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Abstract Information about wildlife diets is crucial for comprehending how species adapt to varying environments in fragmented habitats and for developing effective conservation strategies. White‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) are exclusively found in fragmented limestone forests in southwestern China. To investigate the effects of habitat fragmentation on langurs' diets, we collected published dietary data and relevant environmental factors spanning from 1996 to 2021 at two regions with different degrees of fragmentation (Banli > Bapen), from 10 studies (three of Banli and seven of Bapen). The results demonstrated that the diets of white‐headed langurs were significantly influenced by environmental factors, including habitat fragmentation, annual rainfall, and mean annual temperature. Food item diversity index was significantly and positively affected by the fragmentation index, the higher fragmentation the langurs suffered, the more diverse food items they consumed. Besides, fruit consumption was negatively influenced by annual rainfall and the consumption of other items was influenced by mean annual temperature. Notably, although there are no significant differences in the feeding proportions of food items or food item diversity indices were observed between the Banli and Bapen groups, the Banli groups extensively consumed ground‐supported kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), a plant rarely recorded in the dietary preferences of the Bapen groups, implying that the large plants likely lacking in the fragmented limestone forests. Our findings provide evidence of the major impact of habitat fragmentation on the dietary composition of white‐headed langurs, highlighting the need of considering the possibility that the habitats of the white‐headed langurs have all undergone extreme fragmentation, inferring the conservation efforts should prioritize protecting native vegetation and reducing human disturbance.

We collected nighttime behavioral data by observing a group of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), comprising 16 individuals in a limestone forest in Guangxi Chongzuo National Nature Reserve, China, from October 2016 to August 2017. We recorded various aspects of the langurs’ nighttime behavior, including the duration of entering/leaving sleeping sites, the duration of remaining in sleeping sites, the duration and frequency of movement, and the number and size of sleeping clusters in sleeping sites. The primary aim was to investigate thermoregulation strategy in these primates at night. By applying thermoregulation hypotheses, we aimed to elucidate the underlying factors driving seasonal changes in white-headed langurs’ nighttime behavior. All individuals spent 7.53 ± 1.16 min on entering sleeping sites, and spent 9.70 ± 3.05 min on leaving sleeping sites, which could be a response to predation risk. Movement throughout the night was observed in most individuals. Sleeping clusters were formed by white-headed langurs during the night, with larger clusters sizes occurring in the cold season (4.68 ± 0.69) compared with the hot season (3.59 ± 0.77). Additionally, langurs prolonged their stay in sleeping sites during the cold season (12.36 ± 0.63 h) compared with the hot season (11.20 ± 0.63 h), potentially as a thermoregulation strategy to combat low temperature. Our findings indicate that temperature, rainfall, day length and food availability influence the nighttime behavior of white-headed langurs, highlighting the importance of ecological variables in determining primate nocturnal behavioral responses. The observed changes in white-headed langurs’ nighttime behavior strongly support their inclination toward behavioral strategies that minimize thermoregulation costs in limestone forests.

Traditional fishing knowledge dates back to the early fish catching techniques passed down from forefathers in most of the Naga communities, Nagaland. Traditional fishing is mainly practiced for household consumption and is considered less intensive than industrial fishing practices, which can negatively impact riverine sustainability. However, there is a risk of loss of traditional knowledge in recent times. Hence, an effort was made to comprehend and document the indigenous traditional knowledge associated with fishing practices utilized by the Ao and Sumi tribal communities residing along the banks of Dikhu River. The diverse array of traditional fishing equipment and techniques employed has been categorised based on their specific functions, resulting in the documentation of three types of fishing gears, four fishing accessories, one fishing craft and three other types of fishing techniques. However, in some regions, use of detrimental fishing like dynamites and harsh chemicals were encountered. The results indicate that local fishers continue to rely on indigenous fishing practices for sustenance, and the majority of traditional fishing gears are constructed using locally available eco-friendly materials such as bamboo, wooden poles and cotton twine. The information obtained in this study can be preserved and implemented in contributing better resource management.

Abstract Information on positional behavior contributes to the understanding of the ecological adaptation mechanisms in animals. We collected data on the positional behavior of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) at the Guangxi Chongzuo White‐Headed Langur National Nature Reserve from September 2016 to August 2017 via instantaneous scan sampling method. This study aimed to examine the importance of positional behavior flexibility in limestone forests characterized by seasonal variations in climate and food resources. Our results indicated that langurs adopted leaping (47.92% ± 5.50%) and vertical climbing (40.13% ± 6.20%) as their predominant locomotor modes and sitting (83.08% ± 4.70%) as their predominant posture. Their positional behavior exhibited marked seasonal variations. More specifically, langurs used quadrupedal walking more frequently during the dry season than during the rainy months. In the stationary state, they sat more frequently during the dry season, whereas they laid and suspended more often during the rainy season. Their positional behavior was affected by fruit availability, day length, and temperature. Quadrupedal walking increased with the decrease in fruit availability, whereas leaping was positively correlated with fruit availability. Moreover, sitting was positively correlated with average temperature but negatively correlated with day length. Lying was also negatively correlated with temperature but positively correlated with day length. We conclude that white‐headed langurs adapt to limestone forests with positional behavior flexibility in response to seasonality. Our research provides evidence of the effects of food availability, ambient temperature, and day length on the positional behavior of white‐headed langurs, highlighting the need to understand their behavioral ecology and the influence of ecological factors on behavioral adaptation.

Abstract Understanding how animals cope with habitat‐specific environmental factors can assist in species conservation management. We studied the habitat use of four groups (two large and two small groups) of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) living in the forest of southwest Guangxi, China between September 2016 and February 2017 via instantaneous scan sampling. Our results showed that the langurs primarily used hillsides (55.91% ± 6.47%), followed by cliffs (29.70% ± 5.48%), hilltops (7.26% ± 3.55%), flat zones (6.99% ± 6.58%), and farmlands (0.14% ± 0.28%). The langurs moved most frequently on hillsides (49.35% ± 6.97%) and cliffs (35.60% ± 9.17%). The hillsides were more frequently used (66.94% ± 7.86%) during feeding, and the langurs increased the use of hilltops during the rainy season, and the use of cliffs in the dry season. The langurs frequently rested on hillsides (49.75% ± 8.16%) and cliffs (38.93% ± 8.02%). The larger langur group used cliffs more frequently when moving and resting, whereas the small langur group used hillsides more frequently while resting. Langurs in all groups avoided the flat zones for feeding. Their use of habitat reflected the balancing of foraging needs, thermoregulation, and predator avoidance. We conclude that the ecological factors are determinants of habitat use for white‐headed langurs. Our findings suggest that conservation efforts should focus on protecting the vegetation on the hillsides and restoring the vegetation on the flat zones.

El trabajo que vamos a presentar trata sobre el estado actual del conocimiento arqueológico de Aquitania, Francia, en la Edad del Hierro. En primer lugar, se expondrán las principales líneas de investigación desarrolladas históricamente sobre la Arqueología de la Protohistoria final en este territorio, tanto lo que ha sido investigado como las carencias que aún persisten. A partir la información arqueológica disponible presentaremos su paleogeografía, con especial atención a su realidad climático-ambiental, la evolución cultural de los distintos grupos humanos, la construcción de los distintos territorios y sus relaciones en el último milenio a.C. También explicaremos el estado actual del conocimiento sobre las distintas etnias que poblaron esta región en la Segunda Edad del Hierro. Por último, trataremos el impacto de la llegada de Roma en el contexto de la ocupación del Valle del Garona, Pirineo occidental, Valle del Ebro y el Cantábrico.

COVID-19 highlighted interconnections between matters of identity and citizenship, vulnerability, and inclusion in/exclusion from systems of care in times of crisis. Migrant workers from Nagaland state, northeast India, were disproportionately impacted by the pandemic's socioeconomic consequences. The public health emergency brought into question who is 'Indian' and the citizenship rights attached to that identity, heightening migrants' exclusion from central structures. Communitarian responses in Nagaland enhanced resilience in the face of often inadequate government responses; however, COVID-19 also exposed structural inequalities within and between Naga communities. This study shows that identity-based citizenship regimes and multi-nation federalism interact to increase minorities' exclusion during crises, and that crises can strengthen both divisions and solidarity at the local level in multi-nation federal systems. Inclusion in and exclusion from systems of care are shaped by and can reshape notions of identity and citizenship, underlining the need for inclusive sociopolitical systems to mitigate crises in multi-nation federal states., (© 2023 The Authors. Disasters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of ODI.)