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Preventive analgesia in orthopedic surgery is becoming increasingly important because post-surgical pain management is more pleasant for the patient and allows them to initiate rehabilitation early. With this premise we consider the following hypothesis. The perception of post-surgical pain at two, 12 and 24 hours with local infiltration into the surgical wound with ropivacaine plus systemic analgesia will be less compared to patients who infiltrate with saline into the surgical wound plus systemic analgesia.A randomized double-blind, prospective randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in the period January 2018 to August 2018.The null hypothesis is rejected in the group valued at two hours and the null hypothesis is accepted in the groups valued at 12 and 24 hours.Ropivacaine infiltration is an effective method for managing postoperative pain for the first 2 hours in open shoulder surgery procedures.La analgesia preventiva en cirugía ortopédica cada vez toma mayor importancia debido a que el control del dolor postquirúrgico es más grato para el paciente y le permite iniciar rehabilitación de forma temprana. Con esta premisa nos planteamos la siguiente hipótesis. La percepción del dolor postquirúrgico a las dos, 12 y 24 horas con infiltración local en la herida quirúrgica con ropivacaína más analgesia sistémica será menor en comparación con los pacientes que se infiltren con solución salina en la herida quirúrgica más analgesia sistémica.Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado doble ciego, prospectivo en el período comprendido de Enero de 2018 a Agosto de 2018.Se rechazó la hipótesis nula en el grupo valorado a las dos horas y se aceptó la hipótesis nula en los grupos valorados a las 12 y 24 horas.La infiltración con ropivacaína es un método efectivo para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio durante las primeras dos horas en procedimientos de cirugía abierta de hombro.

In this paper, diffraction properties of several gratings are considered on the basis of the Fourier physical theory. Binary gratings with unequal strip width are of particular interest, as well as the case of two interlaced gratings of the same period. Under scope are absorptive gratings, phase gratings, and mixed gratings. Some variants of binary gratings, as the so called Bi-Ronchi gratings (2D-gratings), are also discussed. In particular, phase gratings with absorption (mixed gratings) are also taken into account. The interferograms generated for this type of gratings are shown in this work. As examples, the patterns for a spherical mirror are obtained for different grating parameters and different values of primary aberrations. Some of the resulting relevant properties are remarked. Related experimental works from several structures of the gratings are shown. This study can be used not only for optical testing, but also for light gratings for particle diffraction or to describe diffraction effects of micro-gratings.

In this research we implemented a two-step phase shifting system based on two cyclic-path coupled interferometers for slope measurements of transparent samples. We analyzed the cases of four patterns with shifts of π/2 captured in two shots; the optical phase was processed by a four-step algorithm.

We present a Sagnac interferometer for the analysis of red blood cells (RBC). The system generates two p/2-shifted interferograms. The optical phase was processed using a Vargas-Quiroga algorithm. Related experimental results obtained for RBC are presented.