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Piura es una región del norte de Perú que destaca por su pesca artesanal, su industria procesadora y exportadora de productos para consumo humano directo (CHD) y su gastronomía marina. Usando información primaria y secundaria, se caracterizó la cadena de valor de la actividad pesquera regional durante el 2014 y se estimaron indicadores de producción, valor agregado (VA) y empleo. El desembarque de Piura fue de 732.000 t y generó U$D 1.771 millones en ingresos, U$D 700 millones de valor agregado y 49.000 empleos. Las capturas fueron destinadas principalmente a: (1) la elaboración industrial y exportación de productos de CHD, preferentemente suministrados por la pesca artesanal (82% del desembarque, 59% del VA y 46% del empleo), y (2) el suministro de recursos frescos para el consumo doméstico (13% del desembarque, 37% del VA y 52% del empleo). Esta región no sigue el patrón nacional, caracterizado por una gran extracción industrial de anchoveta para la producción y exportación de harina y aceite de pescado (CHI). Finalmente, dado que está extensamente documentado que la pesca artesanal aún tiene una amplia agenda de pendientes para lograr la sostenibilidad y que hay que prever escenarios climáticos futuros que puedan impactar la productividad pesquera, se recomienda desarrollar una gobernanza más sólida y participativa que ayude a prevenir posibles colapsos y fomente la competitividad de las actividades económicas aquí descritas.

Sustainably managed wild fisheries support food and nutritional security, livelihoods, and cultures (1). Harmful fisheries subsidies—government payments that incentivize overcapacity and lead to overfishing—undermine these benefits yet are increasing globally (2). World Trade Organization (WTO) members have a unique opportunity at their ministerial meeting in November to reach an agreement that eliminates harmful subsidies (3). We—a group of scientists spanning 46 countries and 6 continents—urge the WTO to make this commitment...

The Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem (HCLME) is a salient feature of the southeastern Pacific, along the South American coast of Chile and Peru. It is associated with coastal upwelling which generates a very productive ecosystem. However, due to a variety of interconnected biophysical processes at diverse temporal and spatial scales, production varies greatly in time and space. The interplay of the biophysical environment, biological processes involving valuable resources on international markets, the socio-political context, and some management decisions, has shaped the daily life of the HCLME fisheries, marked by booms and busts, offering wealth for short periods of time, followed by collapses. These collapses are generally interpreted as the consequence of a lack of appropriate management, so that a variety of increasingly stricter regulations have been implemented. Nevertheless, this has not significantly reduced the temporal variability of the fisheries landings, which is broadly characterized by a peaks and troughs pattern. While the HCLME is one of the most productive marine ecosystems on Earth, along with a great biophysical and biological variability, it is also a huge but fragile exploited social-ecological system. Modelers can help to understand how to continuously adapt in order to deal with recurrent fisheries “crises,” which, as we are beginning to learn, may simply be an expression of the variability inherent in this complex system. Furthermore, it is essential to increase our capacity to adapt to the expected consequences of climate change.

The scallop Argopecten purpuratus is a heavily exploited resource along the coasts of Peru and north-central Chile, especially after El Niño events, when the species undergoes high increases in abundance. Little is known about its genetic structure or demographic history, two important factors to ensure sustainable exploitation. We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b genes of 116 individuals from six localities (between 05°44′S 80°53′W and 23°31′S 70°33′W). We found high levels of genetic diversity in the analyzed populations. No geographical structuring was observed in the haplotype network, which consisted of a few central, widely distributed haplotypes, and many derived population-specific haplotypes separated by few mutations. This pattern suggests a recent population expansion and moderate to low current gene flow among populations. Mismatch analysis, neutrality tests, and a Bayesian skyline analysis confirmed the occurrence of a past event of population expansion approximately 5,000 years ago, which coincides with increasingly stronger and more frequent El Niño events. Fil: Acosta Jofré, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Mendo, Jaime. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina ; Perú Fil: González Ittig, Raúl Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Laudien, Jürgen. Alfred-Wegener-Institut. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung; Alemania Fil: Chiappero, Marina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina

The South Pacific bay scallop Argopecten purpuratus represents a high-value species harvested along the Peruvian and Chilean coastline for more than 60 years. Following the strong El Nino event of 1983/84, both countries experienced a boom in scallop fisheries, but catches dropped as soon as environmental conditions normalized. Aquaculture production began in Chile, which dominated the Latin American scallop market in the 1990s. Peruvian production remained small until the early 2000s, but has increased dramatically ever since, with a single location in northern Peru, Sechura Bay, contributing most (50%) to the Latin American scallop production. We review the historical trends of this species’ production and analyse the ecological and socio-economic factors that have favoured Sechura Bay's progress, and largely displaced Chilean production through dominance of the market. Advantageous environmental conditions in Sechura Bay (e.g. low water depths, higher temperatures, high natural seed supply) result in improved scallop growth and production, and the socio-economic factors, causing lower operational costs than those of the Chilean production favoured this development. The bottom-up initiation of aquaculture operations by small-scale producers likely created a personal incentive for the long-term sustainable use, which differs from the more industrialized aquaculture activities in Chile.

The Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) is the second main contributor to the total catch of mollusks in Peru, after jumbo squid. There are two main scallop banks populations in northern Peru: Lobos de Tierra Island (LTI) and Sechura Bay (SB). Despite a continuous, intense relocation of seeds from LTI, the natural bank population still persists there. To understand this, we studied larval connectivity between LTI and SB using the first invertebrate larval transport biophysical model developed in the region. Larval local retention were 2.4% and 1.57% on average at LTI and SB respectively, while larval transport from SB to LTI was 0.02% on average and 0.07% in the opposite direction. Both larval retention and larval transport increased with spawning depth and were highest in austral summer. Two main larval transport paths from SB to LTI were identified, resulting from a combination of horizontal mesoscale circulation patterns and vertical flows. Potential management implications for these natural banks are discussed.

International audience; We investigated the rhythm of micro-striae formation in the shell of Argopecten purpuratus and environmental influence on micro-growth increments by monitoring growth over a 98-day period between April and July 2007 under bottom and suspended culture (2m above the bottom) rearing conditions. The transfer of individuals to the study site induced the formation of a notable growth mark that allowed us to count the number of micro-striae formed between transfer and sampling dates. Micro-striae counts showed a deposition rate of one stria per day independent of rearing condition. This result allowed us to analyse the relationships between growth increments and environmental conditions. We therefore examined the deviations between observed growth rates and growth rates predicted from a Von Bertalanffy growth function. Cross-correlation analysis revealed significant correlations, without time-lag, between these deviations and both particulate organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the bottom treatment. Additionally, we observed negative correlations with temperature and current speed at this depth with time-lags of 1 and 10 days respectively. In the suspended treatment, we observed a significant negative correlation with temperature, only with a 12-day lag-time. Our results show that growth response to environmental variability is not always instantaneous. This delay can be explained by the time delay over which metabolic processes need to be performed (e.g. digestion, use/movements of reserves, growth, reproduction). Further modeling studies could help to better understand these processes.

International audience; The response of Argopecten purpuratus (Peruvian scallop) to environmental conditions was studied in the upwelling-influenced Bay of Paracas (Peru). Scallops growth and reproduction were monitored weekly over a 7-month period under two conditions (culture depths): on the bottom and 2 m above (suspended culture). At the same time, a high-frequency environmental monitoring was realized at the aforementioned depths. The results indicate that environmental conditions in the Bay are highly variable, especially during the summer: temperature fluctuations up to 8∘C were recorded in less than one day while oxic conditions ranged from oversaturation to anoxia. Milky-turquoise waters discoloration events (sulphide presence suspected) were simultaneously observed together with anoxic conditions and sudden temperature drops. Increased stratification and upwelling favorable winds during the summer might be partly responsible for the observed environmental variability. Higher somatic and gonadal growth were observed in scallops growing in suspended culture compare with bottom culture. This pattern might be related to different environmental conditions at culture depth: turbidity was lower in suspended culture and hypoxic conditions occurred only 18% of the whole study period versus 48% on the bottom. The Gonadosomatic index varied according to an approx. 30-day cycle between winter and late spring and it was synchronous between the different scallop size groups. During summer, when milky waters and anoxic events occurred frequently, cessation of reproduction, somatic weight losses and increased scallop mortality were observed. Exposure to severe hypoxia and related environmental conditions clearly affected scallop bioenergetics and subsequently growth and reproduction. In addition, the occurrence of milky waters harmed the survival of the Peruvian scallop in culture. These results are discussed in terms of management strategies for sustainable scallop aquaculture in the Bay.

This chapter discusses the biology, ecology and aquaculture of the scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, in Peru. Of several scallop species, this is the only one exploited and cultured in Peru. During the last three decades, this resource has become one of the most important molluscs in Peru in terms of export value with volume greatly fluctuating since the onset of the export business in the early 1980s. The impact of El Nino on the population of A. purpuratus is discussed by regions in Peru, being favourable in central and southern Peru and detrimental in northern Peru. Conversely, the scallop production in northern Peru is augmented during cold years. Since most of the scallop production is dependent on seed extraction from natural banks, the use of artificial collectors and the production of larvae in hatcheries is proposed and discussed.

La acuicultura marina se perfila como una actividad muy prometedora en respuesta a la creciente presión mundial por recursos alimenticios. Debido a las limitaciones de espacio y menor calidad ambiental en las zonas costeras, las aguas mar afuera se proyectan como el área natural de expansión de la acuicultura marina o maricultura oceánica. Ecuador, un país con vocación pesquera y acuícola, pretende impulsar esta actividad. No obstante, a la luz de los problemas ambientales observados en otros países, su desarrollo puede entrar en conflicto con los principios de sostenibilidad y la visión ambiental del gobierno. A pesar de los avances tecnológicos y la existencia de un marco jurídico para el desarrollo de la actividad, se han autorizado pocas concesiones. En tal sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo es estructurar un modelo de investigación que, teniendo como base la Evaluación Ambiental de última generación, es decir la Evaluación de la Sostenibilidad (ES),conduzca a la realización de una microzonificación del mar ecuatoriano para una maricultura sostenible de la especies locales: pargo (Lutjanusguttatus) y huayaipe (Seriolarivoliana). El estudio plantea que la actividad pudiera impulsarse con un estudio que analice la sostenibilidad en sus dimensiones ambiental, social, económica y de gobernanza, estableciendo las áreas más apropiadas para implementar proyectos en Ecuador. Palabras claves: Maricultura, sostenibilidad, evaluación ambiental, Seriolarivoliana, Lutjanusguttatus. ABSTRACT Marine aquaculture is emerging as a promising activity in response to the growing global pressure of food resources. Offshore waters are projected as the natural area of expansion of marine aquaculture in open water due to space constraints and lower environmental quality in coastal areas. Ecuador has important fishery and aquaculture industries. Since last few years, several governmental initiatives point to promote the marine aquaculture. However, considering the environmental problems observed in other countries, the development of the marine aquaculture may conflict with the principles of sustainability and environmental vision of the Ecuadorian government. Despite technological advances and the existence of a legal framework for the development of the activity, few concessions for offshore marine fish aquaculture has been authorized. In this sense, the goal of this work is to structure a research model, based on the Environmental Assessment of last generation, i. e. Sustainability Assessment (ES), leading to the realization of a micro-zoning of the Ecuadorian sea for a sustainable mariculture of local species snapper (Lutjanusguttatus) and huayaipe (Seriolarivoliana). This work suggests that the activity could be promoted if a study is done by analyzing sustainability of oceanic mariculture in its environmental, social, economic and governance dimensions, establishing the most appropriate areas to implement projects in Ecuador. Keywords: Marine aquaculture, sustainability, environmental assessment, Seriolarivoliana, Lutjanusguttatus. El presente trabajo constituye un ensayo introductorio de la investigación para optar el grado de Doctoris Philosophiae en Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales con el tema “Análisis de la sostenibilidad ambiental del desarrollo de la maricultura oceánica de pargo (Lutjanusguttatus) y huayaipe (Seriolarivoliana) en Ecuador” Recibido: octubre de 2014Aprobado: febrero de 2015

Durante muchos años los desembarques de la pesquería pelágica en la costa peruana se han caracterizado por la presencia de un alto porcentaje de individuos juveniles, especialmente en el caso de la anchoveta ( Engraulis ringens ) durante el año 2002 con consecuencias poco conocidas y estudiadas. En este trabajo se analizan las pérdidas en biomasa y económicas que la pesca de juveniles ocasiona basado en proyecciones de la composición por tallas de los desembarques de los puertos de Paita, Chimbote, Callao y Pisco. Las proyecciones de biomasa, se realizaron mediante el modelo predictivo de Thompson y Bell utilizando parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy estimados para cada puerto mediante el programa ELEFAN I y de la tasa de mortalidad natural proporcionado por el Instituto del Mar del Perú ( IMARPE ) . Las biomasas fueron proyectadas hasta que la fracción de individuos

El lenguado Paralichthys adspersus ( Steindachner ) es una especie de gran importancia para Chile y el Perú por su abundancia y alto valor comercial, sin embargo muy poco se conoce sobre su potencial de cultivo en el Perú. Este estudio determina el crecimiento y la fecundidad del lenguado y realiza un análisis de caracteres externos que permita su separación por sexos, tres aspectos importantes del cultivo de organismos acuáticos. Se analizaron 5 caracteres merísticos y 10 morfométricos de 150 ejemplares utilizados para determinar diferencias entre machos y hembras. La edad fue determinada en base a la lectura de anillos en los otolitos, estimando los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy mediante el ploteo de Ford-Walford, en tanto la fecundidad se calculó mediante el conteo de ovocitos de gónadas en estadio IV de madurez. Los caracteres merísticos y morfométricos analizados no permiten separar individuos por sexo, sin embargo, la diferencia observada en cuanto a los orificios anal, urinario y genital presentes en hembras ( presenta los 3 separadamente ) y machos ( sólo 2, anal y urogenital ) , si permiten realizar dicha separación en forma rápida y confiable. Las hembras del lenguado presentaron mayor crecimiento que los machos, así la ecuación de von Bertalanffy tiene la forma de: Lt= 101.17 ( 1-e -0.140 ( t+ 0.584 ))en hembras y Lt= 60.53 ( 1-e -0.253 ( t+ 0.310 ) ) en machos. El lenguado es un desovador parcial asincrónico con ovocitos maduros de un diámetro entre 0.665 y 0.805 mm, con una fecundidad total de 2 125 000 huevos por individuo y una relativa de 1 500 huevos por gramo de pez. Se discute el potencial de esta especie para su cultivo comparando el crecimiento y la fecundidad con otras especies de lenguados de ambiente natural y que se cultivan en el mundo. The fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus ( Steindachner ) is a species of great importance for Chile and Peru by its abundance and high commercial value, however little is known about its potential for culture in Peru. This study determine growth and fecundity and analyzes external characters, which permit the sex differentiation in order to know about its potential for culture. Meristic ( 5 ) and morphometric ( 10 ) characters from 150 individuals were measured and analyzed using linear regressions in order to find differences between sex. Age was determined counting annual rings in otoliths and von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated using the Ford- Walford plot, meanwhile fecundity of females was estimated counting the number of ovocites of mature gonads ( stage IV ) . The morphometric and meristic characters used in the determination of sexual differentiation, did not show significant differences that can be used in the separation of males from females in a easily and confidentially way. However, it was observed differences in relation to the genital, urinary and anal orifices; females show the 3 orifices separately but males show only two, anal and urogenital orifices. It was found that P. adspersus females growth faster than males. The von Bertalanffy equation for females was Lt= 101.17 ( 1-e -0.140 ( t+ 0.584 ) ) , and Lt= 60.53 ( 1-e -0.253 ( t+ 0.310 ) ) for males. P. adspersus is a partial asynchronic spawner, with mature ovocites between 0.665-0.805mm. The total fecundity was estimated in 2 125 000 eggs per individual and the relative fecundity was 1500 eggs per gram of fish. The potential for culture of this species is discussed comparing growth and fecundity with other flatfish species from natural and cultured stocks.

La Bahía Independencia puede ser considerada a nivel mundial como una de las zonas mas productivas en invertebrados bentónicos, cuyas capturas están sujetas a fluctuaciones fuertes originadas por la ocurrencia del fenómeno El Niño y La Niña y por la falta de medidas de manejo adecuadas. Durante períodos con calentamientos fuertes los desembarques anuales alcanzan las 50000 t en un área de aproximadamente 150 km² y durante años fríos estas se mantienen alrededor de 500 a 1000 t. El presente estudio analiza los cambios de los desembarques en la Bahía Independencia observados durante las dos últimas décadas y discute los principales factores que afectan los "booms" de concha de abanico. En este sentido se usa información sobre capturas, temperatura y aquella relacionada con el crecimiento, reproducción, prelación, densidad media y condiciones de oxígeno procedente de trabajos publicados y no publicados. La relación entre la captura anual y la temperatura promedio durante el periodo reproductivo de la concha de abanico durante los últimos 20 años, muestra que la producción es afectada positivamente solo con la ocurrencia de El Niño fuertes como en 1983 y 1998. Los resultados muestran que los "booms" de concha de abanico durante estos El Niño se debe al efecto combinado de (1) incremento en la actividad reproductiva a través de una aceleración de la maduración y un incremento de la frecuencia de desove; (2) acortamiento del periodo larval e incremento en la supervivencia larval; (3) incremento en el rendimiento en crecimiento individual; (4) incremento en la supervivencia de juveniles y adultos debido a la reducción de la biomasa de predadores; (5) incremento en la capacidad de carga de los bancos de conchas debido a elevados niveles de oxígeno. En el marco de discusión sobre los factores que contribuyen al desarrollo de la población de concha de abanico durante el evento El Niño, no podemos dejar de considerar en detalle el impacto de la pesquería. Considerando que el volumen de captura no solo depende de la abundancia relativa de la especie, la estrategia de pesca aplicada fue analizada con el fin de explicar los diferentes niveles de producción de concha de abanico durante El Niño 1983 y 1998. Independencia Bay can be considered as one of the most productive invertebrate fishing grounds worldwide. One of the most important exploited species is the scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) with strong catching fluctuations related to El Niño and La Niña events and to inadequate management strategies. During strong warming periods annual landings reach up to 50 000t in an area of about 150 km2 and during cold years they remain around 500 to 1000 t. This study analyses the changes in scallop landings at Independencia Bay observed during the last two decades and discusses the main factors affecting the scallop proliferations during the El Niño events. In this way data on landings, sea surface temperature and those related to growth, reproduction, predation, mean density and oxygen concentration from published and unpublished papers are used. The relationship between annual catches and average water temperature over the preceding reproductive period of the scallop over the past 20 year’s period, showed that scallop production is affected positively only with strong El Niño such as those of 1983 and 1998. Our review showed that the scallop stock proliferation can be traced to the combined effect of (1) an increase in reproductive output through an acceleration of gonad maturation and a higher spawning frequency; (2) a shortening of the larval period and an increase in larval survival; (3) an increase in the individual growth performance; (4) an increase in the juvenile and adult survival through reduction of predator biomass; (5) an increase in carrying capacity of the scallop banks due to elevated oxygen levels. When discussing the factors that contribute to the development of the scallop population during an El Niño event, the fishery must be considered in detail. Since the volume of the catch not only depends on the relative abundance of the species, fishing efforts and strategies were analyzed in order to explain different levels of scallop production during El Niño 1983 and 1998.

Trachurus murphyi es una de las especies más importantes de la red trófica del ecosistema pelágico-oceánico y representa una de las pesquerías industriales de mayor significancia de la costa del Perú. Con la finalidad de conocer el comportamiento dietario de esta especie se analizaron los contenidos estomacales de 3 175 ejemplares capturados a bordo de embarcaciones industriales arrastreras semi-pelágicas y cerqueras en la zona norte y centro del Perú respectivamente desde 1995 hasta 1997. La longitud total del jurel fluctuó entre 22 y 59 cm y mayormente en un rango de 26 y 46 cm. Estadísticamente se comprueba que la variación observada de los contenidos estomacales es significativa para todo el periodo de estudio como también para los diferentes grupos de tallas. El porcentaje de estómagos con alimento en las diferentes clases de longitud fluctuaron entre 42.3 y 100%. Los crustáceos contribuyeron con el 60.4% de la masa de alimento ingerido, seguido por los peces con 39.3%, mientras que los moluscos sólo representaron el 0.36%. Dentro de estos grupos la especie más representativa es Euphausia mucronata (54.3%) y peces (35.5%) pero sin poder identificar la especie predominante por el estado de descomposición en los contenidos estomacales. En el año 1997 (El Niño) se produce un aumento considerable en el número de especies como presas llegando a 23 especies. Aunque con pequeñas variantes en cada año se destaca la preferencia de eufausidos para los ejemplares más pequeños (< 38 cm) y de peces (>42 cm). Basados en el IRI y el Indice de Jerarquización se destaca la notable preferencia de los eufausidos como presa, esencialmente la E. mucronata en los años 1995 y 1996 pero diversificándose en 1997 con otras especies de eufausidos y de peces en su dieta, manifestándose su carácter de predador oportunista. El análisis cluster para los datos de contenido estomacal para el año 1995 organizó las 8 clases de longitud en 2 grupos principales de tallas de 58 cm. Trachurus murphyi is one of the most relevant species in the food chains of the pelagic-oceanic system and represents one of the most important industrial fisheries in the Peruvian coast. In order to know its predatory behavior, stomach contents of 3175 individuals were analyzed. The individuals were caught on board in industrial semi-pelagic trawlers and purse seine vessels in the north and central coast of Peru from 1995 to 1997. Individuals´ total lengths ranged from 22 to 58 cm, the main range being from 26 to 46 cm. Percentage of stomachs with food of different length classes ranged from 42.3 to 100%. Crustaceans were the largest item in the diet with 60.4% followed by fishes with 39.3% and mollusks with only 0.36%. Euphausia. mucronata was the most representative species in the diet with 54.3% followed by a 35.5% of fishes which could not be identified due to decomposition processes. Based on IRI values, the predominant groups in the diet corresponded to the Eufausidae family. Cluster analysis applied to the stomachs contents sampled in 1995 by length classes organized the individuals into 2 groups: 58 cm.