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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health concern that affects millions of people globally. This study investigates the technical challenges in AD analysis and provides a thorough analysis of AD, emphasizing the disease's worldwide effects as well as the predicted increase. It explores the technological difficulties associated with AD analysis, concentrating on the shift in automated clinical diagnosis using MRI data from conventional machine learning to deep learning techniques. This study advances our knowledge of the effects of AD and provides new developments in deep learning for precise diagnosis, providing insightful information for both clinical and future research. The research introduces an innovative deep learning model, leveraging YOLOv5 and variants of YOLOv8, to classify AD images into four (NC, EMCI, LMCI, AD) categories. This study evaluates the performance of YOLOv5 which achieved high accuracy (97%) in multi‐class classification (classes 0 to 3) with precision, recall, and F1‐score reported for each class. YOLOv8 (Small) and YOLOv8 (Medium) models are also assessed for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, demonstrating accuracy of 97% and 98%, respectively. Precision, recall, and F1‐score metrics provide detailed insights into the models' effectiveness across different classes. Comparative analysis against a transfer learning model reveals YOLOv5, YOLOv8 (Small), and YOLOv8 (Medium) consistently outperforming across six binary classifications related to cognitive impairment. These models show improved sensitivity and accuracy compared to baseline architectures from [32]. In AD/NC classification, YOLOv8 (Medium) achieves 98.43% accuracy and 97.45% sensitivity, for EMCI/LMCI classification, YOLOv8 (Medium) also excels with 92.12% accuracy and 90.12% sensitivity. The results highlight the effectiveness of YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 variants in neuroimaging tasks, showcasing their potential in clinical applications for cognitive impairment classification. The proposed models showcase superior performance, achieving high accuracy, sensitivity, and F1‐scores, surpassing baseline architectures and previous methods. Comparative analyses highlight the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed models in AD classification tasks, providing valuable insights for future research and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated learning has emerged as a promising approach for collaborative model training across distributed devices. Federated learning faces challenges such as Non-Independent and Identically Distributed (non-IID) data and communication challenges. This study aims to provide in-depth knowledge in the federated learning environment by identifying the most used techniques for overcoming non-IID data challenges and techniques that provide communication-efficient solutions in federated learning. The study highlights the most used non-IID data types, learning models, and datasets in federated learning. A systematic mapping study was performed using six digital libraries, and 193 studies were identified and analyzed after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. We identified that enhancing the aggregation method and clustering are the most widely used techniques for non-IID data problems (used in 18% and 16% of the selected studies), and a quantization technique was the most common technique in studies that provide communication-efficient solutions in federated learning (used in 27% and 15% of the selected studies). Additionally, our work shows that label distribution skew is the most used case to simulate a non-IID environment, specifically, the quantity label imbalance. The supervised learning model CNN model is the most commonly used learning model, and the image datasets MNIST and Cifar-10 are the most widely used datasets when evaluating the proposed approaches. Furthermore, we believe the research community needs to consider the client's limited resources and the importance of their updates when addressing non-IID and communication challenges to prevent the loss of valuable and unique information. The outcome of this systematic study will benefit federated learning users, researchers, and providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma is one of the most widespread causes of bone cancer globally and has a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis may increase the chances of treatment and survival however the process is time-consuming (reliability and complexity involved to extract the hand-crafted features) and largely depends on pathologists' experience. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN--an end-to-end model) is known to be an alternative to overcome the aforesaid problems. Therefore, this work proposes a compact CNN architecture that has been rigorously explored on a Small Osteosarcoma histology Image Dataaseet (a high-class imbalanced dataset). Though, during training, class-imbalanced data can negatively affect the performance of CNN. Therefore, an oversampling technique has been proposed to overcome the aforesaid issue and improve generalization performance. In this process, a hierarchical CNN model is designed, in which the former model is non-regularized (due to dense architecture) and the later one is regularized, specifically designed for small histopathology images. Moreover, the regularized model is integrated with CNN's basic architecture to reduce overfitting. Experimental results demonstrate that oversamplingmight be an effective way to address the imbalanced class problem during training. The training and testing accuracies of the non-regularized CNN model are 98% & 78% with an imbalanced dataset and 96%& 81% with a balanced dataset, respectively. The regularized CNNmodel training and testing accuracies are 84% & 75% for an imbalanced dataset and 87% & 86% for a balanced dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of the Internet and digital payments has transformed the landscape of financial transactions, leading to both technological progress and an alarming rise in cybercrime. This study addresses the critical issue of financial fraud detection in the era of digital payments, focusing on enhancing operational risk frameworks to mitigate the increasing threats. The objective is to improve the predictive performance of fraud detection systems using machine learning techniques. The methodology involves a comprehensive data preprocessing and model creation process, including one‐hot encoding, feature selection, sampling, standardization, and tokenization. Six machine learning models are employed for fraud detection, and their hyperparameters are optimized. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1‐score are used to assess model performance. Results reveal that XGBoost and Random Forest outperform other models, achieving a balance between false positives and false negatives. The study meets the requirements for fraud detection systems, ensuring accuracy, scalability, adaptability, and explainability. This paper provides valuable insights into the efficacy of machine learning models for financial fraud detection and emphasizes the importance of striking a balance between false positives and false negatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]