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Contents This supporting information contains supplementary figures and information about the tables, presented and discussed in the text. Figure S1 shows the slip rates along block model boundaries. Figure S2 demonstrates the variations of locking depths along the North Anatolian Fault, with a series of fault perpendicular profiles. Figure S3 shows that the model residuals south of the western NAF are associated with deep, ongoing postseismic effects of the 1999 Izmit/Düzce earthquake sequence. Table S1 ('full_velocity_05052022.txt.zip') show the present velocity files with respect to Aegean, Anatolia and East Anatolia. Reference sites marked with R1, R2, R3, for Aegean, Anatolia and East Anatolia, respectively. Table S2 ('fault_rates_05052022.pdf') includes the GNSS derived fault slip rates deduced from the block model. These tables are uploaded, separately.

Supplelementary data table for the "Variations in coupling and deformation along the Hellenic subduction zone" manuscript in TJES

Additional file 1: Text S1. Normalized cumulative distributions of the magnitude and 9 magnitude completeness of each seismic cluster. Text S2. Cumulative Seismicity. Text S3. Seismicity Rates. Text S4. Singular Value Decomposition. Figure S1. Normalized cumulative distributions of the magnitude of earthquakes 75 for each cluster using the same color coding as in Fig.2. Magnitude completeness 76 of the clusters for 4 different time windows a) 2003 – 2008 (Mc=2.9) b) 2003 – 77 2017 (Mc=2.7) c) 2004 – 2006 (Mc=2.9) d) 2007-2017 (Mc=2.7). Figure S2. Gaussian smoothing function. Figure S3. Processing steps for the seismicity time series. (a) Cumulative 88 number of earthquakes (blue) and daily seismic activity (red) for the Simav 89 cluster (b) after declustering. All plots are normalized by their maximum values. 90 The daily seismic activity is smoothed using the Gaussian function of Figure S2. Figure S4. Singular values of the matrix constructed from daily seismicity time series of the clusters. They are normalized by the first singular value. Figure S5-1. Top: Cumulative seismicity time series of 27 clusters. Bottom: Reconstructed daily seismicity rates using only the first singular value. Figure S5-2. Top: Cumulative seismicity time series of 27 clusters. Bottom: Reconstructed daily seismicity rates using only 3 largest singular values. Figure S6. Top : a) Cumulative seismicity time series of 27 clusters. Bottom: b) Reconstructed time series after removing largest 12 singular values. Figure S7. Comparison of the cumulative seismicity of 27 clusters and the seismicity rates from 2006 to 2017 using a) Kandilli Observatory and earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) ( https://koeri.boun.edu.tr/ ) b) Disaster and Emergency Management Authority of Turkey (AFAD) ( https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/ ) and c) International Seismological Center (ISC) ( http://www.isc.ac.uk/ ) catalogs. Figure S8. Top: The locations of the seismic stations of which the continuous recordings are displayed in the following figures. Middle: 24 hour recordings of NS components of 5 seismic stations (red) and filtered with 1-9Hz bandpass filter (blue). Notice the occurrence of several moderate seismic events at the selected stations in addition to smaller events. Bottom: 6 days long NS component recording of DALT station (red) and filtered with 1-9Hz bandpass filter (blue). Beneath is the spectrogram of the seismic trace. The traces are normalized by maximum values and saturated for small-magnitude events. The seismic activity is not confined to the passage of seismic waves due to Sumatra earthquake. Figure S9. Cumulative number of events of selected clusters in central and eastern Anatolia for the time period of 2004 Sumatra Mw9.2 earthquake (see Figure 1 for the locations of the clusters). Figure S10. Cumulative number of events of selected clusters in the western Anatolia for time period of Hellenic subduction earthquakes (see Figure 1 for the locations of the western clusters). Figure S11. The diagram shows cumulative seismicity of 27 clusters (a) and the seismicity rate color coded for all clusters as in Figure 2 but from 1998 to 2017 (b). The occurrence times of giant earthquakes worldwide and of large regional earthquakes are shown. The color scale is shown on the lower right corner. Figure S12. Cumulative number of earthquakes in Anatolia between 36.80N-41.00N latitudes and 25.5E-44.0E longitudes (includes all clusters in Figure 1) for varying lower magnitude cut-offs between 2.8 (‘ml28’ blue curve) and 5.8 (‘ml58’ red curve). The displayed time period is starting 4 years after the 1999 Izmit earthquake and ending with the occurrence of 2011 Van earthquake. The red curve (5.8 magnitude threshold) is showing a sharp increase during the 2004 episode and a plateau during the 2008 episode. On the contrary, the blue curve (2.8 magnitude threshold) exhibits a similar increase between both periods. Figure S13. Broadband N-S component recordings of 2004 Sumatra earthquake at seismic stations shown on top of the traces. The traces are normalized by maximum values (see the map in Figure A8 for station locations.). The period of large amplitude S wave exceeds 100sec. Figure S14. Evolution of the cumulative number of events of the clusters in the two easternmost clusters of Anatolia (see Figure 1 for the locations of the clusters).

Earthquake-induced submarine slope destabilization is known to cause debris flows and turbidity currents, but the hydrodynamic processes associated with these events remain poorly understood. Records are scarce and this notably limits our ability to interpret marine paleoseismological sedimentary records. An instrumented frame comprising a pressure recorder and a Doppler recording current meter deployed at the seafloor in the Sea of Marmara Central Basin recorded consequences of a MW = 5.8 earthquake occurring Sept 26, 2019 and of a Mw = 4.7 foreshock two days before. The smaller event caused sediment resuspension but no strong current. The larger event triggered a complex response involving a mud flow and turbidity currents with variable velocities and orientations, which may result from multiple slope failures. A long delay of 10 hours is observed between the earthquake and the passing of the strongest turbidity current. The distance travelled by the sediment particles during the event is estimated to several kilometres, which could account for a local deposit on a sediment fan at the outlet of a canyon, but not for the covering of the whole basin floor. We show that after a moderate earthquake, delayed turbidity current initiation may occur, possibly by ignition of a cloud of resuspended sediment. Some caution is thus required when tying seismoturbidites with earthquakes of historical importance. However, the horizontal extent of the deposits should remain indicative of the size of the earthquake.

The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a left-lateral transform fault accommodating the relative motion between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. On January 24, 2020, M(w)6.8 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake is the largest event that occurred along the EAF since the nineteenth century. The earthquake provides a unique opportunity to capture a critical stage of the seismic cycle from the interseismic deformation to co-seismic rupture. In this study, we examine the relationship between the interseismic fault activity and co-seismic behavior of the earthquake. A kinematic model of the earthquake obtained from strong-motion, GNSS and teleseismic waveforms along with static displacements from GNSS and InSAR data shows that the mainshock ruptured only 45 km of the 95 km long Sivrice-Puturge segment. Rupture initiated adjacent to the interseismically weakly coupled northeastern section and propagated unilaterally toward southwest with a rupture velocity of similar to 2.5 km/s, stopping similar to 30 km before the southwestern segment boundary. The earthquake did not generate any surface offsets. We identified 4 long-term near-repeating earthquake clusters beneath the highest co-seismic slip zone adjacent to the northeastern creeping section. The mainshock was dynamically triggered by a M similar to 5.4 foreshock located within the zone of near-repeating earthquakes. We suggest that creep along the weakly coupled section of the fault loaded the neighboring locked section leading to the repeating earthquakes below the locked zone. The earthquake partially ruptured a fault segment characterized by high rate of diffuse seismicity, structural complexities and heterogeneous coupling, leading to a source characterized by a complex source time function with relatively slow rupture velocity.

Özellikle son 50 yıllık dönem içerisinde plastik ve plastik malzemeden yapılan ürünlerin kullanımında önemli derecede bir artış gözlendi. Bu artış, plastik ürünlerin ana malzemelerinden biri olan bisfenol A (BPA)'nın da hayatımızın bir parçası haline gelmesine sebep oldu. BPA kullanımındaki yoğun artışa paralel olarak bu kimyasal ile ilgili soru işaretlerinin oluşması da kaçınılmazdı. Erkek tavşanlarında yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışmada farklı dozlarda uygulanan oral BPA'nın kan, testis, böbrek ve karaciğer dokularındaki etkileriyle bazı üreme hormonları ve spermatolojik parametreler üzerine olası etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Araştırmamızda 24 adet `Yeni Zelanda` cinsi yetişkin erkek tavşan kullanılmıştır. Toplam 14 günlük alıştırma periyodunun sonunda tavşanlar rastgele 4 gruba ayrıldı: Kontrol grubuna (KONT) 1 mg/kg dozunda mısır yağı, BPA10 grubuna mısır yağı içerisinde 10 mg/kg canlı ağırlık dozunda BPA, BPA20 grubuna mısır yağı içerisinde 20 mg/kg canlı ağırlık dozunda BPA ve son olarak BPA100 grubuna mısır yağı içerisinde 100 mg/kg canlı ağırlık dozunda BPA oral gavaj yardımı ile 9 hafta boyunca günlük olarak verildi. Çalışma süresince yem alımları ve vücut ağırlıkları haftalık olarak tayin edildi. Çalışma sonunda alınan kanlardan kan ve biyokimyasal parametreler, üreme hormonlarındaki değişiklikler ve oksidan-antioksidan durum incelendi. Çalışma sonunda elde edilen ejakülatlardan spermatolojik parametrelere bakıldı. 9 haftalık sürenin bitiminde her gruptan 3 tavşan rastgele seçilerek ötenazi uygulandı. Elde edilen doku örneklerinden MDA ve bazı antioksidan enzim seviyeleri ile histopatolojik incelemeler yapıldı. Ötenazi yapılmayan diğer tavşanlar 9 hafta boyunca aynı koşullarda tutularak, BPA'nın olası etkilerinin sürekliliği araştırıldı.Çalışmamızda BPA uygulamalarının serum BPA seviyelerini doza bağlı bir şekilde artırdığı gözlendi. Uygulamalar sırasında tavşanlarda herhangi bir klinik semptom görülmedi. Günlük yem tüketimi, canlı ağırlık ve yaş organ ağırlıkları da BPA uygulamalarından etkilenmedi. BPA, bakmış olduğumuz tüm dokularda oksidatif stresin artmasına yol açarken, eritrosit, hemoglobin, üre, kreatinin, ALT, ALP ve AST düzeylerini de olumsuz etkiledi.Yapmış olduğumuz çalışmada testis dokusunun BPA'dan olumsuz etkilendiği de gözlendi. Buna paralel olarak spermatolojik parametrelerden sperm konsantrasyonu ve progresif motilitede BPA'ya bağlı olarak düşüş gözlendi. Serum FSH, LH, inhibin ve östrojen seviyeleri farklı BPA dozlarından etkilenmezken, serum testosteron seviyelerin düştüğü gözlendi.Çalışmamızın son aşamasında ise ötenazi yapılmadan bekletilen tavşanlarda BPA'ya bağlı değişen parametrelerin kontrol seviyelerine döndüğü ve BPA'nın uyguladığımız doz ve sürelerinin tavşanlarda kalıcı bir hasara yol açmadığı belirlendi.Sonuç olarak, BPA'ya maruz kalan tavşanlarda bakılan bütün dokularda oksidatif bir hasarın varlığı belirlendi. Bu hasara paralel olarak çeşitli enzimatik parametreler bozulurken, spermatolojik parametrelerde de düşüş meydana geldi. Çalışmamızda spermatolojik parametreler için BPA'nın LOAEL dozu 10 mg/kg/gün olarak bulunurken, hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler için bu doz 20 mg/kg/gün olarak tespit edildi. Especially in the last 50 years, the use of plastics and plastic products were increased in great significance. This increase made bisphenol A (BPA), one of the main materials for plastic products, as a part of our lives. It was inevitable that the number of BPA related question paralleled with the increase in the use of BPA. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of oral BPA on blood, testis, kidney and liver tissues, and some reproductive hormones and spermatological parameters in male rabbits.In the current study, a total of 24 adult male New Zealand White rabbits was used. Following the 14 days adaptation period, the rabbits were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. The control group (KONT) received daily 1 mg/kg corn oil, whereas, BPA10, BPA20, and BPA100 groups received 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weights of BPA in corn oil, respectively for 9 weeks. During the experiment, feed intake and body weights were determined weekly. Blood and biochemical parameters, changes in reproductive hormones and oxidant-antioxidant status were determined from the blood samples taken at the end of the study. At the end of the experimental period, 3 rabbits from each group were randomly selected and euthanized. MDA and some antioxidant enzyme levels and histopathological examinations were performed from the tissue samples taken from the euthanized rabbits. Remaining 3 rabbits from each group kept under the same laboratory conditions for another 9 weeks to investigate whether BPA effects remained through the recovery period.Our study indicated that BPA treatments increased serum BPA levels in a dose-dependent manner. No clinical symptoms were observed in rabbits during treatments. Daily feed consumption, live body weights, and fresh organ weights were not affected due to BPA exposures. BPA resulted in increased oxidative stress in all tissues examined. Moreover, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, ALT, ALP and AST levels were affected negatively due to BPA treatments.In the present study, the testicular tissue was negatively affected by oral BPA treatments. Spermatological parameters such as sperm concentration and progressive motility were also decreased because of BPA exposure. While serum FSH, LH, inhibin and estrogen concentrations were not altered due to BPA, serum testosterone levels were decreased significantly in BPA treated groups.Results from the rabbits from the recovery period indicated that most of the negative effects of BPA seen during the treatment period were transient and did not cause permanent damage in male rabbits.As a result, BPA stimulated the oxidative damage in all of the tissues examined. Paralleled with these damages, various enzymatic parameters were changed negatively. Moreover, spermatological parameters were also affected negatively. In our study, the LOAEL doses of BPA for spermatological and hematological-biochemical parameters were 10 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively.

We report that asperities with the highest coseismic slip in the 2014 M(W)6.9 North Aegean earthquake persisted through the interseismic, coseismic and immediate post-seismic periods. We use GPS and seismic data to obtain the source model of the 2014 earthquake, which is located on the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The earthquake ruptured a bilateral, 90 km strike-slip fault with three slip patches: one asperity located west of the hypocentre and two to the east with a rupture duration of 40 s. Relocated pre-earthquake seismicity and aftershocks show that zones with significant coseismic slip were relatively quiet during both the 7 yr of interseismic and the 3-month aftershock periods, while the surrounding regions generated significant seismicity during both the interseismic and post-seismic periods. We interpret the unusually long fault length and source duration, and distribution of pre- and post-main-shock seismicity as evidence for a rupture of asperities that persisted through strain accumulation and coseismic strain release in a partially coupled fault zone. We further suggest that the association of seismicity with fault creep may characterize the adjacent Izmit, Marmara Sea and Saros segments of the NAF. Similar behaviour has been reported for sections of the San Andreas Fault, and some large subduction zones, suggesting that the association of seismicity with creeping fault segments and rapid relocking of asperities may characterize many large earthquake faults.