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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Unser 2011 veröffentlichtes Behandlungsregime bei Infektionen eines Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes sah bei bereits vorhandenem Knorpelschaden die Resektion des betroffenen Gelenkes mit nachfolgender Ruhigstellung mittels Fixateur externe für 6 Wochen bis zur sekundären Arthrodese vor. 2013 reduzierten wir im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie die Ruhigstellungsdauer auf 4 Wochen. Ziel Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen der Verkürzung der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen zwischen Primäreingriff und sekundärer Arthrodese bei einer bakteriellen Infektion eines Fingermittel- und Endgelenkes. Patienten und Methoden 20 Patienten, bei denen aufgrund eines Infektes eines Fingermittel- oder Endgelenkes zwischen März 2013 und Juli 2014 primär eine Gelenkresektion mit sekundärer Arthrodese nach einer verkürzten Immobilisierung von 4 Wochen erfolgte, wurden nach median 5,7 (4,6–10,5) Monaten klinisch und radiologisch nachuntersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch ausgewertet und mit den Ergebnissen von 2011 verglichen. Ergebnisse Die Reduktion der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen führte zu keinem signifikanten Unterschied in der Revisionsrate (p = 0,148). Bei 18/20 Patienten war die Infektion nach 4 Wochen zuverlässig saniert und die folgende Arthrodese konsolidierte. Eine Patientin benötigte eine Revision aufgrund eines persistierenden Infektes, ein zweiter Patient erhielt eine Revision der Arthrodese aufgrund einer Materialdislokation. Das Bewegungsausmaß des betroffenen Fingers betrug 147,5 (30–220)°. Mit einer Griffkraft von 26 (4–64) kg erreichte die operierte Hand 88,5 (47,8–223,1) % der Gegenseite. Die subjektive Handfunktion war gut (DASH-Score 37,9 (3,3–71,7), Krimmer-Score 2 (1–4)). Eine anhaltende Schmerzsymptomatik in Ruhe (VAS 0 (0–3)) und bei Belastung (VAS 1,3 (0–7)) bestand nicht. Eine Kälteempfindlichkeit wurde von 50 % der Patienten bejaht. Die Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchung von 2011 ergaben vergleichbare Werte (ROM des betroffenen Fingers 142,5 (30–220)°, Griffkraft 95 (33–127)%, DASH-Score 23,3 (0–130), Krimmer Score 2 (1–4), VAS Ruhe 0 (0–7), VAS Belastung 4,5 (0–9), Kälteempfindlichkeit bei 41 % der 27 Patienten). Schlussfolgerung Eine Verkürzung der Ruhigstellungszeit zwischen Primäreingriff mit Gelenkresektion und sekundärer Arthrodese bei Infekt des Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes von 6 auf 4 Wochen hat keine negativen Auswirkungen. Die beschriebene Therapie führt zu einer sicheren Infektionsausheilung mit guter postoperativer Funktion des Fingers und geringer, subjektiver Beschwerdesymptomatik.

Objectives To evaluate retrospectively the surgical, symptomatic and oncological outcomes of pelvic exenteration surgery (PES) in men with significant intrapelvic complications of locally advanced castration-sensitive (CSPC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Patients and methods A total of 103 patients with locally advanced progressive and symptomatic CSPC or CRPC underwent PES (radical cystoprostatectomy, n = 71 [68.9%]; radical prostatectomy with continent vesicostomy, n = 9 [8.7%]; total exenteration, n = 23 [22.3%]). All patients underwent local staging via magnetic resonance imaging, cystoscopy and rectoscopy. Systemic staging was carried out with chest, abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans and bone scans. Peri-operative complications were assessed according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Symptom-free and overall survival were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical tests were two-tailed with a P value Results After a median (range) follow-up of 36.5 (3-123) months, the symptom-free survival rate at 1 and 3 years was 89.2% (n = 89) and 64.1% (n = 66), respectively. The median symptom-free survival was 27.9 months. A total of 78.6% of the patients were symptom-free during their remaining lifetime. The overall survival rate at 1 and 3 years was 92.2% and 43.7%, respectively, and the median overall survival was 33.6 months. Clavien-Dindo grades 2, 3 and 4 complications developed in 31 (30.6%), 12 (11.6%) and eight patients (8.1%), respectively. Conclusion Pelvic exenteration surgery is technically feasible in well-selected patients, resulting in symptom relief in >90% of patients, covering 80% of their remaining lifetime.

Background Balanced composition of a well-functioning pulmonary surfactant is crucial and essential for normal breathing. Here, we explored whether the composition of lipids recovered by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) differ from children with protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and controls. We wanted to differentiate, if alterations are primarily caused by the disease process or secondary due to an increased amount of cell-membrane lipids derived from inflammatory cells. Methods Comprehensive lipidomics profiles of BAL fluid from children diagnosed with CF, PBB and controls were generated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. BAL cell differential and numbers were examined. Results 55 children (37 patients with CF, 8 children with PBB and 10 controls) were included in this study. Results showed comparable total quantities of lipids in all groups. Phospholipids were the major lipid fraction and similar in all groups, whereas the fractions of cholesteryl esters were less and of free cholesterol were increased in children with CF. Among the phospholipids, patients with CF had higher proportion of the non-surfactant membrane-lipids in the classes phosphatidylethanolamine based plasmalogens (PE P), phosphatidylethanolmine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), but a lower proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) compared to healthy controls. No such changes were identified in the BAL fluid of children diagnosed with PBB. No differences were observed for the surfactant lipids dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholin (PC 32:0) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Conclusions In CF patients with neutrophilic airway inflammation the lipid composition for surfactant phospholipid components were unchanged, whereas alteration in lipid profile were characteristic for those found in membranes of inflammatory cells. We suspect that the changes in CF were caused by the prolonged inflammation in contrast to a relatively short standing process in PBB.

The retrospective evaluation of clinical outcomes after palliative pelvic exenteration (PPE) in patients with subvesical and supravesical complications due to symptomatic locally advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).In all, 84 patients with locally advanced and symptomatic CRPC underwent radical cystoprostatectomy (n = 71, 83.3%) or anterior and posterior exenteration (n = 13, 16.7%). Local staging was done via pelvic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), cystoscopy, and rectoscopy. Systemic staging was performed by computed tomography of the thorax, abdomen pelvis, and skeletal scintigraphy. Perioperative complications were evaluated using the Clavien-Dindo classification. The primary study objective was symptom-free survival defined as absence of lower or upper urinary tract symptoms and absence of endoluminal or percutaneous intervention.After a median follow-up of 43.5 (3-139) months, symptom-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 95.2% and 86.7%, respectively. In all, 86.7% of patients remained symptom-free for their remaining lifetime with respect to local symptoms. Overall survival at 1 and 3 years was 92.9% and 54.7%, respectively. Clavien-Dindo grade 2, 3, and 4 complications occurred in 19 (22.6%), 7 (8.3%), and 3 (3.6%) patients, respectively.With adequate patient selection, PPE is possible with a low complication rate and results in significant symptom relief in the lower or upper genitourinary tract in about 90% of patients, of whom more than 80% remain symptom-free for the remainder of their lives. Prerequisites for favorable surgical outcomes are patient selection, an interdisciplinary approach, and appropriate surgical expertise.ZIEL DER ARBEIT: Die retrospektive Evaluation der klinischen Ergebnisse nach palliativer pelviner Tumorchirurgie (ppTC) bei subvesikalen und supravesikalen Komplikationen eines lokal symptomatisch fortgeschrittenen kastrationsresistenten (CRPC) Prostatakarzinoms.Insgesamt 84 Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem und symptomatischem CRPC erhielten eine radikale Zystoprostatektomie (n = 71, 83,3 %) oder anteriore und posteriore Exenteration (n = 13, 16,7 %). Das lokale Staging erfolgte mittels MRT des Beckens, Zystoskopie und Rektoskopie. Ein systemisches Staging erfolgte mittels Computertomographie von Thorax, Abdomen, Becken sowie Skelettszintigraphie. Die perioperativen Komplikationen wurden nach Clavien-Dindo-Klassifikation evaluiert. Das primäre Studienziel war das symptomfreie Überleben (sÜL, Fehlen von Symptomen am unteren oder oberen Harntrakt, fehlende endoluminale oder perkutane Intervention).Nach einem medianen Follow-up von 43,5 (3–139) Monaten betrug das sÜL nach einem und drei Jahren 95,2 % bzw. 86,7 %. Insgesamt 86,7 % der Patienten blieben für ihre gesamte verbleibende Lebensdauer bezüglich lokaler Symptome beschwerdefrei. Das OS nach einem und drei Jahren betrug 92,9 % bzw. 54,7 %. Clavien-Dindo-Grad-2-, -3- und -4-Komplikationen ergaben sich in 19 (22,6 %), 7 (8,3 %) bzw. 3 (3,6 %) Patienten.Die ppTC ist mit einer geringen Komplikationsrate möglich und führt zu deutlicher Symptomlinderung bei ca. 90 % der Patienten, von denen 80 % für die verbleibende Lebenszeit beschwerdefrei verbleiben. Voraussetzung sind die Patientenauswahl, ein interdisziplinäres Vorgehen und eine entsprechende chirurgische Expertise.

In 2011 we published our treatment regime for infections of the interphalangeal joints of the hand with infection-related macroscopic cartilage damage. We recommended the resection of the infected joint followed by 6 weeks of immobilisation by external fixation before secondary arthrodesis. In 2013 we reduced the period of immobilisation to 4 weeks within a prospective study.This paper analyses the effect of a shortened immobilisation time of 4 instead of 6 weeks between joint resection and secondary joint fusion in bacterial infection of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint.Between March 2013 and July 2014, 20 patients with an infection of an interphalangeal joint of the hand were treated by joint resection and secondary arthrodesis after a reduced time of immobilisation of 4 weeks. The patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated at median of 5,8 (4,7-10,5) months. The results were statistically analysed and compared with the previous study published 2011.The reduced immobilisation period from 6 to 4 weeks did not result in a significant difference of revisions (p = 0.148). In 18 of 20 patients, the joint infection was reliably cured and the following arthrodesis consolidated. One patient required a revision surgery due to a persistent joint infection, a second patient got a revision surgery after arthrodesis because of a displaced implant. The range of motion of the infected finger was median 147.5 (30-220)°. Achieving a grip strength of 26 (4-64) kg, the affected hand reached 88.5 (47,8-223,1) % of the strength of the opposite side. The subjective functioning of the hand was good (DASH 37.9 (3.3-71.7), Krimmer-Score 2 (1-4)). We did not observe any persistent pain at rest (VAS 0 (0-3)) or under daily activities (VAS 1.3 (0-7)). 50 % of patients stated a sensitivity to cold. Our study of 2011 revealed similar results (ROM of the infected finger 142.5 (30-220)°, grip strength 95 (33-127)%, DASH-Score 23.3 (0-130), Krimmer Score 2 (1-4), VAS at rest 0 (0-7), VAS under stress 4.5 (0-9), sensitivity to cold in 41 % of 27 patients).A decreased immobilisation period from 6 to 4 weeks between joint resection and secondary arthrosis for infections of the interphalangeal joints of the hand do not lead to a negative outcome. The described therapeutical regime results in reliable cure of the bacterial joint infection with a good function of the finger and only minor subjective discomfort.Unser 2011 veröffentlichtes Behandlungsregime bei Infektionen eines Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes sah bei bereits vorhandenem Knorpelschaden die Resektion des betroffenen Gelenkes mit nachfolgender Ruhigstellung mittels Fixateur externe für 6 Wochen bis zur sekundären Arthrodese vor. 2013 reduzierten wir im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie die Ruhigstellungsdauer auf 4 Wochen. ZIEL: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen der Verkürzung der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen zwischen Primäreingriff und sekundärer Arthrodese bei einer bakteriellen Infektion eines Fingermittel- und Endgelenkes.20 Patienten, bei denen aufgrund eines Infektes eines Fingermittel- oder Endgelenkes zwischen März 2013 und Juli 2014 primär eine Gelenkresektion mit sekundärer Arthrodese nach einer verkürzten Immobilisierung von 4 Wochen erfolgte, wurden nach median 5,7 (4,6–10,5) Monaten klinisch und radiologisch nachuntersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch ausgewertet und mit den Ergebnissen von 2011 verglichen.Die Reduktion der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen führte zu keinem signifikanten Unterschied in der Revisionsrate (p = 0,148). Bei 18/20 Patienten war die Infektion nach 4 Wochen zuverlässig saniert und die folgende Arthrodese konsolidierte. Eine Patientin benötigte eine Revision aufgrund eines persistierenden Infektes, ein zweiter Patient erhielt eine Revision der Arthrodese aufgrund einer Materialdislokation. Das Bewegungsausmaß des betroffenen Fingers betrug 147,5 (30–220)°. Mit einer Griffkraft von 26 (4–64) kg erreichte die operierte Hand 88,5 (47,8–223,1) % der Gegenseite. Die subjektive Handfunktion war gut (DASH-Score 37,9 (3,3–71,7), Krimmer-Score 2 (1–4)). Eine anhaltende Schmerzsymptomatik in Ruhe (VAS 0 (0–3)) und bei Belastung (VAS 1,3 (0–7)) bestand nicht. Eine Kälteempfindlichkeit wurde von 50 % der Patienten bejaht. Die Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchung von 2011 ergaben vergleichbare Werte (ROM des betroffenen Fingers 142,5 (30–220)°, Griffkraft 95 (33–127)%, DASH-Score 23,3 (0–130), Krimmer Score 2 (1–4), VAS Ruhe 0 (0–7), VAS Belastung 4,5 (0–9), Kälteempfindlichkeit bei 41 % der 27 Patienten).Eine Verkürzung der Ruhigstellungszeit zwischen Primäreingriff mit Gelenkresektion und sekundärer Arthrodese bei Infekt des Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes von 6 auf 4 Wochen hat keine negativen Auswirkungen. Die beschriebene Therapie führt zu einer sicheren Infektionsausheilung mit guter postoperativer Funktion des Fingers und geringer, subjektiver Beschwerdesymptomatik.

To evaluate retrospectively the surgical, symptomatic and oncological outcomes of pelvic exenteration surgery (PES) in men with significant intrapelvic complications of locally advanced castration-sensitive (CSPC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).A total of 103 patients with locally advanced progressive and symptomatic CSPC or CRPC underwent PES (radical cystoprostatectomy, n = 71 [68.9%]; radical prostatectomy with continent vesicostomy, n = 9 [8.7%]; total exenteration, n = 23 [22.3%]). All patients underwent local staging via magnetic resonance imaging, cystoscopy and rectoscopy. Systemic staging was carried out with chest, abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans and bone scans. Peri-operative complications were assessed according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Symptom-free and overall survival were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical tests were two-tailed with a P value0.05 taken to indicate statistical significance.After a median (range) follow-up of 36.5 (3-123) months, the symptom-free survival rate at 1 and 3 years was 89.2% (n = 89) and 64.1% (n = 66), respectively. The median symptom-free survival was 27.9 months. A total of 78.6% of the patients were symptom-free during their remaining lifetime. The overall survival rate at 1 and 3 years was 92.2% and 43.7%, respectively, and the median overall survival was 33.6 months. Clavien-Dindo grades 2, 3 and 4 complications developed in 31 (30.6%), 12 (11.6%) and eight patients (8.1%), respectively.Pelvic exenteration surgery is technically feasible in well-selected patients, resulting in symptom relief in90% of patients, covering 80% of their remaining lifetime.

Over recent years, several PCR primers have been described to amplify genes encoding the structural subunits of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Most of them target amoA, while amoB and amoC have been neglected so far. This study compared the nucleotide sequence of 33 primers that have been used to amplify different regions of the amoCAB operon with alignments of all available sequences in public databases. The advantages and disadvantages of these primers are discussed based on the original description and the spectrum of matching sequences obtained. Additionally, new primers to amplify the almost complete amoCAB operon of AOB belonging to Betaproteobacteria (betaproteobacterial AOB), a primer pair for DGGE analysis of amoA and specific primers for gammaproteobacterial AOB, are also described. The specificity of these new primers was also evaluated using the databases of the sequences created during this study.

Cyanobacterial community composition was studied along a salinity gradient from the saline Spring Fuliya towards the water column of Lake Kinneret. The samples included a gradient of salinities ranging from 4270 mg Cl L–1 (Saline Spring) to 239 mg Cl L–1 (Lake Kinneret). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and cloning of the 16 S rRNA gene, as well as cloning and sequencing of the psbA gene, were used to characterize cyanobacterial community composition. Despite the differences in salinity, similar cyanobacterial communities were observed in the lake and the saline spring, the only exception being the highest salinity sample (4270 mg Cl L–1). Both, DGGE patterns and results of the clone libraries revealed the dominance of cyanobacteria with colonial Gloeocapsa and unicellular Synechococcus as the closest known cultured relatives, independently of the salinity. These results suggest that cyanobacterial populations inhabiting this freshwater lake and its saline sources can adapt to a wide range of salinities.

The history of the discovery and development of vitamin K and its antagonists, the oral anticoagulants dicoumarol and warfarin, are fascinating, triumphant landmarks in the annals of medicine. Vitamin K was found by Carl Peter Henrik Dam and Fritz Schønheyder from the University of Copenhagen. The discovery was initiated by Dam, by a lucky choice of chicks in the dissertation of sterol metabolism, since the vitamin is not formed by intestinal bacteria in these animals. In these experiments the lack of an unknown factor in the synthetic diet caused internal bleeding similar to that found in scurvy, but the bleeding was not reversed by vitamin C and it could not be explained by the lack of classical vitamins. In 1935 the unknown antihaemorrhagic factor was named vitamin K and a few months later the phenomenon was also observed by H.J. Almquist and E.L.R. Stokstad in Berkeley. The activity of the factor was determined by bioassay in different extracts of green vegetables and alfalfa by Dam and Schønheyder. Vitamin K was isolated in 1939 by Dam and Paul Karrer in Zurich and the structure was determined by Edward Adelbert Doisy. Dam and Doisy were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1943. A dramatic story starts the discovery of dicoumarol. In the 1920s cattle in Canada began dying of internal bleeding with no obvious precipitating cause. Frank W. Schofield, a veterinary pathologist in Alberta, found that the mysterious disease was connected to the consumption of spoiled sweet clover hay and noted a prolonged clotting time. Ten years after a farmer traveled in a blizzard with his dead cow and a milk can of the unclotted blood to the University of Wisconsin. Only the door to the biochemical department of Karl Paul Link was open. This event started the isolation of the anticoagulant agent dicou- marol which was formed by microbial induced oxidation of coumarin in the mouldy sweet clover hay. More than hundred dicoumarol-like anticoagulants were synthesized by Link and his co-workers. A potent hemorrhagic agent named warfarin was first used as an effective rat poison. However, warfarin became the drug of choice and the break- through in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Today new oral anticoagulants are competing with warfarin.

599 p. La presente tesis doctoral busca aportar una explicación plausible a los procesos de aislamiento y arraigo social de las organizaciones armadas de la RAF y ETA. La investigación se sostiene sobre dos axiomas generales: la organización vasca, ETA (País Vasco y Libertad o Euskadi ta Askatasuna) logró a lo largo de su trayectoria política generar un movimiento social acorde a su ideología ¿movimiento que se denomina como izquierda abertzale- mientras que el colectivo germano occidental de la RAF (Fracción del Ejército Rojo o Rote Armee Fraktion), a pesar de contar con algunos simpatizantes, acabó profundamente aislado de la sociedad. Para analizar estos resultados conocidos planteamos un enfoque metodológico basado en el análisis de los marcos de significado elaborados por las organizaciones tomadas como objetos de estudio (framing analysis). Desde este enfoque, planteamos la siguiente hipótesis: el aislamiento y los anclajes sociales de las organizaciones referenciadas se debieron, principalmente, a las distintas capacidades de ETA y la RAF por realizar un marco de significado en el que se definiera conceptualmente el sujeto considerado objeto de un agravio dentro de la realidad política, social y económica establecida. La definición concreta de este sujeto determinaría la recepción social de la alternativa política de ETA y la RAF, así como los mismos usos dados a la violencia por ambos colectivos.

494 p. Esta tesis es un estudio comparado de los nacionalismos vasco y catalán entre 1930 y 1939. Se centra principalmente en el Partido Nacionalista Vaso (PNV) y Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), como los dos agentes políticos principales dentro de sus respectivos movimientos nacionales. Este trabajo utiliza los recursos metodológicos proporcionados por el enfoque mechanism-process y el análisis discursivo para argumentar que tanto ERC como el PNV llevaron a cabo procesos fundamentalmente similares hacia la hegemonía política que resultaron en avances cualitativos en la construcción nacional vasca y catalana. También identifica las muchas diferencias de formato y tempo que dieron forma a la materialización concreta de estos procesos, explicándolos en base a los muchos contrastes estructurales entre los contextos vasco y catalán. Finalmente, esta tesis propone un enfoque diplomático, es decir, la utilización the razonamientos y conceptos aplicados habitualmente al estudio de las relaciones entre estados soberanos, para explicar la relación cambiante entre los nacionalismos vasco y catalán.

429 p. En nuestras sociedades contemporáneas, en las que el estado-nación es la forma hegemónica de organización política, pocas veces se cuestiona cómo se producen y reproducen las identidades nacionales o cómo llegaron a existir en primer lugar. Para la mayoría, la historia ofrece un relato continuo que explica el pasado como una narración de progreso nacional y que, en consecuencia, legitima el actual estatus y reivindicaciones de la nación.El objetivo de este trabajo es observar la transición a esta cosmovisión nacionalista en China y Gran Bretaña, así como comparar las diferencias en la adopción de este marco en los dos casos, las resistencias que produjo y los debates y cuestiones que generó.Para ello, analizaremos primero los principios básicos de las narrativas históricas nacionales a partir de las cuales se originan las identidades nacionales. En segundo lugar, aplicaremos nuestros resultados a fuentes historiográficas y políticas chinas y británicas de entre 1880 y 1930 para determinar el grado y ritmo de adopción de estas narrativas maestras en los dos casos. Finalmente, compararemos cómo lascircunstancias geopolíticas e históricas particulares de los dos ejemplos interactuaron con estos principios para amplificar o limitar las oportunidades de aparición de historias y discursos nacionales específicos.Los resultados de este estudio muestran que existe una estructura narrativa particular común a las historias nacionales, y que ésta influyó decisivamente en la práctica histórica de China y Gran Bretaña entre 1880 y 1930. Este hecho, a su vez, originó la aparición de nuevas identidades, objetivos y estrategias basadas en estos relatos nacionales. Sin embargo, las circunstancias culturales e históricas particulares de los dos países, en combinación con la necesidad de adaptarse a estos principios narrativos, delimitaron y restringieron las posibilidades de imaginar comunidades nacionales así como sus probabilidades de éxito.

484 p. En las últimas décadas, los contenciosos políticos en el País Vasco e Irlanda del Norte, y sus principales protagonistas, han sido el foco de mucha atención y trabajos comparativos en el ámbito académico y de la prensa. Sin embargo, a pesar de la evidencia de la existencia de una relación entre actores radicales nacionalistas vascos y republicanos irlandeses desde, al menos, principios de los años setenta, poco se sabe sobre este nexo transnacional contemporáneo. Rechazando explicaciones simplistas y axiomáticas de ¿solidaridad¿, este estudio busca investigar y explicar las causas de esta relación. Históricamente, ¿por qué nació esta relación y cómo se concretó? A través de muchos personajes, etapas y ramas de las dos culturas políticas, la ideología compartida del nacionalismo guiaba y restringía las iniciativas transnacionales y la gravitación hacia posibles ¿aliados¿. Esto creó el potencial para el surgimiento de las relaciones entre los republicanos irlandeses y los nacionalistas radicales vascos. Las necesidades (materiales y / o de aprendizaje) y los objetivos de los partidos, paramilitares, jóvenes, prisioneros, etc., eran los factores esenciales para la materialización y concreción de estas relaciones transnacionales entre las diferentes organizaciones de ambos movimientos. Más en concreto, en este contexto cabe mencionar, por ejemplo, la experiencia en las negociaciones; los asuntos militares; la educación del ala juvenil; organización colectiva de prisioneros; cambio de movimiento estratégico. Posteriormente, la confluencia entre una ideología compartida y la proximidad mutua generada por estas necesidades, intereses y objetivos crearon las condiciones para el nacimiento de una ¿cultura compartida¿ ritualizada de movimientos cruzados. Durante este largo proceso, una gran variedad de factores y (macro, meso y micro) contingencias formaron, afectaron, aceleraron y, en ocasiones, volcaron por completo el nexo. Si bien esta relación se basó durante muchas décadas en el discurso político y la propaganda, también se centró en una multitud de relaciones personales, reuniones públicas (y clandestinas), declaraciones conjuntas, e incluso complots.

652 p. Retirada a solicitud del autor para su publicación comercial. This study explores how Basque was perceived at the start of the twentieth century. Utilizing contemporary periodicals, pamphlets and books as a foundation, the discourse surrounding Basque has been analyzed for thematic content and for its articulation to the linguistic, political, social and cultural context of the Basque Country at the turn of the century. The study¿s main argument is that Basque was perceived across all aforementioned spheres as something that existed outside modernity. For progressives, this condition was a negative for the manner in which it blocked Basque speakers from access to modern ideas and ways of life. Conservatives, by contrast, but for the same reasons, viewed Basque¿s non-modern status as a positive.