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Linum lewisii Pursh (1813: 210). (Fig. 6d). Type:— UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Missouri: In the valleys of the Rocky Mountains and on the banks, M. Lewis s.n. (holotype PH!). Linum sibiricum var. lewisii (Pursh) Lindley (1828: 1163). Linum perenne var. lewisii (Pursh) Eaton & C.Wright (1840: 302). Linum perenne subsp. lewisii (Pursh) Hultén (1947: 1122). Adenolinum lewisii (Pursh) Á.Löve & D. Löve (1982: 348). Description: — Herbs, perennial, 5–80 cm in height, glabrous or nearly glabrous, root thick; stems erect, ascending, striate, branched near the base, glabrous. Leaves entire, alternate, linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 5.0–30.0 × 0.7–2.0(–4.5) mm, sessile, apex acute, 1-nerved, rough, glabrous, stipular glands absent. Inflorescence a cymose panicle, pedicels sparsely villous, 5.0–16.5(–20) mm long; bracts 3.2–6.4(8.0) mm long, margin entire, apex acute; sepals persistent, elliptical to elliptical-ovate, 2.6–5.0 × 1.8–3.7 mm; margin entire, scariose, whitish; apex acute; 1–3-nerved, stipular glands absent; petals blue, obovate, 6.0–15.0(–23.0) mm long; stamens 3.0–10.0 mm in length; anthers 1.0–1.7(–2.2) mm long, white; staminodia present, thin; styles free, 1.5–6.5(–12.0) mm long; stigmata capitate, light yellow. Fruit widely ovate, yellow, 4.6–7.0 × 4.4–6.8 mm, glabrous, pericarp thick, apex acute to apiculate, dehiscent into 10 segments; false septa partially developed, ciliate; seeds lanceolate-ovate, dark brown, 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–3.0 mm. Distribution: — United States of America; in Mexico, in Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, and Tamaulipas (Fig. 5a). Habitat and ecology: —Oyamel fir forest, cypress-juniper forest, crassi-rosette-leaved thorny shrublands, oak forests, yucca forests, thornless or sub-thornless small-leaved shrubland, grasslands, pine forests, low evergreen thorny tropical forest, deciduous forest, and thorny shrubland. Elevation 1500–3700 m. Cambisol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem, Lithosol, Luvisol, Planosol, Regosol, Rendzina, Vertisol, and Xerosol soil types. Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting in April–October. Note: — Linum lewisii can be confused with L. usitatissimum; however, the sepals shorter than the fruit with scariose whitish margins, a smaller bearing, and the capitate stigmata differentiate L. lewisii from the latter. Conservation status: —Although the AOO of this species is 76 km 2, the EOO (237,518.364 km 2) along with other subcriteria (IUCN 2019), such as a large number of environments where it occurs and the number of known localities inside and outside the country, make it possible to catalog L. lewisii as Least Concern (LC). Specimens examined: — MEXICO. Baja California: San Pedro Martír, Sierra de San Pedro Martír, 2560 m, 30°58’00”N, 115°25’00”W, 19 June 1985, R.F. Thorne et al. 60925 (MEXU!). Chihuahua: Madera, Colonia Chuhuichupa, 2240 m, 24 June 1990, A. Benítez 1382 (ANSM!, CHAP!, CIIDIR!, IEB!, UAMIZ!); Madera, Rancho La Ciénega, 2500 m, 31 August 1990, O. Bravo B. 1391 (CHAP!, CIIDIR!, UAMIZ!). Coahuila: Arteaga, Las Vigas Sierra de Arteaga, 2600 m, 25°20’00”N, 100°39’00”W, J.A. Villarreal & M.A. Carranza 3784 (ANSM!, CIIDIR!); Arteaga, Sierra de Los Lirios, 3600 m, 3 July 1943, E. Lyonnet 4003 (CHAP!, IEB!); Cerro San Pedro near N.L., 2200 m, 24°46’00”N, 100°47’30”W, 22 August 1974, T. Wendt et al. 627 (CHAPA!); Cima de Sierra La Marta, 3600 m, 25 October 1984, McDonald & Gómez 1247 (XAL!); Cima de Sierra La Viga, 3300 m, 25 October 1984, McDonald & Gómez 1211 (XAL!); Ramos Arizpe, Cañon del Carmen, 1400 m, 25°59’10”N, 101°28’30”W, 5 August 1975, M.F. Robert & J. Passini 4498 (ANSM!); Ramos Arizpe, Sierra de La Paila, 2000 m, 25°58’00”N, 100°25’00”W, 31 October 1987, J.A. Villarreal et al. 4156 (ANSM!); Ramos Arizpe, Cañon Loma Prieta, 1600 m, 25°51’00”N, 101°30’00”W, 23 October 1985, J.A. Villarreal et al. 3110 (ANSM!); Saltillo, Carretera 54 a 1 km al S de Guadalupe Victoria, 1950 m, 24°59’53”N, 101°04’84”W, 25 September 2013, F. Meraz et al. 108 (CIIDIR!); Saltillo. Sierra La Viga, 3700 m, 22 August 1986, McDonald 2087 (XAL!); Sierra Coahuilon, 3500 m, 18 June 1985, McDonald 1512 (XAL!); Sierra Coahuilon, 2500 m, 22 July 1985, McDonald 1725 (XAL!); Sierra de la Marta, 3580 m, 16 June 1985, McDonald 1433 (IBUG!, XAL!); Sierra Maderas del Carmen, 2250 m, 28°59’00”N, 102°36’30”W, 3 August 1974, T. Wendt & A. Adamcewicz 458 (CHAPA!). Durango: Pueblo Nuevo, El Salto, 2650 m, 23°47’26.2”N, 105°23’48.9”W, 1 September 1934, F.E. Pennel 18563 (MEXU!). Nuevo Leon: Cerro del Potosí, 3650 m, 21 June 1985, McDonald 1550 (XAL!); Cumbre de Cerro Potosí, 3600 m, 26 July 1985, McDonald 1780 (XAL!); Galeana, Cerro del Potosí, 3500 m, 16 May 1981, L. Arce et al. 1333 (ANSM!); Galeana, Rancho El Compromiso, 1600 m, 3 August 1999, E. Estrada C. 10553 (ANSM!); Galeana, Rancho Aguililla, 1885 m, 29 June 2000, Hinton et al. 27593 (ANSM!); Galeana, Cima del Cerro Potosí, 3670 m, 3 August 1988, A. García 61 (CHAP!, CIIDIR!); Galeana, Rancho Aguililla, 1850 m, 8 August 1990, Hinton et al. 20476 (CHAPA!); Galeana, Cima del Cerro Potosí, 3500 m, 4 August 1988, A. García 74 (CIIDIR!). San Luis Potosi: Charcas, Sierra de Monte Grande, 2300 m, 14 September 1989, J.A. Reyes A. 430 (CHAPA!). Sonora: Agua Prieta, Rancho Puerta Blanca (Cuenca Los Ajos Reserve), 1295 m, 31°18’57”N. 109°05’35”W, 23 March 2007, A.L. Reina & T.R. Van Devender 275 (MEXU!). Tamaulipas: Peña Nevada, 3600 m, 5 July 1985, McDonald 1618 (XAL!)., Published as part of González-Velasco, Juan, Burgos-Hernández, Mireya, Galván-Escobedo, Iris G. & Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo, 2022, Taxonomic update of the flax family in Mexico, pp. 141-184 in Phytotaxa 549 (2) on pages 155-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6622753, {"references":["Pursh, F. T. (1813) Linum lewisii. Flora Americae Septentrionalis 1: 210.","Lindley, J. (1828) Linum sibiricum var. lewisii. Botanical Register 14: 1163.","Hulten, O. E. G. (1947) Linum perenne subsp. Lewisii. Flora of Alaska and Yukon 7: 1122.","Love, A. & Love, D. B. M. (1982) Adenolinum lewisii. Taxon 31: 348. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1996 - 8175.1982. tb 03587. x","IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Downloadable from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines (accessed 22 April 2022)"]}

Two new species of Macrosiphum are described, both of which live in similar dry forest habitats of the inland northwestern U.S.A.: Macrosiphum dewsler n. sp. from Linum lewisii (Linaceae), and Macrosiphum garyreed n. sp. from Geum triflorum (Rosaceae). Information is presented about the habitats, host plant biology, distribution, and taxonomy of both species.

Extensive areas of the northern mixed grass prairies of North America require restoration and reclamation as they have been extensively disturbed by agricultural, mining and oil and gas related activities. Amending seedbeds with mulch may avoid soil erosion and help both plant recruitment and early vegetation development in these water limited landscapes. A field experiment was established to determine if straw and hay mulch facilitate early revegetation. The site is an abandoned irrigation area in southern Alberta, Canada. Soil was tilled and the seedbed prepared through manual harrowing, then plots were broadcast seeded with Elymus trachycaulus, Bouteloua gracilis, Astragalus canadensis and Linum lewisii. Hay and straw mulch were applied at two rates (300 and 600 g m−2). Plant recruitment and cover were assessed through the first four years. Mulch had a positive impact on recruitment of all species planted except Bouteloua gracilis. While a thinner material like hay proved to be most effective at high rates (600 g m−2), a thicker material like straw encouraged quick recruitment for these species only at low application rates (300 g m−2). However, these early differences among mulch treatments did not show an impact in either recruitment or cover during subsequent years. Bouteloua gracilis, whose recruitment and growth were broadly impaired by mulch, showed an abundant and constantly increasing cover in the bare ground control and in plots with low application rates of hay. Both recruitment and cover per species indicate that plots are following two different trajectories that show some degree of resilience; the bare ground treatment is dominated by Bouteloua gracilis whereas the mulch treatments are characterized by vegetation dominated by Elymus trachycaulus, Linum lewisii and Astragalus canadensis. Fil: Mollard, Federico Pedro Otto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. University of Alberta; Canadá Fil: Naeth, M. Anne. University of Alberta; Canadá Fil: Cohen Fernández, Anayansi. University of Alberta; Canadá. Coastal Raintree Consulting; Canadá

Premise of research. Dust particles and pollen grains are similar in size. Dust deposition might therefore influence the pollination and reproduction of flowering plants. Little is known about such effects, however, despite more general interest in ecological effects of dust.Methodology. We used observational and experimental methods to explore whether dust generated by traffic on unpaved roads affects the amounts of pollen received and numbers of seeds produced by four species of native wildflowers in the western United States.Pivotal results. Flowers of Nuttall’s larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum), scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata), Lewis flax (Linum lewisii), and sulphur paintbrush (Castilleja sulphurea) growing 1–2 m from a road received substantially more dust and less pollen than those growing 40–50 m away. We observed the same pattern when we transplanted individuals of the first two species into pots and placed pots near to compared with far from a road. Experimental “hand dusting” of scarlet gi...