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Objective: International guidelines provide increasing support for computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in investigating chest pain. A pathway utilising CTCA first‐line for outpatient stable chest pain evaluation was implemented in an Australian ED. Methods: In pre‐post design, the impact of the pathway was prospectively assessed over 6 months (August 2021 to January 2022) and compared with a 6‐month pre‐implementation group (February 2021 to July 2021). CTCA was recommended first‐line in suspected stable cardiac chest pain, followed by chest pain clinic review. Predefined criteria were provided recommending functional testing in select patients. The impact of CTCA versus functional testing was evaluated. Data were obtained from digital medical records. Results: Three hundred and fifteen patients were included, 143 pre‐implementation and 172 post‐implementation. Characteristics were similar except age (pre‐implementation: 58.9 ± 12.0 vs post‐implementation: 62.8 ± 12.3 years, P = 0.004). Pathway‐guided management resulted in higher first‐line CTCA (73.3% vs 46.2%, P < 0.001), lower functional testing (30.2% vs 56.6%, P < 0.001) and lower proportion undergoing two non‐invasive tests (4.7% vs 10.5%, P = 0.047), without increasing investigation costs or invasive coronary angiography (ICA) (pre‐implementation: 13.3% vs post‐implementation: 9.3%, P = 0.263). In patients undergoing CTCA, 40.7% had normal coronaries and 36.2% minimal/mild disease, with no difference in disease burden post‐implementation. More medication changes occurred following CTCA compared with functional testing (aspirin: P = 0.005, statin: P < 0.001). In patients undergoing ICA, revascularisation to ICA ratio was higher following CTCA compared with functional testing (91.7% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). No 30‐day myocardial infarction or death occurred. Conclusions: The pathway increased CTCA utilisation and reduced downstream investigations. CTCA was associated with medication changes and improved ICA efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder of LDL-cholesterol, that, if untreated, leads to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). With early diagnosis and initiation of cholesterol-lowering treatment, the risk of ASCVD can be substantially reduced. Yet, many people with FH remain undiagnosed and undertreated. GPs can play an important role in the care of patients and families with FH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The burden of thrombus in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has implications on treatment and outcomes. However, the association between Lp(a) and atherothrombosis in STEMI remains unclear. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the association between Lp(a) and culprit artery thrombus burden in younger patients with STEMI. Methods: This was a single-center study of 83 patients aged <65 years with STEMI between 2016–2018 who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and measurement of Lp(a); those receiving thrombolytic therapy were excluded. Thrombus burden in the culprit artery was determined angiographically using the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score and classified as absent-to-small, moderate, or large. Elevated Lp(a) was defined as plasma mass concentration >30 mg/dL. Multivariate analysis was performed adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The mean age was 48.0 ± 8.4 years, and 78.3% were male. Thirteen (16%), 9 (11%), and 61 (73%) patients had small, moderate, or large thrombus burden, respectively, and 34 (41%) had elevated Lp(a). Elevated Lp(a) was associated with greater thrombus burden compared to normal Lp(a) (large burden 85% vs. 65%; p = 0.024). Elevated Lp(a) was associated with moderate or large thrombus in univariate (OR 10.70 [95% CI 1.32–86.82]; p = 0.026) and multivariate analysis (OR 10.33 [95% CI 1.19–89.52]; p = 0.034). Lp(a) was not associated with culprit artery or stenosis location according to culprit artery. Conclusions: Elevated Lp(a) is associated with greater thrombus burden in younger patients with STEMI. The finding of this observational study accords with the thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic properties of Lp(a). A causal relationship requires verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslipidaemia is an important modifiable risk factor contributing to the increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in diabetes. However, determining when to initiate statin therapy in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can often be challenging. This is due to a relative paucity of data in this area to guide management and for developing T1DM-specific risk engines. Current recommendations from international guidelines offer differing approaches to cardiovascular risk stratification and management of dyslipidaemia in T1DM. We present a clinical vignette and comment on the use of nontraditional methods of cardiovascular risk stratification. The strategy for managing dyslipidaemia in young T1DM should be individualized, and recommendations from guidelines should serve to inform clinical judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]