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1. EurOP2E – the European open platform for prescribing education, a consensus study among clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teachers

Author

Bakkum, Michiel J., Richir, Milan C., Papaioannidou, Paraskevi, Likic, Robert, Sanz, Emilio J., Christiaens, Thierry, Costa, João N., Maciulaitis, Romaldas, Dima, Lorena, Coleman, Jamie, Tichelaar, Jelle, van Agtmael, Michiel A., Atanasova, Ivanka, Ganeva, Maria, Gatchev, Emil, Kostadinova, I.I., Matanovic, S. Mimica, Vitezic, D., Wozniak, Greta, Kmonickova, E., Urbanek, Karel, Damkier, P., Huupponen, R. K., Auffret, Marine, Bejan-Angoulvant, T., Chouchana, Laurent, Cracowski, Jean-Luc, Drici, M. D., Faillie, J. L., Geniaux, Hélène, Molimard, M., Orlikowski, D., Palin, Karine, Pers, Y-M, Picard, Nicolas, Simon, N., Toussirot, E., Boger, R. H., Cascorbi, I., Mueller, S. C., Regenthal, R., Schwab, M., Schwaninger, M. S., Thuermann, P. A., Wojnowski, L., Kouvelas, D., Riba, P., Kerins, David M., Williams, David J., Cosentino, M., De Ponti, Fabrizio, Filippelli, Amelia, Leone, R., Locatelli, Vittorio, Jansone, Baiba, Gulbinovic, Romaldas, Mifsud, Janet, Braszko, Jan J., Kocic, I., Breitenfeld, Luiza, Castelo-Branco, M., Conea, Simona, Magyar, Ioan, Bevc, S., Krzan, Mojca, Bernal, M. L., Capellà, D., Carcas, A., De Abajo, F. J., Lopez-Rico, M., Lucena, M. I., Pontes, C., Sanz, E. J., Böttiger, Y., Le Grevès, Madeleine, de Waard-Siebinga, I., Janssen, Ben J. A., Knol, Wilma, Pandit, Rahul, van Rosse, F., Dent, G., Ferro, Albert, Hitchings, A. W., Kapil, V., Linton, K. D., Loke, Y. K., Okorie, Michael, Plumb, Richard David, Pontefract, Sarah, Ranmuthu, S., Sampson, A. P., Thanacoody, H. K. R., Whitfield, Jonathan P., Wilson, Kurt, Bakkum M.J., Richir M.C., Papaioannidou P., Likic R., Sanz E.J., Christiaens T., Costa J.N., Maciulaitis R., Dima L., Coleman J., Tichelaar J., van Agtmael M.A., Atanasova I., Ganeva M., Gatchev E., Kostadinova I.I., Matanovic S.M., Vitezic D., Wozniak G., Kmonickova E., Urbanek K., Damkier P., Huupponen R.K., Auffret M., Bejan-Angoulvant T., Chouchana L., Cracowski J.-L., Drici M.D., Faillie J.L., Geniaux H., Molimard M., Orlikowski D., Palin K., Pers Y.-M., Picard N., Simon N., Toussirot E., Boger R.H., Cascorbi I., Mueller S.C., Regenthal R., Schwab M., Schwaninger M.S., Thuermann P.A., Wojnowski L., Kouvelas D., Riba P., Kerins D.M., Williams D.J., Cosentino M., De Ponti F., Filippelli A., Leone R., Locatelli V., Jansone B., Gulbinovic R., Mifsud J., Braszko J.J., Kocic I., Breitenfeld L., Castelo-Branco M., Conea S., Magyar I., Bevc S., Krzan M., Bernal M.L., Capella D., Carcas A., De Abajo F.J., Lopez-Rico M., Lucena M.I., Pontes C., Bottiger Y., Le Greves M., de Waard-Siebinga I., Janssen B.J.A., Knol W., Pandit R., van Rosse F., Dent G., Ferro A., Hitchings A.W., Kapil V., Linton K.D., Loke Y.K., Okorie M., Plumb R.D., Pontefract S., Ranmuthu S., Sampson A.P., Thanacoody H.K.R., Whitfield J.P., Wilson K., Internal medicine, Other Research, CCA - Cancer Treatment and quality of life, Bakkum, M, Richir, M, Papaioannidou, P, Likic, R, Sanz, E, Christiaens, T, Costa, J, Mačiulaitis, R, Dima, L, Coleman, J, Tichelaar, J, van Agtmael, M, and Locatelli, V

Subjects
Medical education, Open platform, Quality management, Pharmacoepidemiology and Prescription, Teaching Materials, media_common.quotation_subject, Language barrier, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, Open educational resources, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Political science, Copyright, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Quality (business), Cooperative Behavior, Adaptation (computer science), Schools, Medical, media_common, Pharmacology, Clinical pharmacology, 05 social sciences, Open educational resource, 050301 education, General Medicine, Quality Improvement, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic, Europe, Digital education, Educational resources, Pharmacology, Clinical, clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, digital education, medical education, open educational resources, 0503 education, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Human
Abstract

Purpose Sharing and developing digital educational resources and open educational resources has been proposed as a way to harmonize and improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in European medical schools. Previous research, however, has shown that there are barriers to the adoption and implementation of open educational resources. The aim of this study was to determine perceived opportunities and barriers to the use and creation of open educational resources among European CPT teachers and possible solutions for these barriers. Methods CPT teachers of British and EU medical schools completed an online survey. Opportunities and challenges were identified by thematic analyses and subsequently discussed in an international consensus meeting. Results Data from 99 CPT teachers from 95 medical schools were analysed. Thirty teachers (30.3%) shared or collaboratively produced digital educational resources. All teachers foresaw opportunities in the more active use of open educational resources, including improving the quality of their teaching. The challenges reported were language barriers, local differences, lack of time, technological issues, difficulties with quality management, and copyright restrictions. Practical solutions for these challenges were discussed and include a peer review system, clear indexing, and use of copyright licenses that permit adaptation of resources. Conclusion Key challenges to making greater use of CPT open educational resources are a limited applicability of such resources due to language and local differences and quality concerns. These challenges may be resolved by relatively simple measures, such as allowing adaptation and translation of resources and a peer review system.

Published
2021
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2. Harmonizing and improving European education in prescribing: An overview of digital educational resources used in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics

Author

Bakkum, Michiel J., Tichelaar, Jelle, Papaioannidou, Paraskevi, Likic, Robert, Sanz Alvarez, Emilio J., Christiaens, Thierry, Costa, João N., Mačiulaitis, Romaldas, Dima, Lorena, Coleman, Jamie, Richir, Milan C., Agtmael, Michiel A., Atanasova, Ivanka, Ganeva, Maria, Gatchev, Emil, Kostadinova, I. I., Mimica Matanovic, S., Vitezic, D, Greta, Wozniak, Kmonickova, E., Karel, Urbanek, Damkier, P., Huupponen, R. K., Auffret, Marine, Bejan‐ Angoulvant, T., Laurent, Chouchana, Jean‐Luc, Cracowski, Drici, M. D., Faillie, J. L., Hélène, Geniaux, Molimard, M., Orlikowski, D., Palin, Karine, Pers, Y.‐M., Picard, Nicolas, Simon, N., Toussirot, E., Boger, R. H., Cascorbi, I., Mueller, S. C., Regenthal, R., Schwab, M., Schwaninger, M. S., Thuermann, P. A., Wojnowski, L., Kouvelas, D., Riba, P., Kerins, David M., Williams, David J., Cosentino, M., De Ponti, Fabrizio, Filippelli, Amelia, Leone, R., Locatelli, Vittorio, Jansone, Baiba, Gulbinovic, Romaldas, Mifsud, Janet, Braszko Jan, J., Kocic, I., Luiza, Breitenfeld, Castelo‐Branco, M., Simona, Conea, Ioan, Magyar, Bevc, S., Mojca, Krzan, Bernal, M. L., Capellà, D., Carcas, A., De Abajo, F. J., Lopez‐Rico, M., Lucena, M. I., Pontes, C., Sanz, E. J., Böttiger, Y., Le Grevès, Madeleine, Waard‐Siebinga, I., Janssen Ben, J. A., Wilma, Knol, Rahul, Pandit, Rosse, F., Dent, G., Albert, Ferro, Hitchings, A. W., Kapil, V., Linton, K. D., Loke, Y. K., Michael, Okorie, David, Plumb Richard, Pontefract, Sarah, Ranmuthu, S., Sampson, A. P., Thanacoody, H. K. R., Whitfield Jonathan, P., Wilson, Kurt, for the Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) and its affiliated Network of Teachers in Pharmacotherapy (NOTIP), Bakkum, M, Tichelaar, J, Papaioannidou, P, Likic, R, Sanz Alvarez, E, Christiaens, T, Costa, J, Mačiulaitis, R, Dima, L, Coleman, J, Richir, M, van Agtmael, M, Locatelli, V, Internal medicine, Other Research, Bakkum M.J., Tichelaar J., Papaioannidou P., Likic R., Sanz Alvarez E.J., Christiaens T., Costa J.N., Maciulaitis R., Dima L., Coleman J., Richir M.C., van Agtmael M.A., Atanasova I., Ganeva M., Gatchev E., Kostadinova I.I., Mimica Matanovic S., Vitezic D., Greta W., Kmonickova E., Karel U., Damkier P., Huupponen R.K., Auffret M., Bejan-Angoulvant T., Laurent C., Jean-Luc C., Drici M.D., Faillie J.L., Helene G., Molimard M., Orlikowski D., Palin K., Pers Y.-M., Picard N., Simon N., Toussirot E., Boger R.H., Cascorbi I., Mueller S.C., Regenthal R., Schwab M., Schwaninger M.S., Thuermann P.A., Wojnowski L., Kouvelas D., Riba P., Kerins D.M., Williams D.J., Cosentino M., De Ponti F., Filippelli A., Leone R., Locatelli V., Jansone B., Gulbinovic R., Mifsud J., Braszko Jan J., Kocic I., Luiza B., Castelo-Branco M., Simona C., Ioan M., Bevc S., Mojca K., Bernal M.L., Capella D., Carcas A., De Abajo F.J., Lopez-Rico M., Lucena M.I., Pontes C., Bottiger Y., Le Greves M., de Waard-Siebinga I., Janssen Ben J.A., Wilma K., Rahul P., van Rosse F., Dent G., Albert F., Hitchings A.W., Kapil V., Linton K.D., Loke Y.K., Michael O., David P.R., Pontefract S., Ranmuthu S., Sampson A.P., Thanacoody H.K.R., Whitfield Jonathan P., and Wilson K.

Subjects
Computer-Assisted Instruction, Harmonization, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, law.invention, open educational resource, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicaments -- Prescripció, law, clinical pharmacology and therapeutic, Humans, Learning, Pharmacology (medical), Narrative, 030212 general & internal medicine, Curriculum, Schools, Medical, Cross-Sectional Studie, Pharmacology, education, Medical education, Prescribing, clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, digital, open educational resources, Clinical pharmacology, Drugs -- Prescribing, Principal (computer security), Open educational resources, Variety (cybernetics), Cross-Sectional Studies, Pharmacology, Clinical, Psychology, Human
Abstract

CONTRIBUTORS IN THE NETWORK OF TEACHERS IN PHARMACOTHERAPY (NOTIP) (ALPHABETIZED BY COUNTRY): Atanasova, Ivanka (Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria); Ganeva, Maria (Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria); Gatchev, Emil (Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria); Kostadinova, II (Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria); Mimica Matanovic, S (University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia); Vitezic, D (University of Rijeka Medical School, Rijeka, Croatia); Wozniak, Greta (University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus); Kmonickova, E (Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic); Urbanek, Karel (Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic); Damkier, P (University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark); Huupponen, RK (University of Turku, Turku, Finland); Auffret, Marine (Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France); Bejan-Angoulvant, T (Université de Tours, Tours, France); Chouchana, Laurent (Hospital Cochin, Paris, France); Cracowski, Jean-Luc (University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France); Drici, MD (University of Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice, France); Faillie, JL (CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France); Geniaux, Hélène (CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France); Molimard, M (Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France); Orlikowski, D (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Versailles, France); Palin, Karine (University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France); Pers, Y-M (CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France); Picard, Nicolas (CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France); Simon, N (Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France); Toussirot, E (CHU de Besancon, Besancon, France); Boger, RH (University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany); Cascorbi, I (University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany); Mueller, SC (University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany); Regenthal, R (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany); Schwab, M (Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany); Schwaninger, MS (University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany); Thuermann, PA (University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany); Wojnowski, L (University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany); Kouvelas, D (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece); Riba, P (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary); Kerins, David M (University College, Cork, Ireland); Williams, David J (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland); Cosentino, M (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); De Ponti, Fabrizio (University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy); Filippelli, Amelia (University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy); Leone, R (University of Verona, Verona, Italy); Locatelli, Vittorio (University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy); Jansone, Baiba (University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia); Gulbinovic, Romaldas (Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania); Mifsud, Janet (University of Malta, Msida, Malta); Braszko, Jan J (Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland); kocic, I (Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland); Breitenfeld, Luiza (Beira Interior University, Covilh~a, Portugal); Castelo-Branco, M (University of Beira Interior, Covilh~a, Portugal); Conea, Simona (“Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania); Magyar, Ioan (University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania); Bevc, S (University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia); Krzan, Mojca (University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia); Bernal, ML (University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain); Capellà, D (University of Girona, Girona, Spain); Carcas, A (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, University of Maribor, Spain); De Abajo, FJ (University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain); Lopez-Rico, M (University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain); Lucena, MI (University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain); Pontes, C (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain); Sanz, EJ (Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain); Böttiger, Y (Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden); Le Grevès, Madeleine (Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden); de Waard-Siebinga, I (University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands); Janssen, Ben JA (Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands); Knol, Wilma (University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands); Pandit, Rahul (University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands); van Rosse, F (Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands); Dent, G (Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom); Ferro, Albert (King's College London, London, United Kingdom); Hitchings, AW (St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom); Kapil, V (Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom); Linton, KD (University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom); Loke, YK (University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom); Okorie, Michael (Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom); Plumb, Richard David (Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom); Pontefract, Sarah (University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom); Ranmuthu, S (Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom); Sampson, AP (University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom); Thanacoody, HKR (Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom); Whitfield, Jonathan P (University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom); Wilson, Kurt (University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom) Improvement and harmonization of European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education is urgently required. Because digital educational resources can be easily shared, adapted to local situations and re‐used widely across a variety of educational systems, they may be ideally suited for this purpose Methods With a cross‐sectional survey among principal CPT teachers in 279 out of 304 European medical schools, an overview and classification of digital resources was compiled. Results Teachers from 95 (34%) medical schools in 26 of 28 EU countries responded, 66 (70%) of whom used digital educational resources in their CPT curriculum. A total of 89 of such resources were described in detail, including e‐learning (24%), simulators to teach pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics (10%), virtual patients (8%), and serious games (5%). Together, these resources covered 235 knowledge‐based learning objectives, 88 skills, and 13 attitudes. Only one third (27) of the resources were in‐part or totally free and only two were licensed open educational resources (free to use, distribute and adapt). A narrative overview of the largest, free and most novel resources is given. Conclusion Digital educational resources, ranging from e‐learning to virtual patients and games, are widely used for CPT education in EU medical schools. Learning objectives are based largely on knowledge rather than skills or attitudes. This may be improved by including more real‐life clinical case scenarios. Moreover, the majority of resources are neither free nor open. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing international CPT education, more needs to be learned about why CPT teachers are not currently sharing their educational materials.

Published
2020
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3. Key Learning Outcomes for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in Europe: A Modified Delphi Study

Author

Brinkman, D, Tichelaar, J, Mokkink, L, Christiaens, T, Likic, R, Maciulaitis, R, Costa, J, Sanz, E, Maxwell, S, Richir, M, Van, A, Michiel A., L, Kostadinova, I, Ganeva, M, Atanasova, I, Gatchev, E, Stavreva, G, Vitezic, D, Matanovic, S, Wozniak, G, Nicolaou, P, Urbanek, K, Slanar, O, Kmonickova, E, Demlova, R, Bergmann, T, Damkier, P, Kalda, A, Huupponen, R, Backman, J, Drici, M, Deplanque, D, Molimard, M, Toussirot, E, Pers, Y, Bertin, P, Laviolle, B, Jeunne, C, Saulnier, P, Chamontin, B, Roustit, M, Orlikowski, D, Simon, N, Dequin, P, Angoulvant, T, Bolbrinker, J, Wojnowski, L, Cascorbi, I, Müller, F, Müller, S, Schwaninger, M, Neumann, J, Stümpel, F, Regenthal, R, Fuhr, U, Thürmann, P, Eirini, A, Papaioannidou, P, Kouvelas, D, Kolios, G, Riba, P, Kerins, D, Williams, D, Harnett, A, Spina, E, Fumagalli, G, Filippelli, A, Benemei, S, De Ponti, F, Cosentino, M, Locatelli, V, De Montis, M, Memo, M, Raschi, E, Purvina, S, Gulbinovic, J, Mifsud, J, Keijsers, K, Rissmann, R, Dumont, G, van Rosse, F, Spigset, O, Opdal, M, Braszko, J, Mirowska-Guzel, D, Broncel, M, Kocic, I, Sousa, M, Monteiro, E, Dima, L, Magyar, I, Conea, S, Buzoianu, A, Glasova, H, Tisonova, J, Glasa, J, Krzan, M, Saez-Penataro, J, de Abajo Iglesias, F, Capella, D, Figuerola, F, Sansuan, A, Lopez-Rico, M, Manso, G, Benitez, J, Lucena, M, Bernal, M, Cladellas, X, Hernandez, R, Pontes, C, Panagiotidis, G, Böttiger, Y, Wallerstedt, S, Eriksson, A, Desmeules, J, Krähenbühl, S, Plumb, R, Okorie, M, Wilson, K, Mckay, G, Sofat, R, Kapil, V, Whitfield, J, Thanacoody, R, Mir, F, Loke, Y, Schachter, M, O'Brien, L, Heep, A, Brinkman, David J, Tichelaar, Jelle, Mokkink, Lidwine B, Christiaens, Thierry, Likic, Robert, Maciulaitis, Romaldas, Costa, Joao, Sanz, Emilio J, Maxwell, Simon R, Richir, Milan C, van Agtmael, Michiel A. Lefebvre R, Kostadinova I, Ganeva M, Atanasova I, Gatchev E, Stavreva G, Vitezic D, Matanovic S, Wozniak G, Nicolaou P, Urbanek K, Slanar O, Kmonickova E, Demlova R, Bergmann T, Damkier P, Kalda A, Huupponen R, Backman J, Drici MD, Deplanque D, Molimard M, Toussirot E, Pers YM, Bertin P, Laviolle B, Jeunne CL, Saulnier PJ, Chamontin B, Roustit M, Orlikowski D, Simon N, Dequin PF, Angoulvant T, Bolbrinker J, Wojnowski L, Cascorbi I, Müller F, Müller S, Schwaninger M, Neumann J, Stümpel F, Regenthal R, Fuhr U, Thürmann P, Eirini A, Papaioannidou P, Kouvelas D, Kolios G, Riba P, Kerins D, Williams D, Harnett A, Spina E, Fumagalli G, Filippelli A, Benemei S, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Locatelli V, De Montis MG, Memo M, Raschi E, Purvina S, Gulbinovic J, Mifsud J, Keijsers K, Rissmann R, Dumont G, van Rosse F, Spigset O, Opdal MS, Braszko J, Mirowska-Guzel D, Broncel M, Kocic I, Sousa MC, Monteiro E, Dima L, Magyar I, Conea S, Buzoianu A, Glasova H, Tisonova J, Glasa J, Krzan M, Saez-Penataro J, de Abajo Iglesias FJ, Capella D, Figuerola FAH, Sansuan AJC, Lopez-Rico M, Manso G, Benitez J, Lucena MI, Bernal ML, Cladellas XC, Hernandez RA, Pontes C, Panagiotidis G, Böttiger Y, Wallerstedt S, Eriksson A, Desmeules J, Krähenbühl S, Plumb R, Okorie M, Wilson K, McKay G, Sofat R, Kapil V, Whitfield J, Thanacoody R, Mir F, Loke Y, Schachter M, O'Brien L, Heep A, Brinkman, D, Tichelaar, J, Mokkink, L, Christiaens, T, Likic, R, Maciulaitis, R, Costa, J, Sanz, E, Maxwell, S, Richir, M, Van, A, Michiel A., L, Kostadinova, I, Ganeva, M, Atanasova, I, Gatchev, E, Stavreva, G, Vitezic, D, Matanovic, S, Wozniak, G, Nicolaou, P, Urbanek, K, Slanar, O, Kmonickova, E, Demlova, R, Bergmann, T, Damkier, P, Kalda, A, Huupponen, R, Backman, J, Drici, M, Deplanque, D, Molimard, M, Toussirot, E, Pers, Y, Bertin, P, Laviolle, B, Jeunne, C, Saulnier, P, Chamontin, B, Roustit, M, Orlikowski, D, Simon, N, Dequin, P, Angoulvant, T, Bolbrinker, J, Wojnowski, L, Cascorbi, I, Müller, F, Müller, S, Schwaninger, M, Neumann, J, Stümpel, F, Regenthal, R, Fuhr, U, Thürmann, P, Eirini, A, Papaioannidou, P, Kouvelas, D, Kolios, G, Riba, P, Kerins, D, Williams, D, Harnett, A, Spina, E, Fumagalli, G, Filippelli, A, Benemei, S, De Ponti, F, Cosentino, M, Locatelli, V, De Montis, M, Memo, M, Raschi, E, Purvina, S, Gulbinovic, J, Mifsud, J, Keijsers, K, Rissmann, R, Dumont, G, van Rosse, F, Spigset, O, Opdal, M, Braszko, J, Mirowska-Guzel, D, Broncel, M, Kocic, I, Sousa, M, Monteiro, E, Dima, L, Magyar, I, Conea, S, Buzoianu, A, Glasova, H, Tisonova, J, Glasa, J, Krzan, M, Saez-Penataro, J, de Abajo Iglesias, F, Capella, D, Figuerola, F, Sansuan, A, Lopez-Rico, M, Manso, G, Benitez, J, Lucena, M, Bernal, M, Cladellas, X, Hernandez, R, Pontes, C, Panagiotidis, G, Böttiger, Y, Wallerstedt, S, Eriksson, A, Desmeules, J, Krähenbühl, S, Plumb, R, Okorie, M, Wilson, K, Mckay, G, Sofat, R, Kapil, V, Whitfield, J, Thanacoody, R, Mir, F, Loke, Y, Schachter, M, O'Brien, L, Heep, A, Brinkman, David J, Tichelaar, Jelle, Mokkink, Lidwine B, Christiaens, Thierry, Likic, Robert, Maciulaitis, Romaldas, Costa, Joao, Sanz, Emilio J, Maxwell, Simon R, Richir, Milan C, van Agtmael, Michiel A. Lefebvre R, Kostadinova I, Ganeva M, Atanasova I, Gatchev E, Stavreva G, Vitezic D, Matanovic S, Wozniak G, Nicolaou P, Urbanek K, Slanar O, Kmonickova E, Demlova R, Bergmann T, Damkier P, Kalda A, Huupponen R, Backman J, Drici MD, Deplanque D, Molimard M, Toussirot E, Pers YM, Bertin P, Laviolle B, Jeunne CL, Saulnier PJ, Chamontin B, Roustit M, Orlikowski D, Simon N, Dequin PF, Angoulvant T, Bolbrinker J, Wojnowski L, Cascorbi I, Müller F, Müller S, Schwaninger M, Neumann J, Stümpel F, Regenthal R, Fuhr U, Thürmann P, Eirini A, Papaioannidou P, Kouvelas D, Kolios G, Riba P, Kerins D, Williams D, Harnett A, Spina E, Fumagalli G, Filippelli A, Benemei S, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Locatelli V, De Montis MG, Memo M, Raschi E, Purvina S, Gulbinovic J, Mifsud J, Keijsers K, Rissmann R, Dumont G, van Rosse F, Spigset O, Opdal MS, Braszko J, Mirowska-Guzel D, Broncel M, Kocic I, Sousa MC, Monteiro E, Dima L, Magyar I, Conea S, Buzoianu A, Glasova H, Tisonova J, Glasa J, Krzan M, Saez-Penataro J, de Abajo Iglesias FJ, Capella D, Figuerola FAH, Sansuan AJC, Lopez-Rico M, Manso G, Benitez J, Lucena MI, Bernal ML, Cladellas XC, Hernandez RA, Pontes C, Panagiotidis G, Böttiger Y, Wallerstedt S, Eriksson A, Desmeules J, Krähenbühl S, Plumb R, Okorie M, Wilson K, McKay G, Sofat R, Kapil V, Whitfield J, Thanacoody R, Mir F, Loke Y, Schachter M, O'Brien L, and Heep A

Abstract

Harmonizing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in Europe is necessary to ensure that the prescribing competency of future doctors is of a uniform high standard. As there are currently no uniform requirements, our aim was to achieve consensus on key learning outcomes for undergraduate CPT education in Europe. We used a modified Delphi method consisting of three questionnaire rounds and a panel meeting. A total of 129 experts from 27 European countries were asked to rate 307 learning outcomes. In all, 92 experts (71%) completed all three questionnaire rounds, and 33 experts (26%) attended the meeting. 232 learning outcomes from the original list, 15 newly suggested and 5 rephrased outcomes were included. These 252 learning outcomes should be included in undergraduate CPT curricula to ensure that European graduates are able to prescribe safely and effectively. We provide a blueprint of a European core curriculum describing when and how the learning outcomes might be acquired.

Published
2018

4. Harmonizing and improving European education in prescribing: An overview of digital educational resources used in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

Author

Bakkum, Michiel J., Tichelaar, Jelle, Papaioannidou, Paraskevi, Likic, Robert, Sanz Alvarez, Emilio J., Christiaens, Thierry, Costa, João N., Mačiulaitis, Romaldas, Dima, Lorena, Coleman, Jamie, Richir, Milan C., Agtmael, Michiel A., Atanasova, Ivanka, Ganeva, Maria, Gatchev, Emil, Kostadinova, I. I., Mimica Matanovic, S., Vitezic, D, Greta, Wozniak, and Kmonickova, E.

Subjects
EDUCATIONAL resources, SIMULATED patients, MEDICAL schools, MEDICAL education, TEACHER-principal relationships, PHARMACOLOGY
Abstract

Aim: Improvement and harmonization of European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education is urgently required. Because digital educational resources can be easily shared, adapted to local situations and re‐used widely across a variety of educational systems, they may be ideally suited for this purpose. Methods: With a cross‐sectional survey among principal CPT teachers in 279 out of 304 European medical schools, an overview and classification of digital resources was compiled. Results: Teachers from 95 (34%) medical schools in 26 of 28 EU countries responded, 66 (70%) of whom used digital educational resources in their CPT curriculum. A total of 89 of such resources were described in detail, including e‐learning (24%), simulators to teach pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics (10%), virtual patients (8%), and serious games (5%). Together, these resources covered 235 knowledge‐based learning objectives, 88 skills, and 13 attitudes. Only one third (27) of the resources were in‐part or totally free and only two were licensed open educational resources (free to use, distribute and adapt). A narrative overview of the largest, free and most novel resources is given. Conclusion: Digital educational resources, ranging from e‐learning to virtual patients and games, are widely used for CPT education in EU medical schools. Learning objectives are based largely on knowledge rather than skills or attitudes. This may be improved by including more real‐life clinical case scenarios. Moreover, the majority of resources are neither free nor open. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing international CPT education, more needs to be learned about why CPT teachers are not currently sharing their educational materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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5. Comprehensive evaluation of wild Cordyceps cicadae from different geographical origins by TOPSIS method based on the macroscopic infrared spectroscopy (IR) fingerprint.

Author

Sun YF, Kmonickova E, Han RL, Zhou W, Yang KB, Lu HF, Wang ZQ, Zhao H, and Wang H

Subjects
Carbohydrates chemistry, Cordyceps growth & development, Lipids chemistry, Nucleosides chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Cordyceps chemistry, Drugs, Chinese Herbal chemistry
Abstract

Cordyceps cicadae is an entomogenous fungus that has been used as a valuable traditional Chinese herbal tonic, however, it can be difficult to discern the false from the genuine. In this study, the macroscopic IR fingerprint methods containing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) were used to elucidate wild C. cicadae. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was used to comprehensively evaluate C. cicadae from different geographical origins based on the macroscopic infrared spectroscopy (IR) fingerprint. The FT-IR spectra of C. cicadae exhibited the major characteristics of the absorptive peaks of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleosides at the position of 3291, 2925, 2845, 1651, 1547, 1455, 1080 and 950 cm -1 . The high resolution of SD-IR further amplified the difference and revealed the potentially characteristic IR absorption spectrum. TOPSIS evaluation showed that C. cicadae from Anhui possess the strongest intensity of absorption bands among all the samples. Notably, FT-IR combined with SD-IR can effectively reveal the overall chemical components without damaging medicinal materials, and TOPSIS methods can provide a novel scientific evidence for comprehensively assessing different origins of wild C. cicadae., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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