supplements and the control group received placebo once a day for 8 weeks. Data collection tools in this study included a demographic questionnaire, three 24-h dietary recall (24HR), female sexual function index (FSFI), and Van den Bergh Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ). Before intervention, the total score of sexual function in the intervention group and control groups, showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.123). However, 4 and 8 weeks after intervention, the mean total score of sexual function in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group after intervention (P < 0.0001). Before intervention, the total score of gestational anxiety in the intervention and control groups, showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.149). However, 4 and 8 weeks after intervention, the mean total score of gestational anxiety in the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.0001). Based on three 24-h dietary recall, regardless of daily intake of 300 mg of omega-3 supplement, the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake from daily energy intake was not statistically significant between the intervention and control groups from baseline to follow-up (P > 0.01). Based on the results of this study, omega-3 supplementation could improve sexual function in pregnant women by preventing increased pregnancy anxiety. However, more studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of omega-3s on female sexual function during pregnancy. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Ref. ID: IR.AJUMS.REC.1398.935) and registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Ref. ID: IRCT20200415047078N1)., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complications associated with pregnancy. Its treatment requires multidisciplinary cooperation, and identifying the psychosocial needs of patients is important in the management of their condition., Objective: This study investigates the psychosocial needs of inpatient mothers with GDM from the joint perspectives of future mothers and healthcare providers., Methods: This qualitative study used a content analysis approach. Semi-structured individual interviews focusing on the psychosocial needs of women with GDM were conducted with twelve women suffering from GDM and eight medical staff. Sampling continued until data saturation., Results: According to the findings of this study, the psychosocial needs of these mothers were classified into the following categories: Support for worries related to the consequences of the disease, Interpersonal support, Infrastructural support, educational support., Conclusion: The psychosocial needs of inpatient mothers with GDM were identified in this study. Attention to these needs can help enhance the mother's satisfaction and treatment adherence, and reduce worries and anxiety during hospitalisation., Abbreviations: GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; hPGH: human placental growth hormone; COREQ: Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research; WHO: World Health Organization; HCP: healthcare provider.

Background: The midwifery continuity of care model is one of the care models that have not been evaluated well in some countries including Iran. We aimed to assess the effect of a program based on this model on the clinical competence of midwifery students and delivery outcomes in Ahvaz, Iran., Methods: This sequential embedded mixed-methods study will include a quantitative and a qualitative phase. In the first stage, based on the Iranian midwifery curriculum and review of seminal midwifery texts, a questionnaire will be developed to assess midwifery students' clinical competence. Then, in the second stage, the quantitative phase (randomized clinical trial) will be conducted to see the effect of continuity of care provided by students on maternal and neonatal outcomes. In the third stage, a qualitative study (conventional content analysis) will be carried out to investigate the students' and mothers' perception of continuity of care. Finally, the results of the quantitative and qualitative phases will be integrated., Discussion: According to the nature of the study, the findings of this research can be effectively used in providing conventional midwifery services in public centers and in midwifery education., Trial Registration: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR.AJUMS.REC.1401.460). Also, the study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry for Randomized Controlled Trials (IRCT20221227056938N1)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The combination of endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, yet many patients relapse with therapy-resistant disease. Determining the mechanisms underlying endocrine therapy resistance is limited by the lack of ability to fully recapitulate inter- and intratumor heterogeneity in vitro and of availability of tumor samples from women with disease progression or relapse. In this study, multiple cell line models of resistant disease were used for both two-dimensional (2D)- and three-dimensional (3D)-based inhibitor screening. The screens confirmed the previously reported role of pro-proliferative pathways, such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR, in endocrine therapy resistance and additionally identified the transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinase CDK9 as a common hit in ER+ cell lines and patient-derived organoids modeling endocrine therapy-resistant disease in both the palbociclib-sensitive and palbociclib-resistant settings. The CDK9 inhibitor, AZD4573, currently in clinical trials for hematologic malignancies, acted synergistically with palbociclib in these ER+in vitro 2D and 3D models. In addition, in two independent endocrine- and palbociclib-resistance patient-derived xenografts, treatment with AZD4573 in combination with palbociclib and fulvestrant resulted in tumor regression. Tumor transcriptional profiling identified a set of transcriptional and cell-cycle regulators differentially downregulated only in combination-treated tumors. Together, these findings identify a clinically tractable combination strategy for overcoming resistance to endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer and provide insight into the potential mechanism of drug efficacy in targeting treatment-resistant disease., Significance: Targeting transcription-associated CDK9 synergizes with CDK4/6 inhibitor to drive tumor regression in multiple models of endocrine- and palbociclib-resistant ER+ breast cancer, which could address the challenge of overcoming resistance in patients., (©2023 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)

Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis (BCLM), where tumour cells grow along the lining of the brain and spinal cord, is a devastating development for patients. Investigating this metastatic site is hampered by difficulty in accessing tumour material. Here, we utilise cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and CSF disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) to explore the clonal evolution of BCLM and heterogeneity between leptomeningeal and extracranial metastatic sites. Somatic alterations with potential therapeutic actionability were detected in 81% (17/21) of BCLM cases, with 19% detectable in CSF cfDNA only. BCLM was enriched in genomic aberrations in adherens junction and cytoskeletal genes, revealing a lobular-like breast cancer phenotype. CSF DTCs were cultured in 3D to establish BCLM patient-derived organoids, and used for the successful generation of BCLM in vivo models. These data reveal that BCLM possess a unique genomic aberration profile and highlight potential cellular dependencies in this hard-to-treat form of metastatic disease., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of group prenatal care (GPNC) on the empowerment of pregnant adolescents., Methods: In this trial, 294 pregnant adolescents (aged 15-19 years) were randomly assigned into the GPNC (n = 147) and individual prenatal care (IPNC; n = 147) groups, where they received 5 sessions of GPNC (90-120 min) and IPNC, respectively, between the 16 th and 40 th weeks of pregnancy. The empowerment of participants in the two groups was measured using the Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women. Data were analysed using various tests., Results: The mean total score of pregnant women's empowerment in both groups after the intervention was 86.46 ± 4.95 and 81.89 ± 4.75, respectively (β = 6.11, 95% confidence interval: 4.89, 7.33; P <0.0001)., Conclusion: GPNC can improve pregnant adolescent empowerment. The current study's results can provide a foundation for implementing the GPNC model in Iran., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© Copyright 2023, Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, All Rights Reserved.)

Grasslands are globally abundant and provide many ecosystem services, including carbon (C) storage. While grasslands are widely subject to livestock grazing, the influence of grazing on grassland ecosystem C remains unclear. We studied the effect of long-term livestock grazing on C densities of different ecosystem components in 110 northern temperate grasslands across a broad agroclimatic gradient in Alberta, Canada. These grasslands stored 50 to 180 t ha -1 C in live and dead vegetation, as well as soil C to 30 cm depth, with the majority as soil organic C (SOC). The mulch layer comprised a large amount of C (~18 t ha -1 C) especially within humid grasslands. Although grazing reduced C densities in litter mass, total ecosystem C was 8.5 % greater under grazing (127.8 t ha -1 ) compared to those non-grazed (117.8 t ha -1 ), primarily due to increases in SOC and roots. Increases in SOC were consistently observed in the 0-15 cm layer across all climatic conditions, with changes in SOC of the 15-30 cm layer inversely related to aridity. A structural equation model revealed that increased SOC under grazing was indirectly attributed to increases in eudicot rather than graminoid biomass. In addition, SOC increased with graminoid quality (i.e., a reduced carbon to nitrogen ratio), which together with elevated eudicots, increased litter and mulch C, and ultimately enhanced SOC densities. When applied to spatial maps of habitat type and land use (livestock grazing) activity across the region, an area of ~3.8 M ha of grassland was projected to contain an additional 17.1 M t of C under grazing, primarily in mesic grasslands, worth an estimated $3.1 B (Cdn.) under current C valuation guidelines in Canada. Overall, these results highlight the importance of grasslands for C storage and establishing policies that maintain and promote their sustainable use, including light to moderate grazing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

With advancements in neonatal care, the survival rates of preterm infants have increased, leading to a higher incidence of comorbidities and need for surgical interventions. Neonatologists, pediatric anesthesiologists, and pediatric surgeons are thus increasingly confronted with the decision of whether to perform surgical procedures on critically ill neonates and preterm infants in the operating room (OR) or the NICU. Although certain bedside procedures have been commonly described in the literature, a paucity of research exists regarding ideal patient selection and anesthetic management. In this review, we will examine the decision-making process for providing anesthetic care in the OR versus the NICU as well as investigate appropriate sedation agents for procedures occurring in the NICU. Ultimately, the location of the surgery should be determined by the circumstances of each patient and involve collaboration of the entire perioperative team., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background: Gestational diabetes is the most common medical complication in pregnancy, and the psychosocial health of women suffering from this condition affects their adherence to treatment and self-efficacy. However, since it is not possible to design interventions dealing with all of these needs, the aim of this study was to prioritize the psychosocial supportive needs of women with gestational diabetes., Materials and Methods: This was a modified Delphi design study involving 22 experts who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2021. First, the psychosocial needs of diabetic pregnant women were extracted through a qualitative study involving interviews with multidisciplinary specialists and diabetic pregnant mothers (22 participants) and a systematic review of reputable scientific databases. Throughout the two Delphi stages, the questionnaire was classified, quantified, and analyzed., Results: Based on the results of this study, the following are the top priorities when addressing the psychosocial needs of mothers with gestational diabetes: paying attention to and identifying the mother's worries and anxiety, husband and family support for diabetic pregnant women, the inclusion of specialized nutrition counseling services in mothers' treatment plan, timely education of mothers about diabetes and its complications, and proper nutrition for diabetic mothers., Conclusions: The priorities of the supportive needs obtained in this study can be used to design interventions aimed at promoting psychosocial health, reducing stress and anxiety, and improving medication adherence in women with gestational diabetes., Competing Interests: Nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2023 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.)

Introduction: As recommended by the WHO, promotion of physiological birth is a main strategy to reduce the rate of caesarean section and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. A modified version of the physiological birth programme that may be included into the Iranian healthcare system was developed as a result of this mixed-methods research., Methods and Analysis: This embedded mixed-methods study had a qualitative phase that was conducted before a clinical trial. This qualitative phase was conducted via semistructured in-depth targeted interviews with the recipients and the providers of physiological birth programme services. Data analysis was performed using a conventional content analysis approach. Then, for designing the intervention, national and international guidelines of physiological birth were reviewed, and a panel of experts was convened using the Delphi method. A randomised controlled trial was used in the second phase of the research to examine the impact of the physiological birth programme's intended intervention on maternal and neonatal outcomes as well as mothers' experiences during labour. It was conducted on 252 eligible pregnant women in two intervention and control groups. Finally, the results of qualitative and quantitative phases contributed to developing a physiological birth programme which can be integrated into the Iranian health system., Ethics and Dissemination: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR.AJUMS.REC.1401.050). All participants gave their informed permission. The study's findings will be shared via the publishing of peer-reviewed articles, talks at scientific conferences and meetings with related teams., Trial Registration Number: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220406054438N1)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Understanding the pregnant adolescent's perception of group prenatal care is necessary for introducing and implementing this model of care. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore adolescent pregnant women's perception of group prenatal care in Iran., Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Iran from November 2021 to May 2022 to explore adolescents' perception of group prenatal care during pregnancy. Fifteen adolescent pregnant women (from a low-income population) who received group prenatal care were recruited and interviewed individually at a public health care center through an intentional sampling method. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim in Persian, and analyzed using conventional content analysis., Results: From the data analysis, 2 themes, 6 main categories, and 21 subcategories emerged. The themes were "Maternal empowerment" and "Pleasant prenatal care." The first theme included four categories: knowledge enhancement, improving self-efficacy, perceived support, and feeling of security. The second theme was composed of 2 categories: motivation and effective interaction with peers., Conclusion: The findings of this study show the effectiveness of group prenatal care in promoting feelings of empowerment and satisfaction of adolescent pregnant women. Further research is needed to assess the benefits of group prenatal care for adolescents in Iran and other populations., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Patients with urinary incontinence may fear sexual activity due to the unpredictability of urine leakage during intercourse. Given the effective role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in correcting negative thoughts and attitudes, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem and sexual function of reproductive-aged women suffering from urinary incontinence., Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 84 reproductive-aged women (18 to 45 years old) with urinary incontinence who referred to Health Centers of Dezful, Iran. After random allocation, the participants were divided into two groups of intervention and control (n = 42). The intervention group attended eight 45-min sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy, while the control group received only routine interventions. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), the Scale of Self-Esteem Index for Women-Short-form (SSEL-W-SF), and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ-12) were completed before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention by patients in both groups., Results: The overall scores of sexual self-esteem and sexual function immediately and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention showed a statistically significant difference in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, the results showed that in women with urinary incontinence, an increase in the sexual self-esteem score is associated with an increase in the sexual function score (r = 0.9), p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy was found to increase sexual self-esteem and improve sexual function in reproductive-aged women suffering from urinary incontinence., (© 2023. The International Urogynecological Association.)

Background: The global spread of the new coronavirus has increased the necessity of innovations to increase the quality of health care. This study was intended to examine the impact of tele-medicine on health anxiety and pregnancy-related anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran., Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed between March and May 2020. Sampling was done using multi-stage random sampling method. A total of 104 pregnant women were in two groups (intervention: n = 52, control: n = 52). Data were collected using a demographic and obstetric information questionnaire, the Health Anxiety Questionnaire, and Van den Bergh's Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire. The intervention group received counseling services for 2 months by researchers through telephone conversations, text messages, and applications such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram. In addition to routine pregnancy care, they could contact the researchers by phone and receive the necessary advice in case of any questions, ambiguities, or problems. The control group included pregnant women who received only routine pregnancy care., Results: After the intervention, health anxiety scores of pregnant women in the control group were significantly higher than those of the experimental group (t 98 = 13.54, p < 0.001). Also, the mean (SD) scores of pregnancy-related anxiety in the control group were significantly higher compared with the intervention group (t 98 = 3.80, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Using tele-medicine, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic can reduce unnecessary referrals of pregnant women to medical centers and their risk of developing the disease, on the one hand, and by reducing women's anxiety, however, it can improve psychological consequences., Competing Interests: Nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2023 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.)

Introduction: The rate of cesarean section is on the rise in both developed and developing countries, and Iran is no exception. According to the WHO, physiologic labor is one of the main strategies for reducing cesarean section and improving the health of mothers and newborns. The aim of this qualitative study was to explain the experiences of health providers regarding implementation of the physiologic birth program in Iran., Methods: This study is a part of a mixed-methods study, in which 22 health providers were interviewed from January 2022 to June 2022. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis approach and using MAXQDA10 software., Results: Two main categories and nine subcategories emerged from the results of this study. The main categories included "the obstacles to the implementation of the physiologic birth program" and "strategies for improving implementation of the program". The subcategories of the first category included: lack of continuous midwifery care in the healthcare system, lack of free accompanying midwives, lack of integrated healthcare and hospitals in service provision, low quality of childbirth preparation and implementation of physiologic birth classes, and lack of requirements for the implementation of physiologic birth in the maternity ward. The second category included the following subcategories: Supervising the implementation of childbirth preparation classes and physiologic childbirth, support of midwives by insurance companies, holding training courses on physiologic birth, and evaluation of program implementation., Conclusions: The experiences of the health providers with the physiologic birth program revealed that policymakers should provide the ground for the implementation of this type of labor by removing the obstacles and providing the particular operational strategies needed in Iran. Important measures that can contribute to the implementation of the physiologic labor program in Iran include the following: Setting the stage for physiologic birth in the healthcare system, creating low- and high-risk wards in maternity hospitals, providing professional autonomy for midwifery, training childbirth providers on physiologic birth, monitoring the quality of program implementation, and providing insurance support for midwifery services., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Moridi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: Fetal occiput posterior (OP) position is associated with more maternal and neonatal complications. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal position during labor on fetal OP position and pregnancy outcomes., Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study included 180 primigravida women in labor with a single fetus and approved OP position. Participants were randomly allocated into three groups: semi-prone position (n=45), knee-chest position (n=45), and supine position (n=90). All participants were placed in the defined positions 15-30 min in labor until delivery. Data collected using Visual Analogue Scale and researcher made checklist. The ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, and the chi-square test were used to analyze., Results: Among all participants who had OP, after intervention 16.3% in the semi-prone position, 14/3 % in the knee-chest position, and 33.7% of the control groups remained with OP at birth (X 3 =7/87, P=0.019). The rate of natural delivery was significantly higher in the semi-prone position and knee-chest position. The duration of active phase of labor and low back pain were significantly reduced in the semi-prone and knee-chest position compared to the control groups (P<0.05). There were no differences in the duration of the third stage of labor, APGAR score, and the rate of neonatal addition to neonatal intensive care unit, using oxytocin, and perineal tears (P>0.05)., Conclusion: The semi-prone and knee-chest positions increase the spontaneous rotation of occiput to the anterior position, vaginal delivery rates as well as a reduction in duration of active phase of labor and low back pain after delivery., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests Authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2023 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Labor pain and fear of childbirth increase anxiety and stress in pregnant women. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of Swedish massage with chamomile oil on pain and anxiety in a clinical trial., Materials and Methods: The present study is a clinical trial on 159 women who were referred to 22 Bahman Hospital in Masjid Sulaiman City in 2021. The samples were randomly divided into three groups (Swedish massage with and without chamomile oil and control group). Pain intensity was assessed using the McGill Pain Scale and anxiety was assessed using the Vandenberg Anxiety Questionnaire. The data were analyzed with SPSS-20 software at a significance level of 0.05. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square, Fisher's exact, analysis of variance, and paired t) were used for data analysis., Results: There were no significant statistical differences between the three groups in terms of obstetric and demographic information ( P > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the studied groups before the intervention in terms of labor pain intensity ( P = 0.9) and anxiety (P-value = 0.426). After the intervention, the intensity of labor pain and mother's anxiety was significantly lower in the two intervention groups compared to the control group, and it was lower in the Swedish massage group with chamomile oil than the other two groups ( P < 0.001)., Conclusion: In the present study, Swedish massage with and without chamomile oil led to a decrease in pain intensity and anxiety. As a result, this method can be used as an effective method to reduce the intensity of pain and anxiety of pregnant mothers., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: Hypothyroidism is the most common clinical disorder of the thyroid gland which is associated with an increased prevalence of sexual dysfunction even if treated with medication., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on sexual function in reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism., Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 66 reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism referring to selected health centers in Izeh, Iran. Data collection tools included demographic information form and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Eligible individuals were randomly assigned to case (n = 33) and control (n = 33) groups using block randomization with the block size of 4. In addition to standard hypothyroidism treatment, the case group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, while the control group received only standard treatment., Results: Before of treatment, there was no significant difference between the mean score of sexual function and its dimensions between the case and control groups (p < 0.05). However, immediately and 4 weeks after completion of treatment, the mean total score of sexual function and its dimensions in the case group increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, CBT can be effective in improving sexual dysfunction in reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism. However, before recommending this therapy to women suffering from hypothyroidism, more detailed studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of this intervention, as an adjuvant treatment to the standard pharmacotherapy., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Increased rate of caesarean section (CS) without medical indication is a global concern. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), the physiologic birth program is one of the strategies for reducing the rate of unnecessary caesarean sections. The aim of this study is to explain women's experiences with the implementation of the physiologic birth program in Iran., Materials and Methods: This study is a part of a mixed-method study involving 15 targeted semi-structured interviews individually conducted with women attending physiologic birth classes between January 2022 and June 2022. Interviews continued until data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis approach based on the criteria proposed by Graneheim and Lundman, using MAXQDA10 software., Results: Analysis of the findings of the study led to the emergence of 2 themes, 4 categories, and 10 subcategories. The first theme was the positive experiences of the women ("satisfaction with pregnancy" and "making the childbirth process pleasant"), and the second theme was their negative experiences with physiologic birth ("challenges and limitation of physiologic birth program" and "lack of high-quality obstetric services in the public health system")., Conclusion: The results of this study showed that childbirth preparation classes reduced women's fear and stress and enhanced their positive attitude toward vaginal delivery by preparing them for childbirth. Also, effective communication with midwives and their support along with efficient implementation of physiologic birth techniques led to successful pain management and satisfaction with the birth process. Policymakers should implement strategies to remove limitations and make this program accessible to all women., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Moridi, Abedi, Iravani, Khosravi, Alianmoghaddam, Maraghi and Saadati.)

Background: SARS-CoV-2 may affect vital organs. The present study investigated the histopathology of pulmonary and cardiac tissues with clinical correlation in deceased patients with COVID-19., Methods: We obtained pulmonary and cardiac tissues from 30 deceased patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran, from January to May 2021. Sampling was performed through a percutaneous needle biopsy. After slide preparation, two expert pathologists studied them. We assessed the correlation between clinical and pathological data by Fisher's exact test., Results: The mean age of the patients was 73.8±13.4 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 23/7. The most common underlying disease was hypertension (HTN) in 25 patients (83%). Fifty-five tissue samples were achieved, including 28 pulmonary and 27 cardiac samples. Our results showed that all patients (100%) developed diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and 26 (93%) developed hyaline membrane formation. The most common phase of DAD was the exudative-proliferative phase in 16 (57.1%). Three cardiac samples (11%) revealed myocarditis, and seven (26%) showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In univariate analysis using Fischer's exact test, myocarditis had significant relationships with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels higher than 80 mg/dL ( P =0.008) and elevated cardiac troponin levels higher than two-fold ( P =0.01)., Conclusion: COVID-19 can affect the major vital organs. However, only myocarditis had a significant relationship with the circulating levels of inflammatory factors., (© 2023 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)

Objective: Perineal trauma is a serious and frequent problem after childbirth which is experienced by millions of women worldwide. The technique used for perineal repair may have an impact on pain and wound healing. The aim of the present study was to compare the continuous non-locking technique with interrupted suturing for the repair of episiotomy or second-degree perineal tears., Methods: A single-blind randomized-controlled trial was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 in Sina Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Three hundred women were selected and randomly assigned into control and intervention groups using block randomization technique. The main outcomes included pain and wound healing that were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS), as well as redness, edema, ecchymosis/bruising, discharge, and approximation scale (REEDA). The secondary outcomes were the use of analgesics, duration of perineal repair, material used for suturing, pain during urination and defecation, and resumption of sexual intercourse. The participants were followed up on the first and seventh days and in the 6th week postpartum. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model were used for data analysis., Results: Wound healing was significantly better in the continuous non-locking suture technique compared to the interrupted technique ( β  = -1.98; P  > 0.0001). Women also experienced less pain in the continuous non-locking suture technique ( β  = -2.46; P  > 0.0001). There was a reduction in the use of analgesics, the duration of perineal repair, and the material used for suturing in the continuous non-locking suturing technique as opposed to the interrupted method ( P  < 0.0001).The odds of pain during urination and defecation significantly reduced in women who underwent the continuous non-locking method ( P  < 0.001). Also, women in the continuous non-locking group resumed their sexual intercourse earlier ( P  < 0.0001)., Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that use of continuous non-locking technique for suturing was associated with reduced perineal pain and improved wound healing. Furthermore, it was associated with a shorter duration of perineal repair, less suture material used, and less need for analgesics compared with the interrupted method. There is, however, need for more studies to confirm the results of the present study.Iranian registry for randomized controlled trials (Ref. ID: IRCT20190415043283N1)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Faal Siahkal, Abedi, Iravani, Esfandiarinezhad, Dastoorpoor, Bakhtiari, Najafian, Sharifipour and Mohaghegh.)

Goal: Machine learning (ML) technologies that leverage large-scale patient data are promising tools predicting disease evolution in individual patients. However, the limited generalizability of ML models developed on single-center datasets, and their unproven performance in real-world settings, remain significant constraints to their widespread adoption in clinical practice. One approach to tackle this issue is to base learning on large multi-center datasets. However, such heterogeneous datasets can introduce further biases driven by data origin, as data structures and patient cohorts may differ between hospitals. Methods: In this paper, we demonstrate how mechanistic virtual patient (VP) modeling can be used to capture specific features of patients' states and dynamics, while reducing biases introduced by heterogeneous datasets. We show how VP modeling can be used for data augmentation through identification of individualized model parameters approximating disease states of patients with suspected acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from observational data of mixed origin. We compare the results of an unsupervised learning method (clustering) in two cases: where the learning is based on original patient data and on data derived in the matching procedure of the VP model to real patient data. Results: More robust cluster configurations were observed in clustering using the model-derived data. VP model-based clustering also reduced biases introduced by the inclusion of data from different hospitals and was able to discover an additional cluster with significant ARDS enrichment. Conclusions: Our results indicate that mechanistic VP modeling can be used to significantly reduce biases introduced by learning from heterogeneous datasets and to allow improved discovery of patient cohorts driven exclusively by medical conditions., Competing Interests: VI.All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper. HM is an employee of Bayer AG, Germany. HM has stock ownership with Bayer AG, Germany., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Applications of nanotechnology in several fields of petroleum industry, e.g., refinery, drilling and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), have attracted a lot of attention, recently. This research investigates the applications of nanoparticles in EOR process. The potential of various nanoparticles, in hybrid and bare forms for altering the state of wettability, reducing the interfacial tension (IFT), changing the viscosity and activation of other EOR mechanisms are studied based on recent findings. Focusing on EOR, hybrid applications of nanoparticles with surfactants, polymers, low-salinity phases and foams are discussed and their synergistic effects are evaluated. Also, activated EOR mechanisms are defined and specified. Since the stabilization of nanofluids in harsh conditions of reservoir is vital for EOR applications, different methods for stabilizing nanofluids through EOR procedures are reviewed. Besides, a discussion on different functional groups of NPs is represented. Later, an economic model for evaluation of EOR process is examined and "Hotelling" method as an appropriate model for investigation of economic aspects of EOR process is introduced in detail. The findings of this study can lead to better understanding of fundamental basis about efficiency of nanoparticles in EOR process, activated EOR mechanisms during application of nanoparticles, selection of appropriate nanoparticles, the methods of stabilizing and economic evaluation for EOR process with respect to costs and outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest, (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and the number of CD8+ T cells in breast cancer and their relationship with the other clinicopathological factors, and overall survival (OS) was investigated. Materials and Methods: The studied samples were breast cancer patients (2005-2017) referring to the medical oncology departments for treatment. Pathologic samples of breast cancer patients were evaluated in terms of TIL and positive immunohistochemical staining for CD8 cytotoxic cells. Results: 299 patients were entered into the study, three were male and 296 female. Their mean follow-up period was 61 months. Statistical findings indicated that lymph involvement is more accompanied by low TIL within the tumor (0.011). Correlations were observed between the estrogen, progesterone receptors, P53 state, and TIL, which were significant by P-value<0.049, P-value=0.024, P-value =0.002, respectively. With any Ki67 value, the number of patients with less than 30% TIL was more considerable than the other two groups with lymphocyte cut-off of 30-50% and more than 50%. Comparison of the OS of patients with positive and negative CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes in 45 patients with lymphocyte infiltration of equal or more than 40% showed that the OS results were in favor of patients with CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte (0.022). Out of 299 patients, 17 died. Conclusion: Our findings showed that in cases of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in tumors, the OS of the patients will be enhanced which can act as an independent factor., Competing Interests: The authors have declared no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Purpose of Study: Massage is widely used as a traditional technique during labor and delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Swedish massage with and without chamomile oil on delivery outcomes., Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial on 154 primiparous pregnant women who were selected by random sampling method and divided into 3 groups: massage with chamomile oil (n = 53), massage without chamomile oil (n = 51), and control group (n = 50). Data collection tools included demographic and delivery information questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), maternal satisfaction with delivery scale, and Partograph form. In the two intervention groups, Swedish massage techniques (i.e., Effleurage, Petrissage, Vibration, and Superficial stroke) were performed with and without the use of chamomile oil since the active phase of labor (5 cm dilatation), while the control group received only routine labor care during labor., Results: Swedish massage with chamomile oil significantly reduced the labor pain score, reduced the length of active phase and the second stage of labor, and increased the score of maternal satisfaction with the labor process (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the type of study groups and the type of delivery (P < 0.043)., Conclusion: The results of the study showed that using Swedish massage techniques with or without chamomile oil can improve labor outcomes. Swedish massage using chamomile oil was associated with better results compared to the same massage without using chamomile oil. Clinical trial code IRCT20200513047430N1., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Endometriosis is one of the leading gynecological disorders in reproductive ages. About two-thirds of women with endometriosis experience chronic pelvic pain. There are different methods for the assessment of pain in endometriosis. One of these questionnaires is endometriosis painful symptoms-4 dimensions (ENDOPAIN-4D) questionnaire, which has not been validated in Iran. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to determine the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. In this study, we randomly selected 169 women with endometriosis from two educational-medical centres of Al-Zahra and Taleghani in Tabriz, Iran, in 2020. We evaluated the validity of ENDOPAIN-4D in terms of face, content, and structure (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses). We used internal consistency assessment and test-retest reliability to determine the questionnaire reliability. In this study, the CVI and CVR for the ENDOPAIN-4D instrument were obtained as 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. In the exploratory factor analysis, we extracted a four-factor structure, and the confirmatory factor analysis gave a good fit for the extracted model. We obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.96 and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (at 95% confidence interval) as 0.94 (0.85 to 0.98). The Persian version of ENDOPAIN-4D has acceptable content validity, construct validity and reliability for the evaluation of pelvic pain and gynaecology in Iranian women with endometriosis.Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? There are different methods for the assessment of pain in endometriosis. But there is no specific psychometric instrument to determine the painful symptoms of endometriosis in Iran so far. What do the results of this study add? The Persian version of ENDOPAIN-4D is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of pelvic pain and gynaecology in Iranian women with endometriosis. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or future research? The validation of the Persian version of the ENDOPAIN-4D questionnaire leads to correct assessment of painful symptoms in Iranian women with endometriosis and will be useful in evaluating the patients' pain intensity and the response to treatment in practice.

Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common complaint among postmenopausal women, which is largely because of the genitourinary syndrome in these women (GSM)., Aim: Considering the phytoestrogenic effects of chamomile, the present study was primarily aimed to investigate the effect of chamomile vaginal gel on the sexual function of postmenopausal women. The side effects of these drugs were evaluated as a secondary outcome of the study., Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial and placebo-controlled study was conducted on postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction (FSFI ≤26.55). To this aim, 96 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 32 each) including women receiving (i) chamomile vaginal gel 5%, (ii) conjugated estrogen vaginal cream, and (iii) placebo vaginal gel, for 12 weeks (ie, every night in the first 2 weeks, and 2 nights per week in the next 10 weeks, each night 1 g was used). The sexual function was measured using female sexual function index (FSFI) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed by chi-square, one-way ANOVA, descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and paired t test using SPSS software version 22. P < .05 was considered statistically significant., Outcomes: The main study outcome measure was evaluate the effects of vaginal administration of chamomile gel in comparison with conjugated estrogen cream and placebo gel on postmenopausal FSD using the FSFI., Results: The findings showed that chamomile vaginal gel in compared to placebo vaginal gel caused a significant improvement in all six sexual function domains and the total FSFI score (effect size = +2.9 [95% CI, +2.1 to +3.6], P < .001). Also, there was no significant difference between the chamomile vaginal gel and conjugated estrogen vaginal cream groups in terms of the total score and all sub-domains of sexual function with the exception of orgasm (effect size = +0.13 [95% CI, -0.36 to +0.63], P = .02) and sexual satisfaction (effect size = 0 [95% CI, -0.49 to +0.49], P = .04). Two women in the chamomile group and one in the placebo group experienced a burning sensation (P = .345)., Clinical Implications: This treatment can be considered as a treatment option for postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction who have contraindications to the use of hormone therapy., Strengths & Limitations: This study is the first study to investigate the effectiveness of chamomile vaginal gel on sexual function in postmenopausal women. However, in this study, treatment duration was 12 weeks and no follow up was performed beyond this time CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, the use of vaginal chamomile gel improved sexual function in postmenopausal women. Bosak Z, Iravani M, Moghimipour E, et al. Effect of Chamomile Vaginal Gel on the Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sex Med 2022;19:983-994., (Copyright © 2022 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is uncertainty about the applicability of developed country triage scales in the developing population., Objective: To develop and validate an obstetric triage scale in Iran., Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed-method study was conducted on experienced gynecologists, emergency medicine, midwives, and nurses as evaluators, and pregnant or parturient women as sample. Development of obstetric triage acuity index was done using qualitative study and literature review. Thirty-two evaluators in two rounds evaluated the clinical impact score, content validity ratio, and content validity index. The tool performance was compared with a standard reference in 415 women. The association of urgency levels with hospitalization, resource utilization, and emergency department length of stay were assessed in 599 women. Five midwives independently double-triaged 234 convenience women to estimate inter-rater reliability., Results: Out of 191 items in the initial draft, 9 (4.7%) items in the face validity, 33 (18.1%) in the first, and 5 (3.2%) in the second content validity round were removed because not meeting the expected thresholds. Nine items added based on evaluators' suggestions. Finally, total items had a kappa above 0.74, and S-CVI/Ave, S-CVI/UA were 0.99 and 0.86, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the two tools ( r  = 0.661, p  < 0). Level 1 mothers had a higher chance of using ≥ 2 resources (OR = 16.4, 95% CI = 2.06-129.98) and hospitalization (OR = 18.0, 95% CI = 3.96-81.51) compared to the level 5, after adjusting for gestational age/postpartum, and referral method. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the scale in predicting hospitalization were 74.8% (95% CI = 69.73-79.49), 80.8% (95% CI = 73.60-86.74), and 76.7% (72.67-80.48), respectively. The over and under-triage rates were 6.1% and 17.1%, respectively. The absolute agreement inter-raters was 86.8%, and the linear weighted kappa was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.81-0.91)., Conclusion: The designed OB triage scale showed good validity and reliability in the tertiary teaching hospital. Studying this tool at lower levels, non-educational, and public hospitals are recommended for external validity testing.

Purpose: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology is the gold standard diagnostic test for breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis (BCLM), but has impaired sensitivity, often necessitating repeated lumbar puncture to confirm or refute diagnosis. Further, there is no quantitative response tool to assess response or progression during BCLM treatment., Experimental Design: Facing the challenge of working with small-volume samples and the lack of common recurrent mutations in breast cancers, cell-free DNA was extracted from the CSF and plasma of patients undergoing investigation for BCLM (n = 30). ctDNA fraction was assessed by ultra-low-pass whole genome sequencing (ulpWGS), which does not require prior tumor sequencing., Results: In this proof-of-concept study, ctDNA was detected (fraction ≥0.10) in the CSF of all 24 patients with BCLM+ (median ctDNA fraction, 0.57), regardless of negative cytology or borderline MRI imaging, whereas CSF ctDNA was not detected in the six patients with BCLM- (median ctDNA fraction 0.03, P < 0.0001). Plasma ctDNA was only detected in patients with extracranial disease progression or who had previously received whole brain radiotherapy. ctDNA fraction was highly concordant with mutant allele fraction measured by tumor mutation-specific ddPCR assays (r = 0.852; P < 0.0001). During intrathecal treatment, serial monitoring (n = 12 patients) showed that suppression of CSF ctDNA fraction was associated with longer BCLM survival (P = 0.034), and rising ctDNA fraction was detectable up to 12 weeks before clinical progression., Conclusions: Measuring ctDNA fraction by ulpWGS is a quantitative marker demonstrating potential for timely and accurate BCLM diagnosis and therapy response monitoring, with the ultimate aim to improve management of this poor-prognosis patient group., (©2021 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vulvovaginal infections. Due to the increasing resistance to synthetic antifungal drugs, the use of drugs with a natural origin is a priority. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Arnebia euchroma with vaginal cream clotrimazole 1% United States Pharmacopeia (USP) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis., Materials and Methods: This triple-blind trial study was performed on 112 women with diagnosed Candida vaginitis clinically and by a laboratory test, patients were randomly divided into two groups receiving Arnebia euchroma and vaginal clotrimazole (56 people per group) in clinics and medical centers Ahvaz (Iran) from April 2018 to April 2019. Clinical and laboratory symptoms were recorded at the beginning of the study and 1 week after the end of treatment by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis were performed using SPSS software v-23. p < 0.05 was considered significant., Results: After the intervention, vaginal culture was negative in terms of Candida in 17 (36.17%) patients of the Amoeba euchroma group and 37 (69.81%) patients of the clotrimazole group. The Chi-square showed that there was a significant difference between the culture results in both groups ( χ 2 = 10.10, df = 1, p = 0.001). No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of vaginal symptoms based on adjustment for age and using a logistic regression model., Conclusions: A vaginal cream containing Arnebia euchroma could reduce the complaints of vulvovaginal candidiasis. But, future studies with larger sample sizes and different dosages are recommended., Competing Interests: Nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2022 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.)

Background: Gestational diabetes is a disease with complex management that requires multidisciplinary collaboration. To achieve treatment goals, in addition to using medications and paying attention to exercise and diet, it is also important to take into account the mental health and psychosocial aspects of diabetes management. This study aimed to highlight these challenges associated with gestational diabetes., Method: This qualitative systematic review involved a search of the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Title, abstract, and full-text screening was done using Covidence software, and quality assessment of the included papers was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklist. Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of the qualitative research statement (ENTREQ) was used in the design of this paper. Data synthesis was done using meta-aggregation method., Results: Out of the 2440 articles searched, 24 were qualitatively analyzed. The CASP score of the included papers was optimal. The 514 findings extracted from the 24 studies were aggregated into five broad conceptual categories: psychological challenges, socio-cultural challenges, information-communication challenges, challenges associated with a lifestyle change, and challenges related to health care., Conclusion: Recognizing the psychosocial challenges associated with gestational diabetes and developing support packages tailored to psychosocial needs can help improve the management of these patients., (Copyright © 2021 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: E-learning is web-based learning for education and training. The current global pandemic crisis created due to COVID-19 has made worldwide online learning. This study aimed to investigate the level of satisfaction and quality of E-learning in medical universities from the students' point of view during the epidemic of COVID-19 and assessing the obstacles and solutions proposed to improve the quality of E-learning., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among 400 medical university students of Iran during the epidemic of COVID-19. After getting written consent, three parts questionnaire contains demographic, user satisfaction, quality questionnaire, and three open-ended questions were distributed randomly using social media. Descriptive analysis, t -test, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to achieve the objective of this study, with significance set to P < 0.05. Furthermore, three open-ended questions were reviewed qualitatively and the problems and solutions suggested by the students were reported., Results: Based on the findings of the descriptive section, 277 of the respondents were girls (69%) with a mean age of 21 ± 2 years. Sixty-nine percent of students were studying in medical sciences universities and 31% were studying in Islamic Azad University. The level of satisfaction was in the upper range of low (34.0 ± 10.0); P < 0.001, and intention to reuse was moderate (23.06 ± 6.0); P = 0.064. Student's perception of quality in most domains was in the upper range of low to medium. User satisfaction, intention to reuse, the quality of knowledge, and participatory quality for evaluating online courses were significantly higher in the Azad University group than in medical universities., Conclusion: Given that this is the first experience in the use of E-learning in Iran, both universities have not yet fully succeeded in satisfying students and it is necessary to increase the quality of E-learning based on student suggestions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: The aim of this study was to compare fear of childbirth, state and trait anxiety, and childbirth self-efficacy among primiparous and multiparous women in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 pregnant women (100 primiparous and 100 multiparous women) who had been admitted to the maternity ward of hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. The instruments used for data collection in this study included a demographic questionnaire, Delivery Fear Scale (DFS), Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). The data were analyzed by chi-square test and independent t-test. Also, the univariate general linear model was used by adjusting for the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics that were considered as possible confounding variables., Results: The mean score of DFS in primiparous women was significantly higher than that of multiparous women. The mean of the overall score of childbirth self-efficacy of primiparous women was significantly lower than that of multiparous women. The mean score of the outcome expectancies and self-efficacy expectancies was significantly lower in primiparous women compared with multiparous women. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean score of STAI. After adjusting for possible confounding variables, the differences between the two groups in terms of fear of childbirth scores, overall childbirth self-efficacy score and self-efficacy expectancies remained significant., Conclusion: Given the high fear of childbirth and low childbirth self-efficacy in primiparous women compared to the multiparous women, appropriate interventions should be adopted by health care providers in order to reduce fear and improve childbirth self-efficacy in primiparous women., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background and Hypothesis: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a very common and distressing problem that affects women's quality of life. This systematic review aimed to investigate the association of the dimensions of the genital hiatus and levator hiatus at rest and Valsalva with POP., Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science were searched on 25 April 2020. All data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3., Results: Of the 1288 papers reviewed, 21 (n = 5145: 2909 women with POP and 2236 controls) were considered for meta-analysis. Compared with the normal pelvic floor group, the urogenital hiatus size in the POP group was significantly higher at rest (mean difference: 0.49; 95% CI: [0.43, 0.55], P < 0.00001) and at Valsalva (mean difference: 0.79; 95% CI: [0.70, 0.89], P < 0.00001). Also, the levator ani hiatus size in the POP group was significantly higher at rest (mean difference: 0.52, 95% CI: [0.25, 0.78], P < 0.0001) and at Valsalva (mean difference: 1.01; 95% CI: [0.73,1.28], P < 0.00001) compared with that in the normal pelvic floor group., Conclusion: This systematic review showed that the sizes of the urogenital hiatus and levator ani hiatus and area of the levator hiatus in the POP group were significantly higher than those in the normal pelvic floor groups in both positions (rest or Valsalva maneuver). Also, in the POP group, the levator hiatus length at rest was significantly lower than that in the Valsalva maneuver., (© 2021. The International Urogynecological Association.)

Background: Performing exercise with medium intensity has positive effects on the maternal health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercise program during pregnancy on childbirth outcomes: METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on 110 primiparous women who were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n = 55) and control (n = 55). The intervention group performed Pilates exercises from 26 to 28 weeks of gestation for 8 weeks while the control group did not do any exercise. Data collection tools included Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale, and a checklist including demographic and obstetrics information., Results: The results of the study showed that Pilates exercise during pregnancy significantly reduces the labor pain intensity, length of the active phase and second stage of labor and increases maternal satisfaction of the labor process (p < 0.05). Based on the Kaplan Meyer analysis, the mean whole length of labor was shorter in Pilates exercise group than in the control group (P = .004). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of Episiotomy, type of delivery, first and fifth Apgar score of neonates (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Pilates exercise during pregnancy improved the labor process and increased maternal satisfaction of chidbirthprocess, without causing complications for the mother and baby. However, studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to prove the efficacy and safty of this practiceduring labor., Trial Registration: IRCT registration number: IRCT20200126046266N1 . Registration date: 2020-05-02 (retrospectively registered).

This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and summarizes the treatment experience. A total of 239 COVID-19 patients admitted to the Hajar Hospital, Aja University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran from March 22, 2020 to May 18, 2020 were selected, including 176 cases in the ordinary group and 63 cases in the severe/critical group. We collected and compared the clinical data of the two groups of patients, including general conditions, clinical symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, lung CT imaging and prognosis, and analyzed the treatment plans of the two groups. The mean age of 239 COVID-19 patients was 48.1±17.6 years, including 132 males. Patients in the severe and critically ill groups were older than the normal group, with more males and more underlying diseases. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The lymphocyte (LYM) counts and albumin (ALB) counts of the severe and critically ill groups were more significantly lower than those of the normal group; while the percentage of neutrophils (NEU), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and lactate The increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and urea nitrogen (BUN) was more significant, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Patients in the severe and critically ill groups received more antiviral drugs, glucocorticoids, and nasal catheters than those in the normal group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Also, we observed that the most radiological finding was bilateral ground-glass opacity in both groups, however, the rate of typical abnormalities in both chest CT scan and chest x-ray was significantly higher in sever/critical group except air-bronchogram. Taken together, we showed that combination of oseltamivir and glucocorticosteroid such as dexamethasone was very effective in severe patients.

Profiling studies have revealed considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) present within the tumour microenvironment, however, functional characterisation of different CAF subsets is hampered by the lack of specific markers defining these populations. Here we show that genetic deletion of the Endo180 (MRC2) receptor, predominantly expressed by a population of matrix-remodelling CAFs, profoundly limits tumour growth and metastasis; effects that can be recapitulated in 3D co-culture assays. This impairment results from a CAF-intrinsic contractility defect and reduced CAF viability, which coupled with the lack of phenotype in the normal mouse, demonstrates that upregulated Endo180 expression by a specific, potentially targetable CAF subset is required to generate a supportive tumour microenvironment. Further, characterisation of a tumour subline selected via serial in vivo passage for its ability to overcome these stromal defects provides important insight into, how tumour cells adapt to a non-activated stroma in the early stages of metastatic colonisation.

Background: Gestational diabetes is the most common medical complication in pregnancy, and it has many side effects for the mother and the fetus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oat bran consumption on gestational diabetes., Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial that was performed on 112 women with gestational diabetes treated with diet. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 56. Participants in both groups were given a diet for gestational diabetes. In addition to the diet, the intervention group received 30 g of oat bran daily for 4 weeks at lunch and dinner. Tests of fasting blood glucose and two-hour postprandial (2hpp) glucose were taken from both groups: before the intervention, and 2 and 4 weeks after the start of the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 22) using independent t-test, as well as Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant., Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean blood glucose before the intervention, while 2 and 4 weeks after the intervention, mean fasting blood glucose and two-hour postprandial (2hpp) glucose decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the addition of oat bran to the standard diet for pregnant women with gestational diabetes reduced fasting blood glucose and two-hour postprandial (2hpp) glucose. More detailed studies with higher sample sizes are recommended to prove the effectiveness of this valuable dietary supplement., Trial Registration: IRCT registration number: IRCT20191220045828N1 . Registration date: 2020-04-18. Registered while recruiting.