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Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and the increasing abundance of biogenic volatile-organic-compound-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68∘38′ N, 149∘36′ W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers of 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0–500 parts per trillion by volume – pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (∼2 pptv). Isoprene surface emission rates ranged from 0.2 to 2250 µgC m−2 h−1 (mean of 85 µgC m−2 h−1) and monoterpene emission rates remained, on average, below 1 µgC m−2 h−1 over the course of the study. We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation, including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180 %–215 % emission increase in response to a 3–4 ∘C warming, and the MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures in the 0–30 ∘C range. The data presented here provide a baseline for investigating future changes in the BVOC emission potential of the under-studied Arctic tundra environment.

Although the growing prevalence of primary-earning mothers is well established, this article uses 1996 and 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation data to show U.S. mothers' rate of transition to primary-earner status increased by nearly 50% over the observed period. The rate of transition to primary earning predominantly increased among mothers with some college experience and mothers racialized as White, largely catching up to the rate among mothers identifying as Black. A decomposition analysis determined that relationship instability in marital and cohabiting relationships accounts for less than 20% of the increased transition rate, although somewhat more for Hispanic mothers. Roughly 75% of the growth in maternal primary-earning spells was attributed to situations in which the mother's earnings increased in isolation or, for mothers with a partner, often paired with a decrease in the partner's earnings. This latter circumstance was particularly the case for mothers identifying as Black or Asian. Findings show that most of the growth in mothers becoming primary earners from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s occurred not because mothers experienced more household economic changes (frequency), but because household economic changes often increased mothers' relative financial contributions (impact). The impact component accounted for the entire increased transition rate across mothers' educational attainment and racial and ethnic identity., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: Empirically examine whether different economic theories of marriage formation predict the transition from cohabitation to marriage differently across social classes., Background: Less-educated individuals marry their cohabiting partners at lower rates than their college-educated peers, but the reasons for this are unknown. Few studies have examined the intersection of social class and couple-level economic resources to understand if the potentially gendered economic determinants of marriage vary according to a couple's social location., Method: Couple-month data come from the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation, including 1,879 cohabiting couples, 478 of whom transition to marriage. Logistic regression is used to test whether the marriage bar, gender specialization, gendered institutions, or gender revolution framework best predicts the likelihood of marrying., Results: Joint indicators of the marriage bar and the gendered economic organization of couples both predict marriage, but the specific gendered organization varies by the couple's level of education. Among couples where neither partner has a college degree, male-breadwinning couples are most likely to marry; dual-earning couples are most likely to marry among more-educated couples., Conclusion: Although college-educated couples seem to have shifted to a more egalitarian model of marriage, as predicted by the gender revolution framework, the marriages of the less-educated are still characterized by traditional arrangements, in line with the idea that marriage is a gendered institution. By showing that different theories predict marriage depending on the couple's social position, these findings provide groundwork to explore why the less educated are increasingly less likely to marry their cohabiting partners.

The economic circumstances in which children grow up have garnered much scholarly attention due to their close associations with well-being over the life course. While it has been well-documented that children are increasingly growing up in households where their primary financial support comes from their mother, regardless of whether she is partnered or single, the consequences for household economic well-being are unclear. We use the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation to quantify how a mother's transition into primary earner status affects the economic well-being of her household and if the effects differ based on her relationship status. On average, household income declines and more households are unable to meet their economic needs once the mother becomes the primary earner. However, these declines in income are concentrated among partnered-mother households and mothers who transition from partnered to single during the year. At the same time, although many single mothers see an increase in household income, the majority of these households are still unable to meet their economic needs. These findings suggest that the shift to a welfare system that requires employment coupled with structural changes in the labor market have created financial hardship for most families., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Background: The current bleep communication system between nurses and interns on-call in most Irish hospitals has been linked with interruption in patient care, disruption to workflow, inefficiency, increased burden and stress to the on-call health staff. A new electronic system was introduced in a University Hospital to replace and eliminate bleep usage during on-call hours., Methods: An Intern on-call task electronic template was generated using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. This electronic system enabled users to review and respond to requests placed by nursing healthcare staff. This project initially underwent a trial process in three wards for a period of two weeks in June 2023. Interns and nurses were asked to fill a survey before and after introduction of the system. The project was implemented across all wards in August 2023 and a secondary survey was obtained. In addition, the spreadsheets were analysed retrospectively., Results: During the trial, twenty-six interns and twenty nurses were surveyed before and after implementation of the electronic system. Interns satisfaction rate was 73% and stress was reported to be reduced by 65%. Notably, 57% of interns reported a reduction in workload and the number of bleeps was reported to be as <10 by 42%. Nurses reported a decrease in the number of bleeps they needed to send overall by 65% and by 55% for repeated jobs. Workload was reported to be increased by 15% by nurses. However, exactly half of the nurses were unhappy with the new system and stress levels were unchanged., Conclusion: This project has shown promising results, efficient and clear communication was noted with an overall positive feedback and satisfaction rate by doctors. However, as evident, from a nursing perspective further work is needed to further progress into a system that can benefit both parties involved., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to establish (1) the pattern and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and other non-motor symptoms of sleep and mood, across ALS phenotypes in comparison to bvFTD and (2) the contribution of non-modifiable factors including age, sex and disease state to the severity of symptoms experienced by ALS patients. Methods: Consecutive participants were recruited to the study and underwent a detailed clinical, cognitive, behavioral and neuroimaging assessment. Neuropsychiatric and other non-motor symptoms were determined using the Cambridge Behavioral Inventory, the CBI-R. The scores were converted to define impairment in terms of mild, moderate and severe symptoms for each subscale. Rate, severity and contribution of King's staging and modifiable factors were also determined and a regression model identified predictors of symptom severity. Results: In total, 250 participants (115 ALS, 98 bvFTD, and 37 ALS-FTD patients) were recruited. A similar pattern of neuropsychiatric symptom severity was identified (apathy, disinhibition and stereotypic behavior) for all behavioral phenotypes of ALS compared to bvFTD (all p > 0.05). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were also present in cases defined as ALSpure and the cognitive phenotype of ALS (ALSci) although they occurred less frequently and were at the milder end of the spectrum. Disordered sleep and disrupted mood were common across all phenotypes (all p < 0.05). The severity of sleep dysfunction was influenced by both sex and age (all p < 0.05). Neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep and mood disorders were common early in the disease process and deteriorated in line with progression on the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R; all p < 0.05). Diagnostic phenotype, disease duration and global cognition scores were the strongest predictors of non-motor and neuropsychiatric impairments. Conclusion: The current findings reveal strikingly similar patterns of changes across the subgroups of ALS and bvFTD, supporting the concept of the ALS-FTD spectrum. The findings further highlight the impact of non-motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with ALS, that are often as severe as that seen in ALS-FTD and bvFTD. This study advances understanding across the ALS-FTD spectrum that may accelerate the early identification of patient needs, to ensure prompt recognition of symptoms and thereby to improve clinical awareness, patient care and management., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Devenney, McErlean, Tse, Caga, Dharmadasa, Huynh, Mahoney, Zoing, Mazumder, Dobson-Stone, Kwok, Halliday, Hodges, Piguet, Ahmed and Kiernan.)

Background: Recent data suggest that overall divorce rates in the United States have been declining since the 1980s, while research examining marriages formed prior to 2004 suggests that divorce rates historically have not declined equally across the socioeconomic spectrum. Understanding recent differentials by education helps explore growing inequality over time given the well-documented negative consequences of divorce for women., Objective: This study examines marital dissolution and divorce rates in the new millennium to understand trends by marital cohort and educational attainment., Methods: To understand recent trends in marital stability, this study uses the 2006-2019 National Survey of Family Growth female dataset to assess the likelihood of marital dissolution and divorce by the 5 th and 10 th anniversary. Life tables and discrete-time event-history analyses are used to measure marital dissolution over time and by educational attainment while controlling for risk factors that may explain differentials., Results: Overall marital dissolution and divorce rates are declining over time. However, this downward trend is driven by those with higher education; those with the least education are seeing rising marital dissolution rates, even when controlling for correlated risk factors. The greater divide when examining marital dissolution as compared to formal divorce also illustrates the lower propensity of the least educated to formalize their dissolution., Contribution: Overall dissolution trends hide important - and growing - differentials by educational attainment. Declines in dissolution are not equally distributed across social classes; those women who are most vulnerable to divorce are least likely to be able to recover from its negative consequences.

Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and the increasing abundance of biogenic volatile-organic-compound-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers of 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0-500 parts per trillion by volume - pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). Isoprene surface emission rates ranged from 0.2 to 2250 μgC m -2 h -1 (mean of 85 μgC m -2 h -1 ) and monoterpene emission rates remained, on average, below 1 μgC m -2 h -1 over the course of the study. We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation, including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180 %-215 % emission increase in response to a 3-4°C warming, and the MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures in the 0-30°C range. The data presented here provide a baseline for investigating future changes in the BVOC emission potential of the under-studied Arctic tundra environment., Competing Interests: Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.