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Використання викопного палива для енергозабезпечення Української антарктичної станції "Академік Вернадський" (УАС) не відповідає зобов’язанням України щодо мінімізації негативного впливу на навколишнє середовище та вимагає значних витрат на його транспортування на станцію. Вирішити дану проблему можна за рахунок використання відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ). Ефективність використання ВДЕ для забезпечення електричною енергією дослідницьких станцій в даному регіоні підтверджено досвідом інших країн. Сучасні алгоритми керування роботою дизельних генераторів дозволяють строювати гібридні систем електропостачання з використанням вітрової та сонячної енергії, що характеризуються високою надійністю електропостачання об’єкту та низькими витратами дизельного палива. Для оцінки можливості використання вітроелектричної (ВЕС) і фотоелектричної станції (ФЕС) було виконано аналіз багаторічних даних зі швидкості вітру та сонячної радіації. В результаті дослідженнябуло встановлено можливість використання ВДЕ для забезпечення УАС електричною енергією. Надходження енергії вітру має більш рівномірний характер впродовж року, в той час як для сонячної енергії характерне істотне зниження з травня по червень (до нуля в липні). Аналіз погодинних синхронних графіків генерації ВЕС та ФЕС, отриманих на підставі супутникових даних, дозволив виявити від’ємний слабкий кореляційний зв’язок на рівні від -0,14 (квітень) до -0,5 (вересень). Значна нерівномірність генерації ФЕС впродовж року та від’ємний кореляційний зв’язок свідчать про доцільність одночасного використання ФЕС та ВЕС, що дозволить отримати більш рівномірне надходження електричної енергії від ВДЕ. Відсутність обліку спожитої електричної енергії не дозволяє на даному етапі визначити оптимальну потужність ВДЕ для забезпечення максимальної компенсації потреб УАС. Під час аналізу режимів роботи основного обладнання станції встановлено наявність базового навантаження в обсязі 25 кВт, що може бути компенсоване за рахунок ВДЕ. Використання ВДЕ встановленою потужністю 30 кВт дасть змогу забезпечити від 8,6 % (ФЕС) до 14,8 % (ВЕС) річної потреби УАС в електроенергії. Це дозволить уникнути від 25 т (ФЕС) до 44 т (ВЕС) викидів СО2 на рік. Бібл. 18, табл. 6, рис. 5.

An article considers franchising as a model of small and medium business development in Ukraine. The advantages and disadvantages of franchising for business, their impact on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are disclosed.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the water resources of Ukraine and find out the possibility of using them to obtain "green" hydrogen. Deployment of modern hydrogen technologies for the energy needs of Ukraine is becoming an important area. The use of hydrogen will provide significant benefits for Ukraine's energy system, environment and business. The potentially possible volume of "green" hydrogen production in Ukraine by electrolysis is calculated based on the results of scientific research on the potential of electricity generation by wind and solar plants. For the calculation of potential output "green" hydrogen via electrolysis provided specific power consumption of 4.5 kW ∙ h / n m3 H2. The potential annual production of "green" hydrogen in Ukraine is 505,132 million n m3 per year. Electrolysis of water is currently considered the most optimal technology for obtaining stable hydrogen. 1.5-2.0 l of water is used to produce 1 n m3 of H2, so 757.7 million m3 of water is required to use the annual potential of “green” hydrogen per year (505.132 million n m3). The projected reduction of water losses by 2030 due to the improvement of technological processes of lifting, production and transportation of water as a result of the introduction of energy efficient technologies, allows to meet 70% of water demand to use all available average annual production potential of "green" hydrogen per year (518 million m3). Analysis of stocks of normatively treated and normatively pure without wastewater treatment (4473 млн м3) showed a 6-fold excess of water demand for the realization of the full potential of "green" hydrogen. Seawater can also be used to produce hydrogen. Thus, the available water resources of Ukraine are quite sufficient to fully realize the potential of green hydrogen production without increasing the water intake. Ref. 18, table 1, fig. 5.

Мета статті – сучасна оцінка вітропотенціалу України і перспектив розвитку вітроенергетики. Попит на електроенергію має сталу тенденцію до зростання, а пропозиція електроенергії теплових і атомних електростанцій обмежується, головним чином, вичерпаністю світових запасів відповідних енергоносіїв і їх нерівномірним розподілом між країнами. Останнє створює політичну і економічну залежність країн-імпортерів енергоносіїв від країн, що енергоносії експортують. За прогнозом Міжнародного енергетичного агентства (IEA), в ЄС сума інвестицій у вітроенергетику в період 2014-2035 рр. становитиме 727 $млрд і буде найвищою серед галузей електроенергетики – в 1.8 рази вищою, ніж в ТЕС і АЕС разом (400 $млрд). За останній час відбулись суттєві прогресивні зміни кількісних і якісних параметрів генерації електроенергії ВЕС, а саме: подовжились лопаті вітрових електроустановок (ВЕУ); збільшились висоти веж ВЕУ. Дослідження вітрових потоків показали, що вертикальні профілі вітру фактично є більш чутливими до збільшення висоти над землею, ніж припускалось раніше. Крім того, має місце подвоєння номінальної потужності ВЕУ, за рахунок чого зменшуються як площі покриття ВЕС¸ так і питомі витрати землі, вилученої з сільськогосподарського використання. Якщо у попередніх дослідженнях придатними для ВЕС визначались лише зони Причорномор’я і Приазов’я, то в результаті спільної дії перелічених факторів значні території в інших регіонах України, що раніше вважались непридатними для розміщення економічно ефективних ВЕС, перейшли до категорії перспективних. В даній статті представлено географічний підхід до оцінювання вітропотенціалу територій України. Цей підхід є значно простіший, потребує значно менше витрат часу і коштів, ніж відомі підходи. Бібл. 6, табл. 4, рис. 8.

Functional programming is becoming increasingly useful in the modern computerized world. This approach helps create code that is more reliable, easier to reason about, and automatically verifiable. However, these techniques are rarely employed for developing design tools and modeling critical systems. In this work, we try to apply some suitable techniques of functional programming to create a modeling system, namely, a simulation system for analyzing temporal behavioral properties of critical systems. As the first step, we design a representation of simulation time in terms of abstractions used in functional programming and try to investigate its compositionability.

Formal models can be used to describe and reason about the behavior and properties of a given system. In some cases, it is even possible to prove that the system satisfies the given properties. This allows detecting design errors and inconsistencies early and fixing them before starting development. Such models are usually created using stepwise refinement: starting with the simple, abstract model of the system, and then incrementally refining it adding more details at each subsequent level of refinement. Top levels of the model usually describe the high-level design or purpose of the system, while the lower levels are more directly comparable with the implementation code. In this paper, we present a new, alternative refinement technique for Event-B which can simplify the development of complicated models with a large gap between high-level design and implementation.

The paper presents recent results on the way towards accurate and complete verification of industrial operating systems (OS). We consider here OSes, either of general purpose or actively used in some industrial domain, elaborated and maintained for a significant time, and not touching research-related OSes usually developed as a proof-of-concept. In spite of the fact that the stated goal of accurate and complete verification of industrial OS is still unreachable, we consider its decomposition into tasks of verification of various functional OS components and various their properties. The paper shows that many of these tasks can be solved with the help of various modern verification techniques and their combinations. Proposed methods can be lately integrated into an approach to the final goal. The paper summarizes the experience of various OS component and features verification from the projects conducted in ISP RAS in the last years.

Functional programming plays the big role in the modern computer science and its importance is growing. This is not accidential: this approach helps to create better and more reliable software that is easy to reason about (both manually and automatically). However, these techniques are hardly used in the field of tools helping designing and modeling mission-critical systems. In this paper, we are trying to apply some nice techniques of functional programming to create a modeling system, in particular a simulation system for analysis of temporal behavioural properties of mission-critical systems. As a first step, we designed a representation of simulation time in terms of abstractions used in functional programming and tried to study its compositionability properties.

Decomposition is an important phase in the design of medium and large-scale systems. Various architectures of software systems and decomposition methods are studied in numerous publications. Presently, formal specifications of software systems are mainly used for experimental purposes; for this reason, their size and complexity are relatively low. As a result, in the development of a nontrivial specification, different approaches to the decomposition should be compared and the most suitable approach should be chosen. In this paper, the experience gained in the deductive verification of the formal specification of the mandatory entity-role model of access and information flows control in Linux (MROSL DP-model) using the formal Event-B method and stepwise refinement technique is analyzed. Two approaches to the refinementbased decomposition of specifications are compared and the sources and features of the complexity of the architecture of the model are investigated.

This paper regards problems of analysis and verification of complex modern operating systems, which should take into account variability and configurability of those systems. The main problems of current interest are related with conditional compilation as variability mechanism widely used in system software domain. It makes impossible fruitful analysis of separate pieces of code combined into system variants, because most of these pieces of code has no interface and behavior. From the other side, analysis of all separate variants is also impossible due to their enormous number. The paper provides an overview of analysis methods that are able to cope with the stated problems, distinguishing two classes of such approaches: analysis of variants sampling based on some variants coverage criteria and variation-aware analysis processing many variants simultaneously and using similarities between them to minimize resources required. For future development we choose the most scalable technics, sampling analysis based on code coverage and on coverage of feature combinations and variation-aware analysis using counterexample guided abstraction refinement approach.

The designing process of the work organization for the buildings’ reconstruction has a number of features, such as the cramped conditions, tight deadlines, increased danger of work, etc. The design solutions’ development for the reconstruction work organization in any case should not lower the safety level for the construction workers and personnel of the reconstruction object, as well as damage the environment, in particular, air pollution by the dust particles from the construction processes, therefore, work execution projects should take into account the organizational and technological measures for labor protection and environmental safety of the territory where the reconstruction works are carried out. Environmental management included in the reconstruction of facilities should cover all the time both the space of the construction site and the processes organization that can minimize harm to the neighboring territory. This article discusses the measures to implement environmental monitoring in the work schedule at the construction site and construction equipment with cost-effective measures to combat the air pollution. The introduction of economically viable means of combating air pollution into design solutions, as well as the construction production effective organization, reducing the environmental burden on the territory, will allow the contractor to increase its competitive advantage when participating in tenders and determining the contractual price for the building reconstruction. The choice of cost-effective protective measures can save the costs, subsequently determining the profit of reconstruction work.

Linux driver verification is a large application area for software verification methods, in particular, for functional, safety, and security verification. Linux driver software is industrial production code — IT infrastructures rely on its stability, and thus, there are strong requirements for correctness and reliability. Linux driver software is complex, low-level systems code, and its characteristics make it necessary to bring to bear techniques from program analysis, SMT solvers, model checking, and other areas of software verification. These areas have recently made a significant progress in terms of precision and performance, and the complex task of verifying Linux driver software can be successful if the conceptual state-of-the-art becomes available in tool implementations.The paper is based on experience of the research groups led by authors in verification of industrial software. It is important to develop verification tools that are efficient and effective enough to successfully check software components that are as complex as device drivers. In this area verifiers/researchers and Linux society find mutual benefits in cooperation because: for the society it is important to get such crucial software verified; for the verification community it is important to get realistic verification tasks in order to tune and further develop the technology. The paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art and pointed out research directions in which further progress is essential. In particularly the paper considers most promising verification techniques and tools, including predicate abstraction, counter example generation, explicit-state verification, termination and concurrency analysis. One of main topic of Linux driver verification research is combination of verification techniques.

Nowadays it is necessary to make the environmental impact assessment (EIA) in order to identify, analyze and take into account the direct and indirect effects of environmental impact during the planning of design consideration for construction projects. The results of this assessment determine the aftereffects of a certain construction project’s implementation. These results are the objective information about the future state of the environment of the territory for making decisions on the implementation of the planned project. The economic component of this assessment is the determination of the cost of implementing measures to protect the environment of a given territory. Current design trends have a tendency to change the criteria for planning the construction projects. It is important to make the managerial, technical and commercial decisions during the project development in favor of the environmental safety of the construction industry. During the criteria of the assessment development, it is necessary to take into account the prevention measures. It is important to prevent the pollution but not to monitor and eliminate the negative effects. This article considers an example of the calculation of the criterion for choosing the environmental pollution control measures which can reduce the construction cost. These calculations make it possible to determine the environmentally and economically suitable area for the construction of an object in the populated area.

Environmental monitoring of the construction works must consists of the modern scientific methods and techniques of physical, chemical, and biological measurements for monitoring the construction sites intermittently or continuously. It determines the pollutant factors and makes the right environmental quality assessment. During the construction period the environmental monitoring subjects are the construction waste water and the sanitary sewage, the surface water around construction site, the noises around the site and from the construction site engines (if the construction period has continuous operations, the monitoring takes place 24 hours a day) and the dust. Particular attention should be paid to monitor the concentration of fine dust particles, due to the negative impact on human health. In order to get the effective data about the PM2.5 and PM10 fine dust particles concentration in the air during the construction operations a slightly polluted area was studied according to the map of the dust emission. This area is located in Zheleznodorozhny district of Rostov-on-Don up to the Seversky Donets River. The large residential development «Ekaterininsky» is under construction there. The environmental monitoring of this fine dust polluted area included the study of three subjects. The results of local dust emission showed the significant amount of fine dust from any height levels where construction works are carried out. This article describes the results of environmental monitoring of dust pollution in Rostov-on-Don and environmental requirement and measures which should be designed in the Construction method statements and the Work performance projects for reducing the environmental impact during construction operations.

An operating system (OS) kernel is a critical software regarding to reliability and efficiency. Quality of modern OS kernels is already high enough. However, this is not the case for kernel modules, like, for example, device drivers that, due to various reasons, have a significantly lower level of quality. One of the most critical and widespread bugs in kernel modules are violations of rules for correct usage of a kernel API. One can find all such violations in modules or can prove their correctness using static verification tools that need contract specifications describing obligations of a kernel and modules relative to each other. This paper considers present methods and toolsets for static verification of kernel modules for different OSs. A new method for static verification of Linux kernel modules is proposed. This method allows one to configure the verification process at all its stages. It is shown how it can be adapted for checking kernel components of other OSs. An architecture of a configurable toolset for static verification of Linux kernel modules that implements the proposed method is described, and results of its practical application are presented. Directions for further development of the proposed method are discussed in conclusion.

In this work the problem of high quality verification techniques applicable for operating systems is formulated. A perspective approach to solve this problem is integration of various verification methods. The solution technique can be considered successful if it allows to check the whole operating system and to verify in more accurate way the most important functions and components of the system, using more strict and formal methods for it. Based on the ISP RAS experience in operating system verification projects conducted using various verification techniques we determine development artefacts, that can be suitable integration point candidates for integration of formal specification based static and dynamic verification techniques for operating systems.

The paper presents work in progress on formal development of an operating system security model for the purpose of its deductive verification. We consider two approaches to formalize the security model. The first one is to build a monolithic model, another one is to build a hierarchical model using the refinement technique. The main criteria for comparison are costs of development, simplicity of maintenance and confidence in the quality of the formal model. The results are twofold. On the one hand, refinement helped us to deal with complexity of the formal model, to improve its readability and to simplify automatic proofs. However, deep understanding of the security model details and careful planning were absolutely necessary to build a reasonable hierarchical model. The monolithic approach allowed to quickly start formalization and helped to study the details of the security model, but the resulting formal model became hard to maintain and explore.

International audience; The microservice architecture is a style inspired by service-oriented computing that has recently started gaining popularity and that promises to change the way in which software is perceived, conceived and designed. In this paper, we describe the main features of microservices and highlight how these features improve scalability.