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Liquid argon detectors rely on wavelength shifters for efficient detection of scintillation light. The current standard is tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB), but it is challenging to instrument on a large scale. Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN), a polyester easily manufactured as thin sheets, could simplify the coverage of large surfaces with wavelength shifters. Previous measurements have shown that commercial grades of PEN have approximately 50% light conversion efficiency relative to TPB. Encouraged by these results, we conducted a large-scale measurement using $4~m^2$ combined PEN and specular reflector foils in a two-tonne liquid argon dewar to assess its stability over approximately two weeks. This test is crucial for validating PEN as a viable substitute for TPB. The setup used for the measurement of the stability of PEN as a wavelength shifter is described, together with the first results, showing no evidence of performance deterioration over a period of 12 days., Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures

We consider a maximum entropy edge weight model for shortest path networks that allows for negative weights. Given a graph $G$ and possible weights $\mathcal{W}$ typically consisting of positive and negative values, the model selects edge weights $w \in \mathcal{W}^m$ uniformly at random from all weights that do not introduce a negative cycle. We propose an MCMC process and show that (i) it converges to the required distribution and (ii) that the mixing time on the cycle graph is polynomial. We then engineer an implementation of the process using a dynamic version of Johnson's algorithm in connection with a bidirectional Dijkstra search. We empirically study the performance characteristics of an implementation of the novel sampling algorithm as well as the output produced by the model.

As information retrieval systems continue to evolve, accurate evaluation and benchmarking of these systems become pivotal. Web search datasets, such as MS MARCO, primarily provide short keyword queries without accompanying intent or descriptions, posing a challenge in comprehending the underlying information need. This paper proposes an approach to augmenting such datasets to annotate informative query descriptions, with a focus on two prominent benchmark datasets: TREC-DL-21 and TREC-DL-22. Our methodology involves utilizing state-of-the-art LLMs to analyze and comprehend the implicit intent within individual queries from benchmark datasets. By extracting key semantic elements, we construct detailed and contextually rich descriptions for these queries. To validate the generated query descriptions, we employ crowdsourcing as a reliable means of obtaining diverse human perspectives on the accuracy and informativeness of the descriptions. This information can be used as an evaluation set for tasks such as ranking, query rewriting, or others.

A thorough understanding of media tightness in automotive electronics is crucial for ensuring more reliable and compact product designs, ultimately improving product quality. Concerning the fundamental characteristics of fluid leakage issues, the dynamic wetting and penetration behavior on small scales is of special interest and importance. In this work, four T-shaped microchannels with one inlet and two outlets are experimentally investigated in terms of contact angle dynamics and interface movement over time, generating novel insight into the wetting mechanisms and fluid distribution. With a main channel width of 1 mm, a crevice width of w = 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and a rounding edge radius of r = 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, the geometrical effects on the fluid penetration depth in the crevice and the interface edge pinning effect are analyzed quantitatively using an automated image processing procedure. It is found that the measured dynamic contact angles in all parts can be well described by molecular kinetic theory using local contact line velocities, even with local surface effects and abrupt geometry changes. Moreover, a smaller crevice width, a sharper edge and a larger flow velocity tend to enhance the interface pinning effect and prevent fluid penetration into the crevice. The rounding radius has a more significant effect on the interface pinning compared with crevice width. The experimental data and image processing algorithm are made publicly available.

Propagating modes of light with negative-valued Wigner distributions are of fundamental interest in quantum optics and represent a key resource in the pursuit of optics-based quantum information technologies. Most schemes proposed or implemented for the generation of such modes are probabilistic in nature and rely on heralding by detection of a photon or on conditional methods where photons are separated from the original field mode by a beam splitter. In this Letter we demonstrate theoretically, using a cascaded-quantum-systems model, the possibility of deterministic generation of Wigner-negativity in temporal modes of the steady-state emission of a two-level system driven by finite-bandwidth quadrature-squeezed light. Optimal negativity is obtained for a squeezing bandwidth similar to the linewidth of the transition of the two-level system. While the Wigner distribution associated with the incident squeezed light is Gaussian and everywhere positive, the Wigner functions of the outgoing temporal modes show distinct similarities and overlap with a superposition of displaced squeezed states., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

The efficient and voidless filling of microcavities is of great importance for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. However, predicting whether microcavities will be filled or not under different circumstances is still difficult due to the local flow effects dominated by surface tension. In this work, a close-up study of the microcavity filling process is presented, shedding light on the mechanisms of the filling process using experimental insights accompanied by 3D numerical simulations. The movement of a fluid interface over a microcavity array is investigated optically under consideration of different fluids, capillary numbers, and cavity depths, revealing a regime map of different filling states. Moreover, the transient interface progression over the cavities is analyzed with attention to small-scale effects such as pinning. Besides the visual analysis of the image series, quantitative data of the dynamic contact angle and the interface progression is derived using an automated evaluation workflow. In addition to the experiments, 3D Volume-of-Fluid simulations are employed to further investigate the interface shape. It is shown that the simulations can not only predict the filling states in most cases, but also the transient movement and shape of the interface. The data and code associated with this work are publicly available at Bosch Research GitHub and at the TUDatalib data repository., Comment: submitted to International Journal of Multiphase Flow

An observer at rest with the expanding universe experiences some extra noise in the quantum vacuum, and so does an accelerated observer in a vacuum at rest (in Minkowski space). The literature mainly focuses on the ideal cases of exponential expansion (de-Sitter space) or uniform acceleration (Rindler trajectories) or both, but the real cosmic expansion is non-exponential and real accelerations are non-uniform. Here we use the frequency-time Wigner function of vacuum correlations to define time-dependent spectra. We found excellent Planck spectra for a class of realistic cosmological models, but also strongly non-Planckian, negative Wigner functions for a standard scenario testable with laboratory analogues.

Preventing fluid penetration poses a challenging reliability concern in the context of power electronics, which is usually caused by unforeseen microfractures along the sealing joints. A better and more reliable product design heavily depends on the understanding of the dynamic wetting processes happening inside these complex microfractures, i.e. microchannels. A novel automated image processing procedure is proposed in this work for analyzing the moving interface and the dynamic contact angle in microchannels. In particular, the developed method is advantageous for experiments involving non-transparent samples, where extracting the fluid interface geometry poses a significant challenge. The developed method is validated with theoretical values and manual measurements and exhibits high accuracy. The implementation is made publicly available. The developed method is validated and applied to experimental investigations of forced wetting with two working fluids (water and 50 wt% glycerin/water mixture) in four distinct microchannels characterized by different dimensions and curvature. The comparison between the experimental results and molecular kinetic theory (MKT) reveals that the dynamic wetting behavior can be described well by MKT, even in highly curved microchannels. The dynamic wetting behavior shows a strong dependency on the channel geometry and curvature.

The interaction of quantum light with matter is of great importance to a wide range of scientific disciplines, ranging from optomechanics to high precision measurements. A central issue we discuss here, is how to make optimal use of both the spatial and the quantum degrees of freedom of light for characterizing and manipulating arbitrary observable parameters in a linear scattering system into which suitably engineered light fields are injected. Here, we discuss a comprehensive framework based on a quantum operator that can be assembled solely from the scattering matrix of a system and its dependence on the corresponding local parameter, making this operator experimentally measurable from the far-field using only classical light. From this, the effect of quantum light in the near-field, i.e., in the vicinity of the target object, can be inferred. Based on this framework, it is straightforward to formulate optimal protocols on how to jointly design both the spatial shape and the quantum characteristics of light for micromanipulation as well as for parameter estimation in arbitrarily complex media. Also the forces of the quantum vacuum naturally emerge from this formalism. The aim of our tutorial is to bring different perspectives into alignment and thereby build a bridge between the different communities of wave control, quantum optics, micromanipulation, quantum metrology and vacuum physics., Comment: Tutorial article, 29 pages

A graph is called a $(k,\rho)$-graph iff every node can reach $\rho$ of its nearest neighbors in at most k hops. This property proved useful in the analysis and design of parallel shortest-path algorithms. Any graph can be transformed into a $(k,\rho)$-graph by adding shortcuts. Formally, the $(k,\rho)$-Minimum-Shortcut problem asks to find an appropriate shortcut set of minimal cardinality. We show that the $(k,\rho)$-Minimum-Shortcut problem is NP-complete in the practical regime of $k \ge 3$ and $\rho = \Theta(n^\epsilon)$ for $\epsilon > 0$. With a related construction, we bound the approximation factor of known $(k,\rho)$-Minimum-Shortcut problem heuristics from below and propose algorithmic countermeasures improving the approximation quality. Further, we describe an integer linear problem (ILP) solving the $(k,\rho)$-Minimum-Shortcut problem optimally. Finally, we compare the practical performance and quality of all algorithms in an empirical campaign.

Image-based crop growth modeling can substantially contribute to precision agriculture by revealing spatial crop development over time, which allows an early and location-specific estimation of relevant future plant traits, such as leaf area or biomass. A prerequisite for realistic and sharp crop image generation is the integration of multiple growth-influencing conditions in a model, such as an image of an initial growth stage, the associated growth time, and further information about the field treatment. We present a two-stage framework consisting first of an image prediction model and second of a growth estimation model, which both are independently trained. The image prediction model is a conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial network (CWGAN). In the generator of this model, conditional batch normalization (CBN) is used to integrate different conditions along with the input image. This allows the model to generate time-varying artificial images dependent on multiple influencing factors of different kinds. These images are used by the second part of the framework for plant phenotyping by deriving plant-specific traits and comparing them with those of non-artificial (real) reference images. For various crop datasets, the framework allows realistic, sharp image predictions with a slight loss of quality from short-term to long-term predictions. Simulations of varying growth-influencing conditions performed with the trained framework provide valuable insights into how such factors relate to crop appearances, which is particularly useful in complex, less explored crop mixture systems. Further results show that adding process-based simulated biomass as a condition increases the accuracy of the derived phenotypic traits from the predicted images. This demonstrates the potential of our framework to serve as an interface between an image- and process-based crop growth model., Comment: 26 pages, 16 figures, code available at https://github.com/luked12/crop-growth-cgan

We present a novel cryogenic VUV spectrofluorometer designed for the characterization of wavelength shifters (WLS) crucial for experiments based on liquid argon (LAr) scintillation light detection. Wavelength shifters like 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are used in these experiments to shift the VUV scintillation light to the visible region. Precise knowledge of the optical properties of the WLS at liquid argon's temperature (87 K) and LAr scintillation wavelength (128 nm) is necessary to model and understand the detector response. The cryogenic VUV spectrofluorometer was commissioned to measure the emission spectra and relative wavelength shifting efficiency (WLSE) of samples between 300 K and 87 K for VUV (128 nm to 190 nm) and UV (310 nm) excitation. New mitigation techniques for surface effects on cold WLS were established. As part of this work, the TPB-based wavelength shifting reflector (WLSR) featured in the neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment LEGEND-200 was characterized. The wavelength shifting efficiency was observed to increase by (54 +/- 5)% from room temperature (RT) to 87 K. PEN installed in LEGEND-200 was also characterized and a first measurement of the relative wavelength shifting efficiency and emission spectrum at RT and 87 K is presented. The WLSE of amorphous PEN was found to be enhanced by at least (37 +/- 4)% for excitation with 128 nm and by (52 +/- 3)% for UV excitation at 87 K compared to RT., Comment: LIDINE 2023: LIght Detection In Noble Elements

Dual-encoder-based dense retrieval models have become the standard in IR. They employ large Transformer-based language models, which are notoriously inefficient in terms of resources and latency. We propose Fast-Forward indexes -- vector forward indexes which exploit the semantic matching capabilities of dual-encoder models for efficient and effective re-ranking. Our framework enables re-ranking at very high retrieval depths and combines the merits of both lexical and semantic matching via score interpolation. Furthermore, in order to mitigate the limitations of dual-encoders, we tackle two main challenges: Firstly, we improve computational efficiency by either pre-computing representations, avoiding unnecessary computations altogether, or reducing the complexity of encoders. This allows us to considerably improve ranking efficiency and latency. Secondly, we optimize the memory footprint and maintenance cost of indexes; we propose two complementary techniques to reduce the index size and show that, by dynamically dropping irrelevant document tokens, the index maintenance efficiency can be improved substantially. We perform evaluation to show the effectiveness and efficiency of Fast-Forward indexes -- our method has low latency and achieves competitive results without the need for hardware acceleration, such as GPUs., Comment: Accepted at ACM TOIS. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2110.06051

In this work, we report on studies of graphene exposed to tritium gas in a controlled environment. The single layer graphene on a $\textrm{SiO}_2$/Si substrate was exposed to 400 mbar of $\textrm{T}_2$ for a total time of $\approx$ 55 h. The resistivity of the graphene sample was measured $\textit{in situ}$ during tritium exposure using the Van der Pauw method. We found that the sheet resistance increases by three orders of magnitude during the exposure, suggesting significant chemisorption of tritium. After exposure, the samples were characterised $\textit{ex situ}$ via spatio-chemical mapping with a confocal Raman microscope, to study the effect of tritium on the graphene structure (tritiation yielding T-graphene), as well as the homogeneity of modifications across the whole area of the graphene film. The Raman spectra after tritium exposure were comparable to previously observed results in hydrogen-loading experiments, carried out by other groups. By thermal annealing we also could demonstrate, using Raman spectral analysis, that the structural changes were largely reversible. Considering all observations, we conclude that the graphene film was at least partially tritiated during the tritium exposure, and that the graphene film by and large withstands the bombardment by electrons from the $\beta$-decay of tritium, as well as by energetic primary and secondary ions., Comment: Published in Nanoscale Advances (RSC), 22 pages, 5 figures

The recent developments and research in distributed ledger technologies and blockchain have contributed to the increasing adoption of distributed systems. To collect relevant insights into systems' behavior, we observe many evaluation frameworks focusing mainly on the system under test throughput. However, these frameworks often need more comprehensiveness and generality, particularly in adopting a distributed applications' cross-layer approach. This work analyses in detail the requirements for distributed systems assessment. We summarize these findings into a structured methodology and experimentation framework called METHODA. Our approach emphasizes setting up and assessing a broader spectrum of distributed systems and addresses a notable research gap. We showcase the effectiveness of the framework by evaluating four distinct systems and their interaction, leveraging a diverse set of eight carefully selected metrics and 12 essential parameters. Through experimentation and analysis we demonstrate the framework's capabilities to provide valuable insights across various use cases. For instance, we identify that a combination of Trusted Execution Environments with threshold signature scheme FROST introduces minimal overhead on the performance with average latency around \SI{40}{\ms}. We showcase an emulation of realistic systems behavior, e.g., Maximal Extractable Value is possible and could be used to further model such dynamics. The METHODA framework enables a deeper understanding of distributed systems and is a powerful tool for researchers and practitioners navigating the complex landscape of modern computing infrastructures.

The Casimir force between dielectric bodies is well-understood, but not the Casimir force inside a dielectric, in particular its renormalization. We develop and analyse a simple model for the Casimir forces inside a medium that is completely free of renormalization and show then how renormalization emerges. We consider a one-dimensional chain of point particles interacting with each other by scattering the zero-point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field confined to one dimension. We develop a fast, efficient algorithm for calculating the forces on each particle and apply it to study the macroscopic limit of infinitely many, infinitely weak scatterers. The force density converges for piece-wise homogeneous media, but diverges in inhomogeneous media, which would cause instant collapse in theory. We argue that short-range counter forces in the medium prevent this collapse in reality. Their effect appears as the renormalization of the Casimir stress in dielectrics. Our simple model also allows us to derive an elementary analogue of the trace anomaly of quantum fields in curved space.