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Suicide-related theories and a growing body of evidence suggest that suicidal patients may have a tendency toward "short-sightedness"-the preference for immediate gratification when making intertemporal choice-and that social exclusion may exacerbate this tendency in suicidal patients. The present study examined the intertemporal choice performance of suicide attempters under conditions of social exclusion in a sample of affective disorder patients.A total of 64 affective disorder patients (22 non-suicidal patients, 24 single-suicide attempters and 18 multiple-suicide attempters) completed an intertemporal choice task in an exclusion or a non-exclusion condition. Social exclusion was manipulated using the Cyberball paradigm.Non-suicidal patients and single-suicide attempters both exhibited an exaggerated preference for immediate rewards in the exclusion condition compared with the non-exclusion condition; in contrast, the multiple-suicide attempters appeared relatively indifferent to the social exclusion, exhibiting virtually identical preferences for immediate rewards in both the exclusion and non-exclusion conditions. In addition, the multiple-suicide attempters exhibited an exaggerated preference for immediate rewards compared with non-suicidal patients and single-suicide attempters in the non-exclusion condition, while the three groups did not differ in the exclusion condition.Affective disorder patients with a single or no suicide attempts are more short-sighted after being excluded, while those with multiple suicide attempts appeared consistent short-sightedness in both exclusion and non-exclusion conditions. The study provides preliminary evidence of the role of disadvantageous intertemporal choice in the suicidal process. Future research replicate and extend these findings could have implications for suicide prevention and intervention.

Childhood trauma and stressful life events have been identified as risk factors for the development of depression. However, little is known about the potential cognitive mechanisms underlying these associations. This study aims to investigate the associations among childhood trauma, stressful life events, and depression and to test a mediating model to examine the roles of cognitive flexibility in these associations.First-year university students (Childhood trauma and stressful life events were both negative predictors of cognitive flexibility (β = -.32, β = -.19, respectively;This study reveals that childhood trauma and stressful life events not only have a direct effect on depression but also increase individuals' risk of depression by decreasing their cognitive flexibility. These findings shed light on the possible potential mechanism underlying the suicide process and highlight the important role of cognitive flexibility in suicide prevention and intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Researchers have examined if olfaction is a sensitive biomarker of anorexia nervosa, but considerable heterogeneity across studies makes it difficult to reach a consensus. This review and meta-analysis sought to clarify if olfaction is altered in individuals with anorexia nervosa and explore potential moderators of olfaction in this population. We performed quantitative and qualitative analyses of olfactory function in individuals with anorexia nervosa compared with healthy controls. A random effect model was used to estimate pooled effect sizes, and meta-regression was conducted to identify potential moderators. We found that individuals with anorexia nervosa had largely intact olfactory function compared with healthy controls in terms of threshold (g = -0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] (-0.65,0.47), p = 0.757), identification (g = -0.06, 95% CI (-0.32,0.20), p = 0.642), and overall olfactory function (g = -0.47, 95% CI (-1.02,0.07), p = 0.090). Discrimination was different from control (g = -0.51, 95% CI (-0.97,-0.05), p = 0.029). However, after sensitivity analysis, the pooled effect size was nonsignificant in discrimination. Olfactory sensitivity covaried with anorexia nervosa severity, body mass index (BMI) positively moderated olfactory threshold score (β = 0.79, 95% CI (0.18,1.41), p = 0.020) in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Disease duration negatively moderated olfactory threshold score (β = -0.21, 95% CI (-0.40,-0.03), p = 0.034). The results suggest that olfaction is not a sensitive marker of anorexia nervosa diagnosis, but olfactory sensitivity may be a useful indicator of anorexia nervosa severity.

China is beginning to transform from a migrant exporting country to a migrant importing country. Our study aimed to assess risks of imported tuberculosis among travellers and to determine risk factors, to tailor institutional guidelines.We conducted an observational, retrospective, population-based cohort study. Molecular epidemiology surveillance methods were used to screen travellers for cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) at Guangzhou Port in China from January 2010 to December 2016.A total of 165,369 travellers from 190 countries and regions were screened for PTB. The rate of suspected PTB, laboratory confirmed rate, and the total detection rate in emigrants were significantly higher than those in travellers (p0.01). There were four differences in the PTB screening process between emigrants and travellers. According to the transmission risk degree of the tuberculosis, forty high-risk PTB importing countries were divided into five levels. The travellers diagnosed with PTB were significantly younger than the emigrants (p0.01). The distribution of genotypes differed significantly between the travellers and emigrants (p0.001).PTB screening process in travellers at ports should include a risk assessment of high-risk groups. It should reduce diagnosis time by rapid molecular detection methods and strengthen drug resistant (DR) transmission and monitoring of imported PTB strains through molecular genotyping at ports.

Inhibitory control, comprising cognitive inhibition and response inhibition, showed consistent deficits among several major psychiatric disorders. We aim to identify the trans-diagnostic convergence of neuroimaging abnormalities underlying inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders.Inhibitory control tasks neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography articles published in PubMed and Web of Science before April 2020 comparing healthy controls with patients with several psychiatric disorders were searched.146 experiments on 2653 patients with different disorders and 2764 control participants were included. Coordinates of case-control differences coded by diagnosis and inhibitory control components were analyzed using activation likelihood estimation. A robust trans-diagnostic pattern of aberrant brain activation in the bilateral cingulate gyri extending to medial frontal gyri, right insula, bilateral lentiform nuclei, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precuneus extending to inferior parietal lobule, and right supplementary motor area were detected. Frontostriatal pathways are the commonly disrupted neural circuits in the inhibitory control across psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, Patients showed aberrant activation in the dorsal frontal inhibitory system in cognitive inhibition, while in the frontostriatal system in response inhibition across disorders.Consistent with the Research Domain Criteria initiative, current findings show that psychiatric disorders may be productively formulated as a phenotype of trans-diagnostic neurocircuit disruption. Our results provide new insights for future research into mental disorders with inhibition-related dysfunctions.

With economic globalization, there has been a rapid increase in the number of sojourners in the workforce and in international education. However, little is known about the impact of career adaptability (a key psychosocial resource for managing career transitions) on international students' adaptation in cross-cultural contexts, particularly their quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on career construct theory, this study examined how career adaptability directly and indirectly enhances international students' quality of life through perceived online and offline social support, and how the COVID-19 pandemic affected their adaptation in cross-cultural context. With a sample of 328 African international students in China, we found that career adaptability and perceived online/ offline social support were positively related to the quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, perceived offline social support, but not perceived online social support, was an adapting response through which career adaptability enhances international students' quality of life in cross-cultural context. The mediating effect of perceived offline social support diminished when the self-rated COVID-19 impact on international students was severe. These findings provide a basis for future psychosocial interventions to enhance international students' adaptation to cross-cultural contexts during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure, is a key clinical feature of many mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Although various valid measurements of anhedonia and pleasure experience exist, no scales exist that quantify smell and taste pleasure experiences. The Chemosensory Pleasure Scale (CPS) was therefore designed to assess the hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure. We examined the reliability and validity of the CPS in our study. First, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify and examine the structure of the CPS. Second, the CPS’s validity and test-retest stability were investigated. The CPS was correlated with other measurements of anhedonia and pleasure experience. Furthermore, the empirical validity of CPS was also examined in our study. The results indicated that the CPS is a reliable and valid measure for assessing an individual’s hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure in nonclinical samples. Further application of the CPS for various populations is also discussed herein, especially for patients with mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and autism.

Objectives Although impulsiveness has been recognized as a risk factor for suicide, few studies have explored how to protect offenders with impulsiveness from the risk of suicide. This study aims to examine the relationships among impulsiveness, suicide risk, regulatory emotional self-efficacy (RESE), and flourishing, focusing on the moderating effects of RESE and flourishing in the relationship between impulsiveness and suicide risk. Design and methods This is a cross-sectional study of 941 male offenders. All participants were requested to provide some items of demographic information and to complete a package of self-reported questionnaires measuring impulsiveness, suicide risk, RESE, and flourishing. Results The results indicate that impulsiveness is positively correlated with suicide risk, while RESE and flourishing are negatively correlated with impulsiveness and suicide risk. Most importantly, both RESE and its dimension managing negative affect (NEG) negatively moderate the relationship between impulsiveness and suicide risk. Flourishing and the RESE dimension expressing positive affect (POS) show no significant moderating effect on impulsiveness-suicide risk link. Conclusions Regulatory emotional self-efficacy, especially its NEG dimension, can buffer the impact of impulsiveness on suicide risk in male offenders, indicating that these factors might be useful supplements in suicide prevention. Practitioner points Offender with higher level of RESE and flourishing show lower level of impulsiveness and suicide risk. High level of RESE and its NEG dimension can buffer the effect of impulsiveness on suicide risk. RESE, especially its NEG dimension might be a useful supplement for suicide prevention in offenders with high impulsiveness.

Authoritarian personality has been repeatedly shown to be associated with greater subjective well-being largely in the western countries. Contextual factors have been demonstrated to be capable of moderating this association at the macro level, and yet whether micro level organizational culture context could have a similar moderation effect remains elusive. The present study aims to verify authoritarian personality - subjective well-being association among a sample of Chinese college students, as well as testing the potential moderating role of the authoritarian organizational culture context. 1007 Chinese male undergraduates from both military and non-military medical universities were recruited, and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), happiness index and life satisfaction were measured. We found that higher score on authoritarian personality is significantly correlated with greater subjective well-being, and this association indeed can be moderated by the organizational culture context (military vs civilian). Overall, this study verifies and extends the findings of a positive authoritarian personality - subjective well-being relationship to an oriental cultural context.

Introduction: Previous studies have found that schizotypy can predict suicide, and that meaningfulness has influential effects on suicidality in the general population. However, it is still not clear whether meaningfulness is associated with suicidality in individuals with schizotypy. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effects of meaningfulness in the relationship between schizotypy and suicidality. Method: We recruited 2,615 university students (including undergraduates and postgraduates; mean age = 18.35, SD = 0.81; males, 39%) to participate in our study, and used the Meaningful Life Measure (Chinese, revised) to assess their experiences of meaningfulness, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire (Chinese version) to evaluate participants' suicidal thoughts and attempts, and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire to examine their personal schizotypal traits. Results: Meaningfulness was found to be inversely related to the other two factors, and schizotypy was positively associated with suicidality. The correlation between schizotypy and suicidality was reduced when meaningfulness was included, which may suggest that meaningfulness can partly mediate this relationship, accounting for 55.47% of the association. Conclusions: Prior research has suggested that assessing meaningfulness could provide more detailed information about suicide risk in individuals with schizotypy. Our study found that improving perceptions of meaningfulness can be an effective intervention in reducing suicide risk among people with schizotypy.

Previous studies have provided compelling support for the olfactory dysfunction and emotion deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The present research aimed to study whether olfactory function is associated with emotional states and emotional expression in individuals with schizotypy. Thirty individuals with schizotypy and 30 controls were recruited for this study. The Sniffin' sticks test was used to evaluate olfactory function. The Emotional Expressivity Scale (EES) was used to assess the expression of emotion. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Compared with the controls, individuals in schizotypal group had weaker emotional expression and more severe emotional states (including depression and anxiety). The results showed that odor identification scores were positively correlated with emotional expression scores and negatively correlated with depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in the schizotypal group. Emotional expression was inversely related to the olfactory threshold in the controls, but not in the schizotypal group. Odor identification showed a positive correlation with emotional expression and negative correlations with emotional states in individuals with schizotypy, which may provide new insight for the exploration of the sensory perception impairments and emotional deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Children with autistic traits in clinical or non-clinical populations are vulnerable to chemosensory anhedonia and unusual eating behaviors. However, few studies have explored the relationship between the three. Thus, in the current study, we first validated the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for kids (CPS-K) from a population of preschool children and then investigated the potential role of chemosensory hedonic capacity as a mediator of the relationship between autistic traits and eating behaviors. A total of 305 preschool children and their parents participated in the study. The results showed that CPS-K had good reliability (internal consistency and test–retest stability) and validity, confirming it as a suitable tool to assess the hedonic capacity to enjoy smells and tastes. Moreover, the mediation models were tested using the bias-corrected bootstrap method and the results indicated that the relationship between autistic traits and enjoyment of food was mediated by chemosensory hedonic capacity, especially the ability to experience pleasure while eating, while the relationship between autistic traits and food fussiness was mediated by the ability to experience pleasure while eating. In conclusion, children with high autistic traits reported unusual eating behaviors (loss of enjoyment of food and food fussiness), which were associated with decreased chemosensory hedonic capacity.

Chemosensory anhedonia, a decreased ability to experience pleasant smells and tastes, is a key clinical feature of many neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. The Chemosensory Pleasure Scale (CPS) was designed to assess the hedonic capacity to enjoy smells and tastes. However, the CPS for children remains underdeveloped. This study was conducted to develop the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for children (CPS-C) with data gathered from a population of children. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the CPS-C by administering it to four samples, comprising a total of 673 healthy children. Sample A (N = 280) was used to examine the structure of the CPS-C through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Sample B (N = 280) was used to verify the factor structure of the scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results showed that the three-factor model (food, imagination, and nature) had an acceptable fit that was similar to that of the CPS for adults. The CFA results confirmed these findings in sample B. Sample C (N = 45) was used to assess the reliability of the CPS-C over a 1-week period through its internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability. Sample D (N = 113) was used to test the empirical validity of the CPS-C. The CPS-C had good reliability (internal consistency and test–retest stability) and validity. In conclusion, the CPS-C has three factors that can be used to measure children’s chemosensory hedonic capacity.

Background Experiences of childhood trauma are strongly associated with subsequent suicide. However, exactly how traumatic childhood experiences influence subsequent suicide remains unclear. Aim This study aims to explore the potential mediating effects of alexithymia on the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk in undergraduates. We further studied the influence of left-behind experience, a phenomenon that one or both of parents go out to work and their children are taken care of by others, in this model. Participants and methods The participants were 2345 undergraduates who completed online assessments, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire – Revised, and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results Left-behind experience (LBE) students had higher scores for childhood trauma, alexithymia and suicide risk than no left-behind experience (NLBE) students. Additionally, the results show that alexithymia partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk in NLBE students, although the mediating effect of alexithymia was not maintained in LBE students. Conclusion Different mechanisms are involved in the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk between LBE and NLBE students. This suggests that we need to implement different intervention strategies for the suicide risk of these two groups of students.

Parents of children with ongoing cancer treatment are exposed to risks of developing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), but little is known about the prevalence and predictors of PTSS among Chinese parents of children with cancer. This study aimed to examine the predictors of PTSS, and explored the correlation of depression, resilience, and family functions with severe PTSS. This cross-sectional survey was conducted from May 2014 to September 2015 among the parents of cancer children treated in four general hospitals in South China. PTSS in the parents were measured using post-traumatic stress checklist-civilian version (PCL-C). Multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive values of depression, resilience, family functioning, and the demographic variables for severe PTSS. A total of 279 parents (192 mothers and 87 fathers) participated in the survey. Severe PTSS, as defined by a PCL-C score ≥50, were reported in 32.97% (n = 92) of the total participants, 26.44% (23/87) in the fathers and 35.94% (69/192) in the mothers. The level of PTSS was positively correlated with depression (r = 0.782, P

Zhongyong thinking (Doctrine of the Mean) is a traditional Confucius interpersonal style with emphasis on interpersonal harmony and connection. In contemporary society, is Zhongyong thinking beneficial to, or has Zhongyong thinking become an old-fashioned idea with trivial or even detrimental influence on mental health? The current study explored the relationship of Zhongyong thinking and mental health measures in two studies. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey involving a large representative sample of 8,178 Chinese undergraduate students. We found that Zhongyong thinking was negatively associated with anxiety ( r = −.23, p < .01) and depressive symptoms ( r = −.32, p < .01), but positively associated with self-esteem ( r = .28, p < .01). Compared with low-Zhongyong group, those who scored high on the Zhongyong Thinking Scale had substantially lower scores on anxiety and depressive symptoms, and had higher scores on self-esteem and life satisfaction. In Study 2, we experimentally intervened in Zhongyong thinking in 30 mildly depressed students, comparing mental health outcomes with a randomized control group ( n = 30) who received regular supportive group intervention. We found that training in Zhongyong thinking was more effective in alleviating depressive symptoms compared with the control group. The two studies prove from different aspects that Zhongyong thinking still plays an important role in regulating mental distress and maintaining subjective well-being among contemporary Chinese young adults. Why Zhongyong thinking is beneficial, and how to transmit this traditional cultural heritage to promote emotion regulation strategies are discussed.

Background Mental stress mainly induces depression, and predictable stress, as well as a constant bombardment of chronic unpredictable micro-stressors, always coexist in daily life. However, the combined effect of predictable and unpredictable stress on depression is still not fully understood. Methods The chronic restraint stress (CRS) is to restrain the mice for 6 h per day for 3 weeks, and the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is to stimulate the mice with 7 different stressors for 3 weeks. We evaluated the combined effect of CRS and CUMS on depression-like symptoms using behavioral tests and investigated the action mechanism through analysis of neurotransmitters, brain-derived factors, inflammatory factors, antioxidants, and intestinal microorganisms. Results Our data suggested the combined stress of CRS and CUMS caused significant weight loss, food intake reduction, depression-like behaviors-including anhedonia, learned helplessness, and reduction in spontaneous activity-and even atrophy and severe structural damage to the hippocampus in mice. Our pathogenesis study showed that combined stress-induced the reduction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels, loss of oligodendrocytes (NG2 and Olig2 cells), and inhibition of neuron proliferation in the CA1, CA3, and DG regions of the hippocampus, decreased the contents of monoamine neurotransmitters (5-HT and NE) and BDNF in the cerebral cortex, caused hyperactivity of the HPA system, led to immune dysfunction, aggravated oxidative stress, and weakened the capacity of antioxidants in mice. Compared with single stress, combined stress gave rise to a more significant diversity change of the gut microbiota. Conclusions Combined stress caused significant depression-like behaviors, atrophy, and severe structural damage to the hippocampus in mice via monoamine neurotransmitter, BDNF, HPA axis, neurogenesis, and neurodegenerative, immune, oxidative stress and gut-brain axis action pathways.

The current study was to examine the relationship among depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, emotion regulatory self-efficacy and suicide risk. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3257 graduate students from a medical college of China. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan and attempt were 25.7%, 1.6%, 1.1%, respectively, with one-year suicidal ideation showing at 6.3%. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relative contribution of depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms and emotion regulatory self-efficacy on suicide risk. Structural equation model had a highly satisfactory fit [χ2 = 7.782, df = 4, p = 0.096; RMSEA = 0.021; CFI = 0.992; GFI = 0.997]. Post-traumatic stress symptoms had a direct effect and an indirect effect on suicide risk via emotion regulatory self-efficacy. Depressive symptoms also had a direct effect and an indirect effect on suicide risk via emotion regulatory self-efficacy. The depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms increased the risk of suicide risk, but the variable of emotion regulatory self–efficacy would be served as a buffering factor, decreasing the risk of suicide. The interaction term of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress symptoms had a direct effect on suicide risk. A significant interactive effect of depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms on suicide risk was found.

Food neophobia, as a continuous personality trait, usually manifests in unwillingness to try, or even fear of trying unfamiliar food. The Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) is a measure designed to assess food neophobia. However, few studies have applied the FNS in a Chinese context. Therefore, this work aims to formulate and analyze a Chinese version of the FNS (FNS-C) using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with data gathered from a Chinese population. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the FNS-C by administering it to three samples, comprising a total of 1073 healthy Chinese college students. The first sample (N = 408) was used to examine the structure of the FNS for Chinese participants through EFA. The second sample (N = 615) was then used to verify the scale’s factor structure through CFA. Results of the EFA suggested a three-factor model (Willingness, Trust, and Pickiness), instead of the two-factor models identified in all previous studies. The CFA results confirm these findings in the second sample. The third sample (N = 50) was used to assess the test-retest reliability. The FNS-C was found to have good reliability (internal consistency and test-retest stability) and validity. In conclusion, the FNS has three factors among Chinese participants, and the FNS-C performs properly with Chinese college students.

Background Depressive disorder was associated with dysfunctional self-regulation. The current study attempted to design and test a comprehensive self-control training (CSCT) program with an overall emphasis on behaviral activation in depressed Chinese college students. Methods Participants included 74 students who had diagnosed with major depression, they were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: intervention group ( n =37), and control group ( n =37). The intervention participants received an eight-week CSCT and four-month follow-up consolidation program, as compared to the control group who received only pre-post-and-follow-up measurements. All participants measured Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-Ⅱ) and Self-control Scale (SCS) at three time points: baseline, post-training, and four-month follow-up. Results The dropout rates were 6 (8.1%) in the intervention group and 3 (4.1%) in the control group at the end of six-month intervention. The general linear model repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that comparing with the control group, the intervention group participants had more increase in their trait self-control score, at the meantime, their depressive symptoms had significantly improved. Univariate and logistic regression analyses revealed that participants with milder baseline depressive symptoms were more likely to benefit from CSCT interventions; depression improvement was also associated with the number of sessions attended. Limitations The main limitation was related to the small sample size which consisted of college students who were relatively young and well educated. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that CSCT program could temporarily enhance self-control capacity as well as improve depressive symptoms; participants who are mildly to moderately depressed, and who could adhere to the training protocol are more likely to benefit from the intervention.