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Conduct disorder is one of the most serious and complex complications in school-aged children. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of Good Enough Parenting training with schema therapy approach and positive parenting program training on the parent-child conflict in mothers of children with conduct disorders. The method of the current research was a quasi-experimental one with pretest-post-test method plus a control group and a follow-up stage. The population included all mothers of students with conduct problems in the second grade of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2020-2021. Out of this population, after the implementation of the Sprafkin test (the fourth edition) a sample of 60 participants (three groups of 20 people from mothers of children, including two experimental groups and one control group) were selected using the available sampling. They were given Sprafkin children's behavioral syndrome questionnaire and the parentchild conflict questionnaire. The results were analyzed using repeated measurements analysis of variance. The results indicated that both interventions led to a significant reduction in parent-child conflicts. Also, there was no significant difference between their effectiveness. In general, the results revealed that Good Enough Parenting training with schema therapy approach and positive parenting program training has a significant effect on parent-child conflict. The results of this study can be benefited in psychology, especially in the field of parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reflectance Visible/near-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the effect of peel on the non-destructive soluble solids content prediction of oranges. The spectra were interpreted and partial least squares model was developed for both intact and peeled oranges at two wavelength ranges of 450–1000 and 700–1000 nm. Results showed that the wavelengths of the main absorbance peaks on the spectra of the intact and peeled samples were the same (p> 0.05). Moreover, the developed models yielded a good prediction accuracy of soluble solids content (2.5 < standard deviation ratio < 3) for intact oranges as well as the peeled fruits at the spectral ranges of 450–1000 and 700–1000 nm (p> 0.05). It was also noted that the effect of peel chemical composition can be ignored in non-destructive spectroscopy of intact citrus for determination of soluble solids content. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Initial low cost of pesticides and lack of knowledge on the part of agricultural producers has led to an overuse of pesticides, with dangerous consequences. On the other hand, today, pesticides have an important role in the increment of agriculture products. Therefore, in recent years, the major aims of agricultural, environmental and even the food industry researchers have been to reduce the usage of chemical materials in agricultural applications. To achieve this, variable rate application in sprayers using different technologies such as machine vision, ultrasonic sensors, spectrometry, laser scanning, as well as pest identification and classification, have been applied in recent studies. This paper reviews these works reported in the 21 century. In addition, the best result is suggested in the conclusion section for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]