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Food borne pathogens, namely the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the Gram- negative bacterium Escherichia coli, were grown under the inhibition with four different disinfectants based on chloride and bromide salts of pyridinium oxime. Bacterial samples were subjected to the sequential extraction of proteins and the in-solution tryptic digestion of obtained extracts was performed prior to the identification of proteins with LC-ESI-MS/MS. Proteomic analysis identified up- and down- regulated proteins in these bacteria after treatment with each compound. The tables with differently expressed proteins are presented with this article.

Expanding the sequencing depth of the peptides with a statistically significant quantitative change derived from a biological stimulation is critical. Here we demonstrate that optimization of LC gradient and analytical column construction can reveal over 30,000 unique peptides and 23,000 phosphopeptides at high confidence. The quantitative reproducibility of different analytical workflows was evaluated by comparing the phosphoproteome of CD3/4 stimulated and unstimulated T-cells as a model system. A fritless, 50 cm-long column packed with 1.9 μm particles operated with a standard pressure HPLC significantly improved the sequencing depth 51% and decreased the selected ion chromatogram peak spreading. Most importantly, under the optimal workflow we observed an improvement of over 300% in detection of significantly changed phosphopeptides in the stimulated cells compared with the other workflows. The discovery power of the optimized column configuration was illustrated by identification of significantly altered phosphopeptides harboring novel sites from proteins previously established as important in T cell signaling including A-Raf, B-Raf, c-Myc, CARMA1, Fyn, ITK, LAT, NFAT1/2/3, PKCα, PLCγ1/2, RAF1, and SOS1. Taken together, our results reveal the analytical power of optimized chromatography using sub 2 μm particles for the analysis of the T cell phosphoproteome to reveal a vast landscape of significantly altered phosphorylation changes in response to T cell receptor stimulation.

This study investigated relationships between contact experiences and perceived threat on attitudes toward same-sex marriage and its beneficiaries. 367 self-identified heterosexual college students completed a series of measures addressing contact experiences (both positive and negative), realistic and symbolic threat from same-sex marriage, and eight outcome measures including attitudes toward same-sex marriage, stereotypes, feelings, and emotional reactions. Broadly, findings support Intergroup Contact Theory’s proposition that favorable contact experiences relate to less bias and Intergroup Threat Theory’s proposition that feelings of threat relate to prejudice. Threats demonstrated an indirect effect on the contact-prejudice relationship with more consistent effect for realistic threat.

Proteomic analysis of foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with three disinfectants based on ammonium salts of pyridoxal oxime (POD) reveal perturbation of cellular processes. These inhibitors caused disturbance in the synthesis of plasma membrane proteins and cell wall proteoglycans. Some of key proteins and proteoglycans from these two groups that are important for bacterial growth are down-regulated. Additionally, we demonstrated that the main bacterial toxin Listeriolysin O (LLO) is significantly down- regulated after treatment with each of three investigated inhibitors. These investigations confirm already postulated mechanism of action of POD-based inhibitors that results in disturbance of key cell surface proteins and proteoglycans in Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, the use of some proteins such as LLO, as potential biomarker candidates of food poisoning with this bacterium is discussed.

A team of renowned scholars examines how sacred art and artefacts responded to the demands of a world stage in the age of reform, demonstrating the significance of religious systems for a global art history.

A comprehensive proteomic analysis of food borne pathogens after treatment with disinfectants based on ammonium salts of pyridinium oxime was performed. Changes in proteomes of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the Gram-negative one, Escherichia coli, were evaluated. Up and down- regulated proteins in these bacteria after growth under the inhibition with four different disinfectants based on chloride and bromide salts of pyridinium oxime were identified and their cellular localizations and functions were determined by gene ontology searching. Proteome changes presented here demonstrate different mechanisms of action of these disinfectants. In the Gram-positive food pathogen Bacillus subtilis, the inhibitory substances seem to act mainly at the cell surface and cause significant alterations of membrane and cell surface proteins. On the other hand, intracellular proteins were more affected in the Gram-negative pathogen Escherichia coli. This research is a contribution to the investigation of the virulence and pathogenicity of food borne bacteria and their survival under stress conditions, and can also lead the way for further development of new inhibitors of microbial growth and studies of mechanism of their actions.

This chapter addresses the principles of transparency and openness and focusses on the prime application of these principles in the EEA which is access to documents. It seeks to provide the practitioner with an initial ready-reference guide to the regimes in place, including Regulation 1049/2001, but with emphasis on ESA’s Rules on Access to Documents 2012 (RAD 2012). The chapter also considers the transparency of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the EFTA Court, focussing on their archives, and also gives ideas on potential future developments in this fast-developing area of law.