Search

We employ the approach of path integral in the phase space to study the kinetics of state switching associated with black hole phase transitions. Under the assumption that the state switching process of the black hole is described by the stochastic Langevin equation based on the free energy landscape, we derived the Martin-Siggia-Rose-Janssen-de Dominicis (MSRJD) functional and obtained the path integral expression of the transition probability. The MSRJD functional inherently represents the path integral in the phase space, allowing us to extract the effective Hamiltonian for the dynamics of state switching process. By solving the Hamiltonian equations of motion, we obtain the kinetic path in the phase space using an example of the RNAdS black hole. Furthermore, the dominant kinetic path within the configuration space is calculated. We also discuss the kinetic rate by using the functional formalism. Finally, we examine two further examples: Hawking-Page phase transition and Gauss-Bonnet black hole phase transition at the triple point. Our analysis demonstrates that, concerning the Hawking-Page phase transition, while a dominant kinetic path in the phase space from the large SAdS black hole to the thermal AdS space is present, there is no kinetic path for the inverse process. For the Gauss-Bonnet black hole phase transition at the triple point, the state switching processes between the small, the intermediate and the large Gauss-Bonnet black holes constitute a chemical reaction cycle., Comment: More discussions on generalized free energy from York's approach and phase portrait at the critical point, and a brief review of time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model are added

We study the generalized free energy of the dyonic AdS black hole in an ensemble with varying electric charge $q_E$ and fixed magnetic charge $q_M$. When we adjust the temperature $T$ and the electric potential $\Phi_E$ of the ensemble, the Ricci scalar curvature $R$ and electromagnetic potential $A_u$ usually diverge at the horizon. We regularize them and incorporate the off-shell corrections into the Einstein-Hilbert action. Alternatively, we find that the off-shell corrections can also be obtained by adding a boundary near the horizon to exclude the singularities. Ultimately, we derive the generalized free energy which is consistent with the definition of the thermodynamic relations. Based on the generalized free energy landscape, we can describe the dynamics of state transition as a stochastic process quantified by the Langevin equation. The path integral framework can be formulated to derive the time-dependent trajectory of the order parameter and the time evolution of the transition probability. By comparing the probability with the result of the classical master equation, we attribute the contribution to the probability of one pseudomolecule or antipseudomolecule (the instanton and anti-instanton pair) to the rate of state transition. These results are consistent with the qualitative analysis of the free energy landscape.

We study the generalized free energy of the five dimensional charged Gauss-Bonnet AdS black holes in the grand canonical ensemble by treating the black hole radius and the charge as the order parameters. On the two dimensional free energy landscape, the lowest points in the basins represent the local stable black holes and the saddle point represents the unstable black hole. We show that black hole is the topological defect of gradient field of the landscape. The black hole stability is determined by the topography of the free energy landscape in terms of the basin depths and the barrier height between the basins and is not by the topology of the gradient field. In addition, we study the stochastic dynamics of the black hole phase transition and obtain the dominant kinetic path for the transition on the free energy landscape. Unlike the one dimensional landscape, the dominant kinetic path between the small and the large black hole state does not necessarily pass through the intermediate black hole state. Furthermore, the inhomogeneity in diffusions can lead to the switching from the coupled cooperative process of black hole phase transition to the decoupled sequential process, giving different kinetic mechanisms.

In the recent proposal [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 191101 (2022)], the black holes were viewed as topological thermodynamic defects by using the generalized off-shell free energy. In this paper, we follow such proposal to study the local and global topological natures of the Gauss-Bonnet black holes in AdS space. The local topological natures are reflected by the winding numbers, where the positive and negative winding numbers correspond to the stable and unstable black hole branches. The global topological natures are reflected by the topological numbers, which are defined as the sum of the winding numbers for all black hole branches and can be used to classify the black holes into different classes. When the charge is present, we find that the topological number is independent on the values of the parameters, and the charged Gauss-Bonnet AdS black holes can be divided into the same class of the RNAdS black holes with the same topological number 1. However, when the charge is absent, we find that the topological number has certain dimensional dependence. This is different from the previous studies, where the topological number is found to be a universal number independent of the black hole parameters. Furthermore, the asymptotic behaviors of curve {\tau}(r_h) in small and large radii limit can be a simple criterion to distinguish the different topological number. We find a new asymptotic behavior as {\tau}(r_h \to 0) = 0 and {\tau}(r_h \to \infty) = 0 in the black hole system, which shows topological equivalency with the asymptotic behaviors {\tau}(r_h \to 0)=\infty and {\tau}(r_h \to \infty)=\infty. We also give an intuitional proof of why there are only three topological classes in the black hole system under the condition (\partial_{r_h} S)P > 0.

Based on the equations of state, one can infer the underlying interaction potentials among the black hole molecules in the case of Schwarzschild-AdS and charged AdS black holes. The microscopic molecules with the interaction potential arrange in a specific way to form the mesostructure, whose size is between the macro (black hole system) and the micro (black hole molecules). As a result, the mesostructure leads to the emergence of the macroscopic phase. However, the information about the mesostructure of the AdS black hole are still elusive. In this Letter, the radial distribution function is introduced to probe the mesostructure of the AdS black hole. We find that the mesostructure of the Schwarzschild-AdS black hole behaves as the ideal gas when the temperature is high. Furthermore, we find the mesostructure for the liquid-like (gas-like) phase of the small (large) charged AdS black hole. A sudden change of the mesostructure emerges from the liquid-like phase to the gas-like phase when the charged AdS black hole undergoes a phase transition from the small to large black hole, consistent with the viewpoint that the phase transition of the charged AdS black hole is reminiscent of that of the vdW fluid. This study provides a new angle towards understanding the black hole from its mesostructure.

We propose a new approach to study the dynamical phase transition of RNAdS black holes on the underlying free energy landscape. By formulating a path integral framework, we can quantify the kinetic paths representing the history from the initial state to the end state, which provides us a visualized yet quantified picture about how the phase transition proceeds. Based on these paths, we derive the analytical formulas for the time evolution of the transition probability and provide a physical interpretation of the contribution to the probability from one "pseudomolecule" ("anti-pseudomolecule"), which is actually the phase transition rate from the small(large) to the large(small) black hole state. These numerical results show a good consistency with the underlying free energy landscape topography.

Bone -borne ra pid ma xilla ry expansion appliances can achieve skeletal expansion while avoiding the undesirable dental side effec ts caused by a conventional rapid palatal expansion appliance. Typically, t hese (bone-bo rne appliances) included prefabricated devices, which can have limitations such as inadequate palatal adaptation leading to anch orage los s. In addit ion, a s bone thickness is not accounted for, prefabricated expanders cannot ensure the primary stability of the mini-implants. These disadvantages can be overcom e by customisation. This repor t aims to describe the digital design and three-dimensional printing workflow for constructing a personali sed M iniscrewassisted rapid palatal expansion (pMARPE) and present a case depicting its application in a 27-year-old female with 5.0 mm t ransverse discrepancy b etween the maxilla and the mandible. The result demonstrated that the pMARPE could be manufactured without the need for conventional impre s sion or laborator y p rocedures and effec tively e xpanded the palate of an ad ult pat ient with maxillar y transverse deficiency.