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The physical and engineering properties of the urea (46-0-0), ammonium phosphate (16-20-0), potash (0-0-60), and their fertilizer combination were studied to design the hopper for the fertilizer application unit. The six important properties discussed were angle of repose, moisture content, particle size distribution, flowability, crushing strength and coefficient of kinetic friction. The largest angle of repose values was 33°, 35°, 41° and 47° for urea, ammonium phosphate, potash and their combination respectively. The bulk density value for fertilizer combination was considered for the design of hopper, as the mixture of three fertilizers were applied in the field and its value was 0.92 g cm-3. The urea has lowest coefficient of friction compared to others, which is 0.3. The flowability of the fertilizer was free and the crushing strength of ammonium phosphate and urea was having medium hardness compared to potash, which is very soft. The observed engineering properties viz., flowability, coefficient of friction, moisture content, angle of repose were satisfactory for designing the mechanical fertilizer applicator and bulk density for the volume required for the storage of fertilizer.

Plentiful accessibility of fuels, non-erratic, reliable performance, low maintenance, low cost and high life are the significant factors for solar-PV-powered water pumping scheme for irrigation applications. It is highly used in irrigation system for cultivation where the utility-grid is non-available, hilly areas, forests, etc., by utilizing solar source with energy conversion methodology. However, the performance of overall irrigation scheme relies on energy conversion methodology by using feasible DC–DC converter. In this paper, a novel non-isolated switching cell type DC–DC converter has been proposed for acquiring greater performance of Brushless-DC motor to lift the water from ponds or canal through submersible pump. This observation is clearly presented and validated under steady-state condition by using Xilinx FPGA SPARTAN-6 hardware prototype; results are carried out and compared with various converter topologies.

Due to the rapid growth and use of Emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Internet of Things, Information industry became so popular, meanwhile these Emerging technologies have brought lot of impact on human lives and internet network equipment has increased. This increment of internet network equipment may bring some serious security issues. A botnet is a number of Internet-connected devices, each of which is running one or more bots.The main aim of botnet is to infect connected devices and use their resource for automated tasks and generally they remain hidden. Botnets can be used to perform Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks, steal data, send spam, and allow the attacker to access the device and its connection. In this paper we are going to address the advanced Botnet detection techniques using Machine Learning. Traditional botnet detection uses manual analysis and blacklist, and the efficiency is very low. Applying machine learning to batch automatic detection of botnets can greatly improve the efficiency of detection. Using machine learning to detect botnets, we need to collect network traffic and extract traffic characteristics, and then use X-Means, SVM algorithm to detect botnets. According to the difference of detection features, botnet detection based on machine learning technology is divided into network traffic analysis and correlation analysis-based detection technology. KEYWORDS: Botnet, Study, Security, Internet-network, Machine Learning, Techniques.

Influence of surface anode potential on the performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC) was evaluated by opting positive and negative poised anode potentials (+100/-100 mV) on two MFCs, and studied at two phases (during potential (DP) and post potential (PP)) along with a third MFC operated as control (no applied anode potential). Variation in physico-chemical factors as well as biocatalytic metabolic behavior was analyzed in terms of electron transfer, power density, electro-kinetics and microbial community. Post potential operation at −100 mV depicted rapid electron transfer, higher redox catalytic currents (−0.44/0.42 mA) and voltage (653 ± 28 mV) in comparison to other experimental conditions. Disparity in electron carriers is noticed at both the phases with +100 mV (dominantly direct electron transfer)/-100 mV (cytochrome components) potential as well as control (non-specific and multiple carriers) which signify alteration in electron transfer mechanism aligned with change in surface potential. Microbial community analysis depicted the enrichment of exo-electrogenic bacteria belonging to phylum Proteobacteria (Gram negative bacteria) dominant at −100 mV, while Firmicutes (Gram positive bacteria) at +100 mV and a mixed bacterial population at control. Electrochemical investigations correlated with biological efficiency of MFC, which discerns a way to comprehend the underlying electron transfer process triggered in response to change in anode potential.

In the past few years, there is a huge demand and increase in the usage of Mobile phones, which increased the market, which raised confusion among the people to choose the best phone for them. This research work attempts to help such users, who are confused to buy mobile phones in the present market. When a user wants to buy a mobile phone from this huge market, he/she chooses to buy the best phone. To judge the phone is perfect for them or not, they have to go through a lot of newspapers, magazines, and also reviews given by the users. It takes them a lot of time to read all those reviews and judge. So, through our project, a large number of reviews are analyzed in order to suggest the perfect mobile phone available in the market. The proposed project considers a huge dataset of Amazon, which includes the information about mobiles.

Convolutional neural networks in short form often called as CNN is a kind of Deep neural networks, it is the part of Deep Learning, based on their features Convolutional neural networks are also called as space invariant artificial neural networks. The Word Convolution is the name given to it as it creates complexity over anything. Applications of Convolutional neural networks will be treated as Significant due to their wide use in various diverse areas such as medical image analysis, recognition of images and moving objects, Medical image classification, Language processing’s etc. There exit regularized Convolutional neural networks for MPI-Multilayer perceptron’s due to their significance Convolutional neural networks take a variety of approach to deal with the regularization, they follow hierarchical patterns to achieve it which makes things simpler. The main motivation of convolutional neural networks is recognizing objects in a video. The reason behind the popularity of CNN are the neurons of CNNs are resembles the neurons of Living species which is the inspiration of Convolutional neural networks to accomplish desired tasks. There exists many popular object detection and object classifications with convolutional neural networks for a diversity of data sets. In this paper we are going to do a comparative study on convolutional neural networks for any real time image classification and object recognition. Convolutional neural networks have that much of capability to create optimized image classifications and object recognitions.

Over the past few decades, access to abundant and easily available fossil sources aided in remarkable advancements in technologies and rapid urbanization. The unparalleled growth in population and migration of rural residents to the urban areas have transformed cities to hotspots for major anthropogenic activities, seminal contact points between natural and socio-economic activities, and areas responsible for generation of more than 80% of gross domestic product (GDP). This has placed cities at a crossroad of facing environmental grand challenges posed by population expansion, climate change, and depleting resources. Ushered by these problems, cities are directing the course of waste utilization towards sustainable production and consumption strategies by adopting the principles of circular economy (CE). This organic waste generated in huge quantities can be considered as a valuable resource in the urban biocycles. The present article highlights the importance of looping back this biogenic organic waste (domestic) to a certain extent in a decentralized way. It offers an eco-centric view to adopt circular urban food practices by constructing and operating a keyhole garden (KHG) as a case study. This approach works in synergy with nature and adopts the principles of biomimicry and cradle to cradle, wherein waste is reintroduced into the system as input resources or is metamorphosed to valuable materials. It underlines the role of CE approaches to spark this transformation and strategically direct the flow of valuable domestic waste resources to close the urban nutrient loops in a decentralized and regenerative approach. While the solutions to close the loop and recycle wastes address the end of pipe problems, the community-based innovation strategies aim at building resilience, producing food more locally, limiting the use of fertilizers, conserving water, and also combating climate change. Graphical Abstract

Redox potential is one of the key regulators in determining the fate of the metabolic pathways of biocatalysts and of their associated product synthesis in microbial electrochemical systems. In the present study, the influence of applied potentials on fermentation products and metabolic flux was investigated using isolated E. coli HP3 as a model organism using pyruvate as a substrate. To provide insights into metabolic shifts, electro-fermentative (EF) systems were constructed and poised at both positive and negative redox potentials of 0.2 V, 0.4 V, 0.6 V and 0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl) at the anode. The relative expression of genes encoding lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), pyruvate formate lyase (pflB), pyruvate dehydrogenase (aceF), hydrogenase (hycE) and NADH: oxidoreductase (nuoB) enabled assessment of metabolic shifts in addition to cyclic voltammograms and short chain fatty acid profiling. Results showed that poised conditions had a significant effect on product formation and observed up-regulation of key enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism in comparison to controls. More specifically, EF poised at −0.8 V and −0.2 V enhanced H2 production by 7.9 folds and 5.3 folds respectively, whilst at +0.8 V poised operation enhanced lactate production by 1.9 folds compared to the control. Concomitantly, the key genes involved in the pathway for H2 production viz., plfB, hycE and nuoB were all up-regulated significantly in a reactor poised at −0.8 V compared with other conditions. Similarly, transcripts for gene ldhA were up-regulated significantly in the system poised with +0.8 V. The study elucidated the role of redox potential on the product formation with respect to the relative expression of the genes encoding key enzymes in the metabolic pathway in correlation with bio-electrochemical characteristics.

Electrofermentation (EF) was used to overcome the thermodynamic limitations of conventional microbial fermentation and regulate the metabolism towards specific biobased products synthesis. Three single chambered EF systems (Applied potential (AP: −0.6 V), Closed circuit (CC: 100 Ω), Control (C)) were individually operated using composite canteen based food waste (FW) (COD-10 g/l) to comparatively analyze the effect of electrical stimulation on enhancing rate of fermentation. The total volatile fatty acids (VFA) showed higher production in AP (4595 mg/l) when compared to CC (3593 mg/l) and C (2666 mg/l). Fatty acid profiles (C2–C4) with individual compositions showed higher amount of acetic acid (C2: HAc) followed by butyric acid (C4: HBu) and propionic acid (C3: HPr). AP showed higher amount of C2: HAc (3221 mg/l) followed by C4: HBu (900 mg/l) and C3: HPr (474 mg/l), while CC showed higher C2: HAc (2332 mg/l) followed by C4: HBu (1233 mg/l) and C3: HPr (388 mg/l) when compared to C which showed higher C2: HAc (1422 mg/l) followed by C4-HBu (655 mg/l) and C3-HPr (589 mg/l). Co-generation of biogas was higher in AP [bioH2 (26%) and bioCH4 (4%)] followed by CC [bioH2 (22%) and bioCH4 (1.3%)] and C [bioH2 (11%) and bioCH4 (6%)]. Fermentation induced with electron flux mechanism depicted the ability to elongate the chain length. Electrochemical characterization showed distinct disparity in electron transfer rates (Kapp) along with waste remediation. The inferences concluded the key role of electrical stimulation on fermentation to enhance the conversion of conventional substrates to targeted carboxylic acids. Biohythane, an alternate renewable biofuel was also produced when bioH2 and bioCH4 are mixed in appropriate ratios. EF is an emerging technology that could open new frontiers in waste biorefinery by integrating bioprocesses for platform chemicals production through sustainable microbial electrochemical technologies.

The effect of selectively enriched inoculum for biohydrogen production and shifts in microbial communities was observed using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). Significantly, combined pretreatment using acid and iodopropane resulted 3 fold increase in H 2 production (8.65 mol/kg COD R ) over untreated control (2.63 mol/kg COD R ). Pretreatment showed significant shifts in the microbial communities which are thus accounted for enhanced H 2 production. The high-throughput pyrosequence analysis depicted shifts in phylum Firmicutes and Proteobacteria . In the case of Proteobacteria, there was an increase in Betaproteobacterial , decrease in Epsilonproteobacterial and compositional variation in Alphaproteobacterial species. The decreased OTU number after pretreatment indicate, reduction of undesirable microbial populations while favouring conditions for microbiome that are involved in acidogenic, acetogenic and H 2 production.

Transition from fossil-based to bio-based economy is a global need for the production of renewable forms of energy and products. Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are majorly catalyzed by the conventional electrochemical processes through microbial catalysis. This chapter summarizes the origin and history, diversification, and application of MET as a sustainable platform technology in the domain of waste remediation, resource recovery, and bioenergy generation.

In microbial electrochemical systems, transport of electrons from bacteria to an electrode is the key to its functioning. However, the roles of several electron transport proteins, especially the membrane-bound dehydrogenases which link cellular metabolism to EET pathway are yet to be identified. NDH-2 is a non-proton pumping NADH dehydrogenase located in the inner membrane of several bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, etc. Unlike NADH dehydrogenase I, NDH-2 is not impeded by a high proton motive force thus helping in the increase of metabolic flux and carbon utilization. In the current study, NADH dehydrogenase II protein (NDH-2) was heterologously expressed from B. subtilis into E. coli BL21 (DE3) for enhancing electron flux through EET pathway and to understand its role in bioelectrogenesis. We found that E. coli expressing NDH-2 has increased the electron flux through EET and has shown a ninefold increase in current (4.7 μA) production when compared to wild strain with empty vector (0.52 μA). Furthermore, expression of NDH-2 also resulted in increased biofilm formation which can be corroborated with the decrease in charge transfer resistance of NDH-2 strain and increased NADH oxidation. It was also found that NDH-2 strain can reduce ferric citrate at a higher rate than wild type strain suggesting increased electron flux through electron transport chain due to NADH dehydrogenase II activity. Purified NDH-2 was found to be ∼42 kDa and has FAD as a cofactor. This work demonstrates that the primary dehydrogenases like NADH dehydrogenases can be overexpressed to increase the electron flux in EET pathway which can further enhance the microbial fuel cells performance.

In this paper, a cognitive radio (CR) based multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna element comprising of an ultra-wideband (UWB) and narrowband (NB) radiator is proposed. The antenna consists of a circular monopole to achieve UWB operation and a quarter-wavelength monopole for NB operation. The high isolation between the two radiators is obtained by accommodating multiple electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) cells and an isolating stub between the UWB and NB radiators. Multiple EBG cells of varying size are employed to obtain isolation-enhancement over the entire UWB spectrum. The proposed design exhibits high isolation, better than 25 dB over most of the UWB spectrum. Fabricated prototype was measured and compared with simulations and good agreement was obtained. The antenna also satisfied the MIMO performance metrics. The size of the antenna is 50 × 50 mm2. Proposed highly isolated MIMO antenna pair is a good candidate for multi-standard radio applications requiring wideband and narrowband antennas in the same platform.

This study is intended to examine the effect of pretreatment on selective enrichment of electrogenic bacteria from mixed culture. It has been observed that the iodopropane and heat-shock pretreatments suppress the growth of non-exoelectrons, while selecting only a limited number of strains belonging to genera Xanthomonas , Pseudomonas and Prevotella while untreated control inoculum showed more diverse community comprising of both exoelectrogens and non-exoelectrogens. High power output was observed in iodopropane (180 mW/m 2 ) pretreated microbial fuel cell (MFC) compared to heat-shock pretreated MFC (128 mW/m 2 ) and untreated control (92 mW/m 2 ). Coulombic efficiency of iodopropane and heat-shock pretreated MFC was higher compared to untreated control MFC, while drop in pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production was less in iodopropane pretreated MFC signifying the shifts in bacterial community structure toward electrogenesis instead of fermentation. These results signify the role of iodopropane and heat pretreatments on enrichment of electrogenic bacteria for fuel cell application.

This paper presents an innovative approach for data fusion of asynchronous, multi-rate, multi-sensor data in real time. This technique is based on state vector data fusion. For air defence applications, the target information from multi sensors is sent to a central control centre to create a complete threat scenario which would be used for taking appropriate decision. This target data needs to be sent in real time, hence there is a need for low bandwidth consuming data fusion algorithms but at the same time there should be minimal degradation in data accuracy. The optimal fusion algorithm requires the entire state covariance information matrix to be transmitted to the data fusion centre, however this requires huge bandwidth for transmission of data. To avoid this generally, only diagonal elements are transmitted at the cost of considerable degradation in performance. The authors present an innovative approach by considering the only covariance of position, velocity and acceleration but by neglecting the cross covariance terms among position, velocity and acceleration. The accuracy of this proposed algorithm is about 95% of that of optimal method but the reduction in bandwidth requirement is of the order of 60%.

Short chain carboxylic (volatile fatty) acid (VFA) production in mixed microbiomes is majorly limited by the prevalence of methanogenic bacteria and the availability of substrate from waste to the biocatalyst during the fermentation process. To enhance the VFA production from food waste, the present study evaluates a strategy for selective enrichment of the biocatalyst by exposing it to acid-shock, followed by operation under alkaline conditions (pH 10). A comprehensive system based analysis was carried out during the bio-based platform chemical synthesis from waste, in conjugation with microbial profiling and bio-electrochemical analysis. After the selective enrichment of the biocatalyst, enhanced VFA synthesis was conducted with pretreated biocatalyst (PT; 11.1 g L−1) and compared with untreated parent biocatalyst (UT; 6.1 g L−​1). In both systems biohydrogen was the co-product. Variations in the VFA profiles were documented with respect to the biocatalyst used, which influenced the degree of acidification (DOA – PT: 37% and UT: 11%). A high fraction of acetic acid (6.9 g L−1) was observed, followed by butyric acid (2.6 g L−1) and propionic acid (1.3 g L−1) in PT operation, contrary to the control system (acetic acid, 3.9 g L−1, butyric acid, 1.6 g L−1; propionic acid, 0.9 g L−1). Specifically, the PT system showed the biosynthesis of iso-valeric acid: 0.15 g L−1 (C5) and caproic acid: 1.9 g L−1 (C6), which indicates the possibility for chain-elongation through the selective enrichment of the microbial community. The PT system showed Epeak at −0.415 V on the cyclic voltammogram, which corresponds to the involvement of the redox couple, H+/H2, correlating with the enhanced acidogenic process, unlike UT. Tailoring of the parent inoculum (pretreatment) resulted in the enrichment and enhancement of the capabilities of the biocatalyst in secreting the redox mediators, which were not detected in the UT system. Acidogenic firmicutes (spore formers) and fatty acid producing bacteroides were enriched in the PT system along with saccharolytic and proteolytic bacteria (Bacillus cellulosilyticus (alkalophile), Soehngenia saccharolytica, etc.). The presence of Clostridium autoethanogenum and Propionibacterium freudenreichii in the PT system supports effective utilization of complex carbohydrates, facilitating acidification.

Bilateral asymmetric traumatic hip dislocation without an associated fracture of the pelvis or femur occurring in an young adult with no previous history of hip abnormality or ligamentous laxity is a rarity. There were only 58 such cases reported in literature till date. Here is a 28 year old male patient presented to our Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh, India with a history of fall from mango tree with bilateral asymmetric traumatic hip dislocation. The mode if injury is fall from a height. The dislocations were promptly reduced by closed method. Serial follow-up revealed no complications.

Lignocellulosic agricultural residues are unavoidably generated and are mostly disposed by burning or burying which causes significant pollution. Using these materials for value added applications can contribute to a greener environment. In this work, two such agricultural residues namely, rice husk (RH) and groundnut shell (GNS) were used without any treatment to prepare hybrid polypropylene (PP) biocomposites for green building materials. The effects of % reinforcement on the thermal insulation , sound absorption , aqueous stability, flame resistance along with mechanical properties were tested. The unique wedge shaped morphology of rice husk and its low aspect ratio played a significant role in influencing the properties of the composites. The composites possessed good tensile and flexural strength (highest value of 15.6 MPa and 37.6 MPa respectively at the 20/60/20 GNS/RH/PP ratio). Thermal conductivity of the composites varied from 0.156 to 0.270 W/mK. The maximum sound absorption coefficient was 0.48. Flame retardancy of the composites were on par with the commercially available gypsum based ceiling tiles. Water absorption of the composites was about 85% lower than that of the gypsum tiles addressing a major drawback of gypsum based ceiling tiles. The properties of the composites were comparable to several other biocomposites reported as well.

“EFFI-CYCLE” derived from Efficient-Cycle promotes reducing dependency on fossil fuels for domestic transport application. The objective of this paper is to conceive, design and fabricate a three-wheel configuration (tad-pole design) vehicle powered by human-electric hybrid power and capable of seating two passengers catering to the day to day mobility needs. PTC Creo 3.0 software is used for geometric modelling of the vehicle’s frame. To ensure the safety of the design the model is then imported into ANSYS V16.2 for impact analyses. Results in terms of deformation, strain and von Mises stresses are plotted. After successfully completing the design and simulation of the frame and other components it is then fabricated in the college’s (S R Engineering College, Warangal) workshop.

Although health care support in Indian hospitals are getting upgraded over the recent past, the doctor -patient ratio as reported by medical council of India, in the year 2017, is less than one doctor for every 1000 population (0.62:1000). This number is much less than World Health Organization (WHO) (1:1000) requirement. These necessitate utilization of cutting edge technologies to provide solution to the above issue. In India, healthcare systems are facing number of challenges especially poor quality, unreliable service and lack of timely medical attention to the patient. This paper describes a cost effective, portable working model for health monitoring system. The system is capable of measuring the patient's vital signs and transmitting through wireless communication. This can alert doctors, relatives or ambulance through a Global System for Mobile (GSM) module and share the patient's current location obtained through a Global Positioning System (GPS) module. The vital signs being measured include temperature, Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate in Beats per Minute (BPM). This portable device can eliminate continuous personal monitoring of a patient. The system has been tested using Proteus software before implementation of the hardware.

Microbial catalyzed electrochemical systems (MCES) have been intensively pursued in both basic and applied research as a futuristic and sustainable platform specifically in harnessing energy and generating value added bio-products. MCES have documented multiple/diverse applications which include microbial fuel cell (for harnessing bioelectricity), bioelectrochemical treatment system (waste remediation), bioelectrochemical system (bio-electrosynthesis of various value added products) and microbial electrolytic cell (H2 production at lower applied potential). Microorganisms function as biocatalyst in these fuel cell systems and the resulting electron flux from metabolism plays pivotal role in bio-electrogenesis. Exo-electron transfer machineries and strategies that regulate metabolic flux towards exo-electron transport were delineated. This review addresses the contemporary progress and advances made in MCES, focusing on its application towards value addition and waste remediation.

This paper presents a new isolation enhancement technique between multiple antenna elements for MEMO antenna systems. The isolation technique is based on multiple electromagnetic band gap (EBG) cells loaded in the feed region of the two antennas. Proposed technique of isolation enhancement is highly compact as it does not impact the over-all antenna size and is exhibited in UWB-Narrow band antenna pair hosted on the same substrate. Apart from the antenna impedance and radiation characterization, envelope correlation co-efficient and diversity gain of the system is studied, revealing excellent results. The obtained isolation between the two antenna elements is better than 30 dB over the entire TJWB spectrum. Proposed isolation enhancement technique is radiator independent and can be used for other printed MEMO antennas also.

A compact multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two antenna elements having different operational bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The structure is a combination of UWB antenna operating from 3.1 to 10.6GHz and a narrow band antenna centred at 5.45GHz for WIFI applications (5.19–5.9 GHz) sharing same substrate. An array of Split Ring Resonators (SRR) and a metallic strip is placed between the two antennas to enhance their mutual isolation. Antennas are designed and fabricated on FR-4 substrate and provides |S12|> 20dB along with desired S11 and S22 for both the monopoles. The simulated envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.01.

This study examined the changes in microbial diversity in response to different electrode materials viz., stainless steel mesh (SS) and graphite plate as anodes in two microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) each poised at 0.2V, 0.4V, 0.6V and 0.8V. Changes in microbiota prior to and after pretreatment along with microbiota enriched in response to various poised potentials with SS and graphite are monitored by 16S rRNA gene based DGGE profiling. Significant shifts in microbial community were noticed at all these experimental conditions. Correspondingly, the level of hydrogenase belonging to genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas and Clostridium was studied by quantitative real time PCR (RT-PCR) at various applied potentials. DGGE based 16S rRNA gene profiling revealed enriched members belonging to phylum Firmicutes predominantly present at 0.8V in both MECs contributing to high hydrogen production. This study first time explored the growth behavior of mixed consortia in response to poised potentials and electrode materials.

Truck industry is a major source of transportation in India. With an average truck travelling about 300 kilometers per day [1], every kilogram of truck weight is of concern to the industry in order to get the best out of the truck. The main objective of this project is to increase the payload capacity of automotive truck body. Every kilogram of increased vehicle weight will decrease the vehicle payload capacity in turn increasing the manufacturing cost and reducing the fuel economy by increase the fuel consumption. With the intension of weight reduction, standard truck body has been designed and analyzed in ANSYS software. C-cross section beams were used instead of conventional rectangular box sections to reduce the weight of the body. Light-weight Aluminum alloy Al 6061 T6 is used to increase the payload capacity. The strength of the Truck platform is monitored in terms of deformation and stress concentration. These parameters will be obtained in structural analysis test condition environment. For reducing the stress concentration the concept of beams of uniform strength is used. Accordingly necessary modifications are done so that the optimized model has a better stress distribution and much lesser weight compared to the conventional model. The results obtained by analyzing the modified model are compared with the standard model.

The efficiency of a bioelectrochemical treatment system (BET) to treat complex paper and pulp wastewater at two different pH conditions (6 and 7) in comparison with conventional anaerobic treatment process (AnT) was evaluated. Among the operating conditions, BET showed good treatment efficiency at pH 7 in terms of COD (BET/AnT: 55%/51%), nitrates (33.5%/19.1%), phosphates (33%/19%) and sulfates (58%/41%) in removal. The effluent obtained from BET system was subjected to coagulation for further treatment which showed good COD removal (BET/AnT, 95%/69%) and color (100%/68%). Bioelectrochemical analysis revealed higher catalytic currents in BET than AnT specific to oxidation and reduction. Besides, derivative of cyclic voltammetric scans (DCV) also supported the involvement of various membrane bound electron transferring complexes like FAD(H) bound enzymes, ubiquinone, NADH(+)/H(+) bound enzymes, etc. Experimental results demonstrated that BET system can be a viable platform to treat complex wastewaters with simultaneous energy recovery in integrated approach.