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In this work, the significant lifetime improvement of negative bias thermal instability (NBTI) is demonstrated by the introduction of a thin SiN layer fabricated by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) in stress memorization technique (SMT). The thin SiN film is deposited before the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of SiN layer with a high tensile stress. It is revealed that the possible H2 escape accompanied with interface de-passivation can be effectively suppressed by this thin PEALD SiN layer, which may further reduce the interface states at Si/gate dielectric interface. Hence, about 500% NBTI lifetime improvement for PMOSFETs is demonstrated without obvious performance degradation for both NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit colour is a critical determinant for the appearance quality and commercial value of apple fruits. Viroid‐induced dapple symptom severely affects the fruit coloration, however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified an apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd)‐derived small interfering RNA, named vsiR693, which targeted the mRNA coding for a bHLH transcription factor MdPIF1 (PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 1) to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. 5’ RLM‐RACE and artificial microRNA transient expression system proved that vsiR693 directly targeted the mRNA of MdPIF1 for cleavage. MdPIF1 positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple calli and fruits, and it directly bound to G‐box element in the promoter of MdPAL and MdF3H, two anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, to promote their transcription. Expression of vsiR693 negatively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple calli and fruits. Furthermore, co‐expression of vsiR693 and MdPIF1 suppressed MdPIF1‐promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruits. Infiltration of ADFVd infectious clone suppressed coloration surrounding the injection sites in apple fruits, while a mutated version of ADFVd, in which the vsiR693 producing region was mutated, failed to repress fruit coloration around the injection sites. These data provide evidence that a viroid‐derived small interfering RNA targets host transcription factor to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY In the field, necrosis area induced by pathogens is usually surrounded by a red circle in apple fruits. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that accumulated salicylic acid (SA) induced by fungal infection promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1‐MdTGA2.2 module in apple (Malus domestica). Inoculating apple fruits with Valsa mali or Botryosphaeria dothidea induced a red circle surrounding the necrosis area, which mimicked the phenotype observed in the field. The red circle accumulated a high level of anthocyanins, which was positively correlated with SA accumulation stimulated by fungal invasion. Further analysis showed that SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in a dose‐dependent manner in both apple calli and fruits. We next demonstrated that MdNPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling, positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple and Arabidopsis. Moreover, MdNPR1 functioned as a co‐activator to interact with and enhance the transactivation activity of MdTGA2.2, which could directly bind to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes to promote their transcription. Suppressing expression of either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 inhibited coloration of apple fruits, while overexpressing either of them significantly promoted fruit coloration. Finally, we revealed that silencing either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 in apple fruits repressed SA‐induced fruit coloration. Therefore, our data determined that fungal‐induced SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1‐MdTGA2.2 module, resulting in a red circle surrounding the necrosis area in apple fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Regulating spin crossover (SCO) behavior, especially controlling the spin transition steps, is an important scientific issue, mainly because people aim to control spin bistability and multistability. Presently, SCO bistability can be regulated by changing the ligand‐modifying species, non‐coordinated anions, guest molecules, and metal‐ion dopant. However, the control of multistability is extremely challenging, especially in Fe(III) SCO compounds. Here, we report that [FeIII(H‐5‐Br‐thsa)(5‐Br‐thsa)]·H2O (5‐Br‐thsa = (5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide), a compound we have reported before, exists in two polymorphic forms: polymorph 1 exhibits three‐step SCO, and polymorph 2 shows five‐step SCO, with multi‐step SCO behavior effectively regulated by polymorphism. According to single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffractometry, polymorphs 1 and 2 crystallize in different space groups during their spin transitions, with two‐step symmetry breaking observed (Pbcn → Pnc2 → Pbcn for polymorph 1; P21/n → Pn → P21/n for polymorph 2). We realized that the behavior of these two polymorphs depends significantly on the structure, including (i) the average Fe—N bond distance, (ii) deformation of octahedral FeIII atoms, and (iii) distinct crystal packing, which account for the large differences observed in magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants possess the remarkable ability to sense detrimental environmental stimuli and launch sophisticated signal cascades that culminate in tailored responses to facilitate their survival, and transcription factors (TFs) are closely involved in these processes. Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) are among these TFs and belong to the basic helix–loop–helix family. PIFs are initially identified and have now been well established as core regulators of phytochrome-associated pathways in response to the light signal in plants. However, a growing body of evidence has unraveled that PIFs also play a crucial role in adapting plants to various biological and environmental pressures. In this review, we summarize and highlight that PIFs function as a signal hub that integrates multiple environmental cues, including abiotic (i.e., drought, temperature, and salinity) and biotic stresses to optimize plant growth and development. PIFs not only function as transcription factors to reprogram the expression of related genes, but also interact with various factors to adapt plants to harsh environments. This review will contribute to understanding the multifaceted functions of PIFs in response to different stress conditions, which will shed light on efforts to further dissect the novel functions of PIFs, especially in adaption to detrimental environments for a better survival of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecule‐based magnetic materials are useful candidates as the spin qubit due to their long coherence time and high designability. The anisotropy of the g‐values of the metal complexes can be utilized to access the individual spin of the metal complexes, making it possible to achieve the scalable molecular spin qubit. For this goal, it is important to evaluate the effect of g‐value anisotropy on the magnetic relaxation behaviour. This study reports the slow magnetic relaxation behaviour of chromium nitride (CrN2+) porphyrinato complex (1), which is structurally and magnetically similar with the vanadyl (VO2+) porphyrinato complex (2) which is known as the excellent spin qubit. Detailed analyses for vibrational and dynamical magnetism of 1 and 2 revealed that g‐value anisotropy accelerates magnetic relaxations greater than the internal magnetic field from nuclear spin does. These results provide a design criterion for construction of multiple spin qubit based on g‐tensor engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB). It is the second largest single cause of death besides novel coronavirus pneumonia. Along with the abuse of antibiotics and extensive use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, drug-resistant (XDR) TB and totally drug-resistant (TDR) TB became obstacles to the tuberculosis eradication worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, China is not only a high burden tuberculosis country in the world, but also a country with a serious epidemic of MDR. Traditional drugs fail to meet the needs of tuberculosis control. Therefore, it is urgent to find new targets of anti-tuberculosis drugs and develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs. Hence, this paper systematically summarizes the mechanism of traditional and newly developed anti-tuberculosis drugs, in which stressing the research progress of drug resistance mechanisms. This work provides us with new insights of new antituberculosis drug developments, and may contribute to a reduction in the harm that tuberculosis brings to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, single-crystal structures and magnetic properties of two new double-zigzag-chain cyano-bridged heterobimetallic {[MII(Py-NOH)2][FeIII(Tp*)(CN)3]2}·H2O ([Fe III2 MII]) (Py–NOH = 4-pyridinealdoxime, Tp* = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borohydride, M = Ni (1), Fe (2)) compounds are reported. The crystal structures of both compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural, with the crystal structure comprising neutral double-zigzag (4,2-ribbon-like) bimetallic chains. The FeIII ion is coordinated by three cyanide carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms of Tp* anions. However, the MII ion is surrounded by four cyanide nitrogen atoms and two nitrogen atoms from two Py-NOH ligands. The crystal structures and magnetic studies demonstrate that both complexes behave as single-chain magnetics (SCMs) with intrachain ferromagnetic coupling. Furthermore, [Fe III2 NiII] exhibits an excellent coercive field of 0.42 T at 1.8 K, among cyano-bridged 3d transition-metal-based SCMs reported thus far. Preliminary theoretical calculations provide a deep understanding of the magnetic properties of [Fe III2 NiII]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of air-stable and high-performance single-molecule magnets (SMMs) is challenging. Here, a heptadentate pentapyridyldiamine (BPA-TPA) ligand and fine-tuned axial phenoxy ligands are used to synthesize two triangular dodecahedral Dy(III) complexes [Dy(BPA-TPA)(4-methoxy-PhO)](BPh4)2·3CH2Cl2 (4) and [Dy(BPA-TPA)(2,4-dimethyl-PhO)](BPh4)2·0.85CH2Cl2 (5). Both complexes have high effective barriers exceeding 400 K and magnetic hysteresis up to 8 K, which is ascribed to one strong and short Dy–O bond combined with seven weak Dy–N bonds. Ab initio calculations reveal the thermally activated quantum tunneling of magnetization through the first excited Kramers doublet, due to the presence of a strong axial Dy–O crystal ligand. Substitution of the phenoxy ligand leads to more constrained vibrations, improving the magnetic hysteresis behavior for 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]