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12. Malus transitoria (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. Figs 31–32 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 726 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus transitoria Batalin, Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13 (1): 95‒96 (Batalin 1893). – Sinomalus transitoria (Batalin) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Kansa (Gansu), the eastern ridge of the Sodis-kruxum; 16 (28) May 1873; fl; 20 Aug. (1 Sep.) 1873; fr; Przewalsky 55; lectotype: LE [LE01015142]!, K [K000758424]!, P [P03240528]!, designated by Batalin 1893: 95‒96 and Langenfeld 1991: 138–139. Malus centralasiatica Vassilcz., Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya botanicheskago instituta imeni V.L. Komarova Akademii nauk SSSR 19: 202 (Vassilczenko 1959). – Malus transitoria var. centralasiatica (Vass.) T.T.Yu, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Vol. 36: 394 (Yu 1974), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Gansu, Xining, La Che Tze Shan Mountains; alt. 3900 m (actually alt. 2200‒2850 m); 3 Aug. 1923; fr; R.C. Ching 724; holotype: LE; isotype: A [A00368974]!, PE [PE00953983]!, SYS [SYS00074312]!. Malus transitoria var. glabrescens T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu, Acta Phytotaxonomics Sinica 18 (4): 496 (Yu et al. 1980), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Tibet, Qamdo (Changdu); alt. 3550 m; 26 Apr. 1976; Qing-Zang Exped. Veg. Group 10023; holotype: PE [PE00964002]! Malus transitoria var. calycomeles Cheng, Zeng & Jin, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 17 (1): 1 (Cheng et al. 1995), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Sichuan, Ruoergai; alt. 2500 m; M.H. Cheng et al. 91‒87; lectotype: HWA, here designated. Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 13 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 12; PE. – Gansu • Diebuxian; 30 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 080; PE • Lanzhou; 21 Sep. 2003; fr; C.M. Tan et al. Lanzhou005; JJF, SZG • Ningxian; 15 May 2014; fl; X.Y. Xu 20140515047; QYTC • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; W. Hui 20140515052; QYTC • Heshui; 28 Jun. 1954; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 113; PE • Jinchi; 27 Jul. 1990; fr; L.P. Liu 00019; QYTC • Gannan; 1 Sep. 2012; st; S.Q. Guo & P. Du LiuJQ-2012-GN-185; KUN • ibid.; 21 Sep. 1957; fr; Z.L. Yan & P. Zhang 1063; PE • ibid.; 29 May 1956; st; Yellow River Investigation Team 4152; PE • ibid.; 1 Sep. 1960; fr; Qinggan Team 3400; PE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; fl; J.F. Rock 12188; PE. – Inner Mongolia • Alashan; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; He group 85; NAS • ibid.; 2 Aug. 2011; fr; Beijing Normal University Ningxia Team HL114; BNU • Helanshan; Sep. 1956; fl; W.Z. Fang s.n.; NAS • ibid.; 30 Aug. 2008; fr; Y.Z. Zhao & S.Q. Zhou 2423; HIMC • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; Biology department senior year 85; PE, HIMC. – Ningxia • Helanshan; 18 Jun. 1973; fr; Ningxia Yaojiansuo 73-0167; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 27 Jun. 1981; st; B.Z. Guo 25400; HNWP • Yushu; 12 Aug. 1981; fr; Z.K. Wei 22383; HNWP • Hualong; 6 Jun. 2004; fl; Y.H. Wu 28576; HNWP • Huzhu; 10 Sep. 1980; fr; R.F. Huang & Y.C. Yang 1747; HNWP • Tongren; 28 Jul. 1970; fr; L.H. Zhou & H.H. Zhang 1295; HNWP. – Shaanxi • Jingbian; 23 Jun. 1952; fr; J.M. Liu 11636; PE • Yanan; 19 Jun. 1993; fl; L.R. Xu 1670; PE • Shanbei; 4 Sep. 1953; fr; Shanbei Team 10652; CDBI • Huashan; 14 Sep. 1978; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 18227; IBSC. – Sichuan • Kangding; 14 Jun. 1980; fl; Z.Y. Chen et al. 112699; PE • Hongyuan; 14 Sep. 1957; fr; X. Li 74662; PE • Daofu; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; S. Jiang et al. 002352; PE • Xikang; 8 Aug. 1951; fr; Y.W. Cui 5198a; PE • Aba; 2 Aug. 1975; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 10487; CDBI • Dege; 1 Jun. 1977; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 15073; CDBI. – Tibet • Changdu; 26 Aug. 1973; fr; Tibet Expedition Team 2248; HNWP • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2008; fr; Y.H. Zhang, G.D. Li & X.X. Wang SunH-07ZX-1761; KUN • ibid.; 24 Sep. 2008; fr; C.R. Zaxi, L. Xi & Y.P. Geng ZhongY752; KUN. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒5 m high, rarely 8 m. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.8‒1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 3.4‒6.8 × 2.3‒3.6 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, cuneate or cordate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, then abaxially glabrescent, usually 3‒5 divided. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7‒2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium lanuginous. Sepals triangular, densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7‒0.9 × 0.4‒0.6 cm, white, obovate or oblong. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or loess hills; 1500‒3900 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet) (Fig. 31). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51. Note There are plentiful morphological variations within this species. Varieties that have been defined on the basis of a few characters and locations are unjustified because such unique phenotypic characters have probably been affected by the environment. Therefore, three new synonyms are proposed in this study (Malus transitoria var. glabrescens, M. transitoria var. calycomeles, and M. transitoria var. centralasiatica). The vertical vicariance of Malus kansuensis (distribution below 3000 m), M. toringoides (2600‒3050 m) and M. transitoria (above 3000 m) is very remarkable, and there are no obvious reproductive barriers between them.As a consequence, hybrids that show characters of both parents could be found in the contact zones; for example, the specimens from Maerkang (Sichuan, China) exhibit continuous morphological variation between M. transitoria and M. toringoides., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Batalin A. 1893. Notae de plantis asiaticis XXVII - XLVII. Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13: 91 - 106.","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Vassilczenko I. T. 1959. To knowledge of the east-Asian apple species (Malus Mill). Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya botanicheskago instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii nauk SSSR 19: 202.","Yu T. T. 1974. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Vol. 36. Science Press, Beijing.","Yu T. T., Lu L. T. & Ku T. C. 1980. Taxa nova Rosacearum Xizangensium. Acta Phytotaxonomics Sinica 18 (4): 490 - 503.","Cheng M. H., Li X. L., Liang G. L., Zeng W. G., Yuan B. X., Jin Q., Liu Y. Q., Xie X. L. & Ou P. G. 1995. A new mutant of apple genus - a persistent calyx mutant of Malus transitoria var. calycomeles Cheng, Zeng et Jin n. var. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 17 (1): 1 - 2."]}

1a. Malus baccata var. baccata Pyrus baccata L., Mantissa Plantarum: Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II: 75 (Linnaeus 1767). – Malus sibirica Borkh., Archiv für die Botanik (Leipzig) 1 (3): 89 (Borkhausen 1798), nom. inval., nom. nov. of Pyrus baccata L. – Pyrus baccata var. sibirica Maxim., Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus baccata var. sibirica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 720 (Schneider 1906b). – Malus sibirica (Maxim.) Kom., Key for the Plants of the Far Eastern Region of the USSR. Part 2: 638 (Komarov & Klobukova-Alisova 1932, non Borkhausen 1798). – Type: COUNTRY UNKNOWN • locality unknown; s.d.; fl; Linnaeus s.n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL647-4]! Malus rossica Medik., Geschichte der Botanik unserer Zeiten: 78 (Medikus 1793), nom. inval. Malus pallasiana Juz., Flora USSR Vol. 9: 370 (Juzepczuk 1939). – Type: RUSSIA • Transbaikalia; s.d.; Anonymous s.n.; type: LE, designated by Juzepczuk 1939: 370. Malus chamardabanica Vartapetyan & Solovjeva, Byulleten’ moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel biologicheskii 85 (5): 82 (Vartapetyan & Solovjeva 1980). – Malus baccata f. chamardabanica (Vartapetyan & Solovjeva) Ponom., Botanical Magazine 73 (1): 83. (Ponomarenko 1988), syn. nov. – Type: RUSSIA • 20 Sep. 1978; fr; Вартапетян B. [Vartapetyan V.] s.n.; holotype: MW [MW0592212]!; isotype: MW [MW0592213]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Baihua Mountain; Jun. 1996; fl; Q.R. Liu 06719 8; BNU • ibid.; 8 Jul. 1988; fr; H.X. Gao 018414; BNU • Mentougou; 21 May 1974; fl; K.J. Guan 74-097; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 18 May 2005; fr; Z.Y. Liu 2050152; IMC • Kaixian; 5 Sep. 2002; fr; Z.Y. Liu 2023209-01; IMC. – Fujian • Xiamen; 14 Jul. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8149; FJSI. – Gansu • Lien hoa_shan, Hako, slopes of Mt.; Oct. 1926; fr; J.F. Rock. 13498; IBSC, AU • Tianshui; Apr. 1960; fl; Anonymous 00052; PE • Pingliang; 15 May 2014; fl; Y. He & J.S. Hao GSL2014050511; BNU. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54069; BNU • same collection data as for preceding; fl, fr; X.P. Gao 54078; BNU. – Guizhou • Tungtze; 18 May 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4909; IBSC. – Hebei • Xinglong; 12 May 1951; fl; Y. Liu 15269; IBK • Pohuashan; 21 Jul. 1930; W.Y. Hsia 2202; IBSC. – Henan • Xinxiang; Jul. 1959; fr; F.Q. Li 23704; HENU • Luanchuan; 18 Apr. 2015; fl; W.G. Yang 150418026 06; HEAC. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 11 Jul. 1956; fr; Lin 11 51; NEFI • Huma; 29 Jul. 1961; fl; Z. Lu 90083; NEFI. – Hubei • Yingshan; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; L. Chen CB08794; CSH • Luotian; 19 May 2015; fl; L. Chen CB09123; CSH • locality unknown; 1930; fr; H.F. Chow 41023; LBG. – Hunan • Yangmingshan; 12 Apr. 1942; st; Y. Jiang & S.Q. Chen 699; IBK. – Inner Mongolia • Humeng; 30 Jun. 1963; fl, fr; Anonymous 164; PE • Chahameng; 9 Sep. 1949; fl, fr; Y.W. Cui 00883; PE. – Jilin • Antu; 4 Sep. 1959; fl, fr; P.Y. Fu 1364; PE • Changbaishan; 6 Aug. 2012; fr; H.C. Zhou ZhouHC1078; KUN. – Jiangxi • Lushan; 26 Jul. 1922; fr; A.N. Steward 4522; PEY. – Liaoning • Fengcheng; 18 May 1960; fl; Y.C. Deng & Q.H. Feng 220; IBK • Qianshan; 23 Jul. 1958; fr; F.M. Luo et al. GUO818; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; Sep. 1980; fr; G.B. Shi 161; IBSC. – Shandong • Kunyushan; 8 May 1959; fl; T.Y. Zhou et al. 0718; NAS • Qingdao; 6 Aug. 1958; fr; Z.L. Yan 115; PE. – Shanxi • Zhongyang; 12 Jun. 1955; fr; Zhongyangyidui 0011; PE • Mozhanggou; 8 Jun. 1956; fl; W.Z. Wang et al. 486; PE. – Shaanxi • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2972; PE. – Shanghai • Taochuan; 26 Apr. 1956; fl; Anonymous 00014; PE • Yanan; 13 Sep. 1954; fr; K.J. Fu 8159; PE. – Sichuan • Lixian; 7 Aug. 1958; fr; Z.L. Wu 33576; CAF • Mt. Gibboh; May 1928; fl; J. Rock 016003; IBSC. – Tianjin • Jixian; 1 Aug. 1972; fr; Jipudui 409; PE. – Tibet • Gongbujiangdaxian; 6 Aug. 2014; fr; X.C. Chen 6090; HNWP • Lhasa; 15 May 1980; fl; Z.C. Ni 79248; PE, XZ. – Xinjiang • Aertai; 25 Aug. 1956; fr; R.C. Qin xin2337; PE. – Yunnan • Chao-tung Hsien; 18 May 1932; fl; H.T. Tsai 50905; IBK, PE, NAS • Hills around La-chu pa; Sep. 1924; fr; G. Forrest 25074; PE. – Zhejiang • Anji; 8 Oct. 1989; fr; Zhihangbiao 003355; HHBG. RUSSIA – Tschita • Schilka; 25 Jun. 1977; fr; N. Alianskaia & T. Sofejkova 145; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Incheon • Hyeolgusan; 24 Jul. 2011; fr; G.-N. Jeon 201111-0052; PE. – Jeora- Nam-Do • Gu-Rae-Gun; 23 Jun. 2004; fr; C.S. Chang et al. sky0334; PE. – Kyeong-Sang-Nam-Do • San-Cheong-Gun; 21 May 2004; fl; C.S. Chang & K.S. Lee sky0099; PE. UNITED STATES – New York • Ontario, cultivated; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Zhen-long Yan 1034; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.1‒4.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina 3.9‒9.8 × 1.6‒5.2 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel 1.6‒4.4 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petals ca 0.9‒1.8 × 0.5‒1.0 cm, white, obovate. Pome ca 0.7 × 0.6 cm, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to September. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in miscellaneous wood forests on slopes and in valleys; up to 1500 m a.s.l. Distribution Bhutan, China (Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Kamoon), Japan (Aomori, Nagano), Kashmir, South Korea (Inchon, Jeollanam-do, South Gyeongsang), Mongolia, Nepal, and Russia (Siberia). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1767. Mantissa Plantarum: Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69083","Borkhausen M. B. 1798. Uber die Linneischen Gattungen Crataegus, Mespilus, Sorbus, Pyrus und Cydonia. In: Romer J. J. (ed.) Archiv fur die Botanik (Leipzig) 1 (3): 85 - 91. Schaferischen Buchhandlung, Leipzig.","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Komarov V. L. & Klobukova-Alisova E. N. 1932. Opredelitel'rastenii Dal'nevostochnogo kraya [Key for the Plants of the Far Eastern Region of the USSR]. Part 2. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Medikus F. K. 1793. Geschichte der Botanik unserer Zeiten. Schwan und Gotz, Mannheim, Germany. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 140710","Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Vartapetyan V. & Solovjeva L. V. 1980. New apple species endemic in the Transbaikal region. Byulleten' moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel biologicheskii 85 (5): 81 - 82.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1988. The genetic diversity center of Malus Mill. Botanical Magazine 73: 83."]}

6. Malus fusca (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 19–20 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 723 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus fusca Raf., Medical Flora or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America Vol. 2: 254 (Rafinesque 1830). – Malus baccata subsp. fusca (C.K.Schneid.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: USA • Alaska, outside the town of Junean, on the side of a woody alpine; 58°30′ N, 135°5′ W; 5 Sep. 1913; S.J. Enander s.n.; neotype: RIJKS, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 148. Pyrus diversifolia Bong., Mémoires de l’Academie imperiale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixieme Serie. Sciences mathematiques, physiques et naturelles 2 (2): 133 (Bongard 1832). – Malus diversifolia (Bong.) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 215 (Roemer 1847), nom. illeg. – Malus fusca var. diversifolia (Bong.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b), nom. inval. – Pyrus fusca var. diversifolia (Bong.) L.H.Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture Vol. 5: 2876 (Bailey & Bailey 1916b). – Type: RUSSIA • Sitcha, s.d.; Mertens s.n.; lectotype: LECB [LECB0001455]!, here designated; isolectotype: M [M0213668]! Pyrus rivularis Douglas ex Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana, or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America Vol. 1 (4): 203, tab. 68 (Hooker 1832). – Malus rivularis (Douglas) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 215 (Roemer 1847), nom. illeg. – Type: CANADA • Columbia, illegible common near the Confluence of the Columbia and its southern brameky drown t. 68; s.d.; Douglas s.n.; lecotype: K [K000758454, K000758455]!, here designated. Pyrus rivularis var. levipes Nutt., The North American Sylva Vol. 2: 24 (Nuttall 1849). – Malus rivularis var. levipes (Nutt.) Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie: 262 (Koehne 1893). – Malus fusca var. levipes (Nutt.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b), nom. inval. – Type: USA • The North West coast; s.d.; Menzies s.n.; herbarium unknown. Examined specimens CANADA – British Columbia • Oak Park; 23 Jun. 1920; fr; A. Eastwood 9729; A • District of Renfrew; Jun.–Jul. 1901; st; C.O. Rosendahl & C.J. Brand 72; GH • Vancouver Island; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s.n.; GH. UNITED STATES – Alaska • Fort Wrangel; 25 Aug. 1897; st; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A • Wrangell; 27 Jul. 1914; fr; A. Eastwood 992; A • Traitors Gove, North of Ketchikan; 6 Jun. 1967; fl; G.W. Frame 16; NY. – California • Lat; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s.n.; GH • Big Lagoon; 21 Jul. 1932; fr; H.L. Mason 7101; GH. – New York • Ontario; 10 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1046; PE • ibid.; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1032; PE. – Washington • Grays Harbor; 1 Jun. 1987; fr; D.E. Boufford & E.W. Wood 23784; PE • Cascade Mountains; 16 Jun.–15 Sep. 1896; fl, fr; O.D. Allen 213; P. Description Tree, 10‒12 m high, sometimes shrub under artificial culture. Branches terete, villous when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.5‒2.5 cm long, occasionally puberulous in mature leaf. Lamina 6.0 × 3.1 cm, elliptical to oval, base cuneate or cordate, oblique, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, sporadically 3-lobed, blade abaxially pubescent when young, glabrescent. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 6‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2‒3 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular, glabrous, caducous. Petals ca 0.9 × 0.6 cm, white, rarely pink, obovate. Stamens 16‒20, unequal. Styles 2‒5 (3‒4), as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, coniform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.1 cm long, puberulous. Distribution Canada and United States (Fig. 19). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Rafinesque C. S. 1830. Medical Flora or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America Vol. 2. Atkinson & Alexander, Philadelphia. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100632","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Bongard A. G. H. 1832. Observations sur la vegetation de l'ille de Sitcha. Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg. Sixieme Serie. Sciences mathematiques, physiques et naturelles 2 (2): 119 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62405","Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Bailey L. H. & Bailey E. Z. 1916 b. Prunus. In: Bailey L. H. (ed.) The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture Vol. 5. The Macmillan Company, New York, London.","Hooker W. J. 1832. Flora Boreali-Americana, or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America Vol. 1 (4). H. G. Bohn, London.","Nuttall T. 1849. The North American Sylva Vol. 2. Smith & Wistar, Philadelphia.","Koehne E. 1893. Deutsche Dendrologie. Verlag Von Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart."]}

8. Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese Figs 23–24 Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland en zijne overzeesche Bezittingen Vol. 3: 368 (de Vriese 1856). Sorbus toringo Siebold, Jaarboek van de koninklijke nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Aanmoediging van den Tuinbouw 1848: 47 (Siebold 1848), nom. nud. – Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq., Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam 3 (2): 41 (Miquel 1867). – Pyrus rivularis var. toringo (Siebold) Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 39 (Wenzig 1874). – Malus microcarpa var. toringo (Siebold) Carrière, Étude générale du Genre pommier: 61, fig. 11 (Carrière 1883). – Malus baccata subsp. toringo (Siebold) Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 25 (290): 76 (Koidzumi 1911). – Type: JAPAN • Honshu, Nagano, on the way from Senjongahara to Mt. Mikuni yama, Azusa yama, Kawakamimura, Minamisaku-gun; alt. 1700 m; 25 May 1963; M. Hotta 12195; neotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 143. Pyrus sieboldii Regel, Index Seminum quae Hortus Botanicus Imperialis Petropolitanus pro Mutua Commutatione Offert: 51 (Regel 1859). – Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 293 (Rehder 1915), nom. illeg. Malus sargentii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 1 (2): 71 (Rehder 1903a). – Malus toringo subsp. sargentii (Rehder) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 33 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus toringo var. sargentii (Rehder) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 9 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: JAPAN • Hokkaido, brackish marsh near Mororan; 25 Sep. 1892; C.S. Sargent s.n.; type: A [A00026654]! Crataegus cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot, Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 55: 58 (Léveillé 1908). – Type : CHINA • Kouy Tcheou, Pin-fa; 23 Jul. 1902; J. Cavalerie 93; lectotype: E [E00010841]!, here designated; isolectotype: E[E00284743]! Photinia rubrolutea H.Lév., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 460 (Léveillé 1911). – Type: CHINA • Kouy Tcheou; 13 Nov. 1907; J. Cavalerie 3303; type: K [K000758420]! Pyrus esquirolii H.Lév., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 189 (Léveillé 1913). – Type: CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou, Pin-Fa; 2 Apr. 1902; fl; J. Cavalerie 1304; lectotype: E [E00010840]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH 00032495]! Malus sieboldii var. arborescens Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 294 (Rehder 1915). – Type: JAPAN • Hondo, Lake Chuzenji; alt. 5000 ft; 3 Jun. 1914; fl; E.H. Wilson 6800; lectotype: A [A00368650]!, here designated. Malus sieboldii var. calocarpa Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 294 (Rehder 1915). – Type: JAPAN • cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 1890; Dr W.S. Bigelow s.n.; type: A [A00106229, A00106231]! Malus sieboldii var. incisa Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 30 (358): 331 (Koidzumi 1916), nom. nud. Malus toringo var. koringo Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 183 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Malus toringo f. koringo (Koidz.) T.Shimizu, Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37 (2): 120 (Shimizu 1989). Malus sieboldii var. sargentii (Asami) Langenf., Daildarznieciba 8: 13 (Langenfeld 1971), without basionym ref. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Yuexi; 24 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da0586; PE • Jinzhai; 6 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da0225; PE. – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 49; PE • ibid.; 23 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 41; PE • ibid.; 26 Apr. 1957; st; H.X. An et al. 229257; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 6 Jul. 2008; fr; Bashan coll. Team 0008; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L.Q. Chen Chuanhua-258; PE, CCAU. – Hubei • Lichuan; 5 Jun. 1958; fr; W.B. Lin 235; PE, HIB • Shennongjia; 14 Aug. 2008; fr; Yu et al. 080176; PE • Guangshui; 27 Jun. 2009; st; Y.Z. Luo 3038; HENU. – Hunan • Nanyu; 8 Aug. 1948; fr; Y. Liu 570; NAS • Hengshan; 24 May 1944; fr; H.D. Zhang 3185; IBK, IBSC • Qianyang; 22 Jun. 1954; fr; Z.T. Li 2450; IBSC • Xinning; 18 Jul. 1979; fr; Q.Z. Lin 10078; IBSC, CSFI • Sangzhi; 26 Apr. 2009; fl; B. Zhang & X. Xiang 090426033; PE. – Gansu • Pingliang; 16 May 2014; st; Y. He & J.C. Hao GSL 2014050597; BNU • Gannan; 25 Jun. 1956; fr; B.Z. Guo 3108; HNWP • ibid.; 13 May 1956; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 3629; HNWP, KUN, PE. – Guangdong • Lianshan; 5 Dec. 1996; fr; B.H. Chen 234; IBSC • Lechang; 26 Oct. 1986; fr; Nanling Team 3157; IBSC • ibid.; 25 Oct. 1987; fr; Nanling Team 4086; IBSC • Renhua; 21 May 1936; fr; W.T. Tsang 26450; IBSC • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54078; IBK, IBSC, KUN, NAS, PE, SZ. – Guangxi • Damiaoshan; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Q.H. Lv 3499; HITBC, IBSC, PE • Xingan; 23 Jul. 2014; fr; Xinganxian survey Team 450325140723009LY; GXMG • Ziyuan; 23 May 1982; fr; G.Z. Li 11600; IBK • Quanzhou; 12 Oct. 2014; fr; Quanzhouxian survey Team 450324141012045LY; GXMG, IBK. – Guizhou • Yunyan; 15 Sep. 2002; fr; Q.R. Liu et al. LCG2002072; BNU • Jinping; Jun. 1964; fr; Y.M. Wang 64-1068; GFS • Kaili; 23 May 1959; fl, fr; Qiannan Team 2122; PE, HGAS, NAS • Liziba; 20 Nov. 1927; fr; B.Q. Zhong 309; PE, GFS, KUN. – Liaoning • Anshan; 28 Sep. 1950; fr; Q.T. Li 2569; IFP • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl; J.Q. Deng 4; PE • Shenyang; 7 Jul. 1966; fr; Y.M. Huang s.n.; IFP. – Jiangxi • Chongyi; 19 Jun. 1965; fr; M.X. Nie et al. 08863; LBG • Suichuan; 22 Apr. 2015; fr; D.G. Zhang & G.X. Chen LXP-064550; JIU • Lushan; 18 Sep. 1984; fr; J.Y. Liu 8400213; TIE • Dayuxian; 17 Jun. 1962; st; J.S. Yue et al. 1315; NAS • Jian; 21 May 2016; fr; Zhang et al. LXP- 13-17760; SYS • locality unknown; 4 Sep. 2016; fr; T.J. Liang LS20160070; CSH. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 21 Sep. 1982; fr; G. Yao 8388; NAS • ibid.; 18 Aug. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8216; FJSI • Suzhou; 23 Aug. 1958; fr; F.X. Liu 10803; HHBG. – Qinghai • Xining; 25 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5709; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fr; R.H. Zhang s.n.; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fl; W. Li s.n.; HNWP. – Shandong • Qingdao; 1982; fr; D.J. Yu 40; PE • ibid.; 7 Jul. 2013; X.B. Ma 10175; SDFRG • Zhangjiashan; 30 May 2012; fl; Y.M. Fang 170; SDFRG • Laiyang; 3 May 1955; fl; F.S. Zhang 511; PE. – Shaanxi • Baoji; 1 Aug. 1989; fr; Y.S. Lian et al. 96133; PE • Ningshan; 24 Jul. 1982; fr; Anonymous 4-170; PE • ibid.; 18 ul. 2007; fr; Q.R. Liu QL028; BNU • Wugong; 21 Jun. 1955; st; D.J. Yu 46; PE • Langao; 29 Jun. 2004; fr; Chen et al. 562; WUK. – Sichuan • Maoxian; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Maowen Group 5105; CDBI, SM • Songgang; 25 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70851; PE, IBSC, IFP, KUN, NAS, SZ • Qingchuan; 25 Aug. 1930; fr; F.T. Wang 22361; PE. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 Sep. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74058; PE • Lijiang; 21 Aug. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74002; PE. – Zhejiang • Hangzhou; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Zhu & Liu 443; PE, HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Q.G. Zhu & Q.W. Liu 56; HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 5 May 1973; fl, fr; Anonymous s.n.; PE [00953581] • Chunan; 1 Jun. 1959; fr; M.L. She et al. 27770; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Nagano; 14 Jun. 1965; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 43178; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Fufuse 25713; PE • ibid.; 8 May 1948; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 19023; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Chollabuk-do • Wanju-gun, cultivated; 8 Aug. 1992; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 25818; PE. – Gyeongsangbuk-do • Uiseong-gun; 13 Apr. 2011; fl; Nagtong-90; PE. UNITED STATES – Maryland • Prince George, cultivated; 16 Oct. 1982; fr; Steven R. Hill 12497; PE, NAS. – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 2 Oct. 1916; fr; H.H. Chung 4013; PE. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒6 (6‒8) m high. Branches terete, aculeolate and pendulous, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 5.9 × 3.0 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous, sometimes 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the mixed forests or shrubs in plains or valleys, rarely in forests in mountain areas; 600‒1700 m a.s.l. Distribution North Korea, South Korea, Japan and China (Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Qinghai, Zhejiang, Yunnan) (Fig. 23). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 68, 85., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["de Vriese W. H. 1856. Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland en zijne overzeesche Bezittingen Vol. 3. A. W. Sythoff, Leyden.","Siebold P. F. 1848. Extrait du catalogue et du prix-courant des plantes du Japon et des Indes-Orientales et Occidentales Neederlandaises, cultivees dans l'etablissement. Jaarboek van de koninklijke nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Aanmoediging van den Tuinbouw 1848: 38 - 49.","Miquel F. A. W. 1867. Proluso florae iaponicae. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam 3 (2): 1 - 209.","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Carriere E. A. 1883. Etude generale du Genre pommier, et Particulierement des pommiers microcarpes ou pommiers d'ornement, pommiers a fleurs doubles, pommiers de la Chine, pommiers bacciferes, pommiers de Siberie, pommiers cerises, etc. La Maison Rustique, Paris.","Koidzumi G. 1911. Note on Japanese Rosaceae II. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 25 (290): 74 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.25.290 _ 74","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Regel E. A. 1859. Index Seminum quae Hortus Botanicus Imperialis Petropolitanus pro Mutua Commutatione Offert. Accedunt Animadversiones Botanicae Nonnullae. St. Petersburg.","Rehder A. 1915. Rosaceae. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Rehder A. 1903 a. Malus sargentii, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 1 (2): 71 - 72. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Leveille A. A. H. 1911. Decades plantarum novarum LIX - LX. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 441 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19110092706","Leveille A. A. H. 1913. Decades plantarum novarum CXII - CXVIII. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 181 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19130120907","Koidzumi G. 1916. Decades plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 30 (358): 325 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.30.325","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Shimizu T. 1989. New names of some Japanese plants. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37 (2): 120. https: // doi. org / 10.24517 / 00055972","Langenfeld V. T. 1971. Wild apples. Daildarznieciba 8: 15."]}

18. Malus yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 43–44 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 179 (Schneider 1906a). Pyrus yunnanensis Franch., Plantae Delavayanae: 228 (Franchet 1890). – Eriolobus yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 727 (Schneider 1906b). – Cormus yunnanensis (Franch.) Koidz., Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 34 (Art. 2): 75 (Koidzumi 1913). – Macromeles yunnanensis Koidz., Florae Symbolae Orientali- Asiaticae: 53 (Koidzumi 1930). – Docyniopsis yunnanensis (Franch.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, LanKong, woods at the Hee-chan-men; alt. 2800 m; 22 May 1886; fl; J.M. Delavay 2331; holotype: P [P01819335]!; isotype: K [K000758438, K000758439, K000758440]!, P [P01819336, P01819337, P01819338]!, W [W1962- 0013366]! Pyrus veitchiana hort., The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 52: 288 (Royal Horticultural Society 1912), nom. nud. – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, locality unknown; seeds from China by E.H. Wilson (no. 539), cultivated in Coombe Wood Nursery; 30 Sept. 1912; fr; Wilson 539; lectotype: K [K000758472]!, here designated; isotype: A [A00106227]! Pyrus yunnanensis var. veitchii Osborn, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 78: 227 (Osborn 1925). – Malus yunnanensis var. veitchii (Osborn) Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 4 (2): 115 (Rehder 1923). – Type: CHINA • Chongqing, Wushan; 26 May 1914; fl; A. Henry 5638; lectotype: A [A00026642]! here designated; isotype: GH [GH00026663]! Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 19 Jul. 1978; fr; Botanical Geographic Expedition 548; PE • ibid.; 30 May 1928; fr; W.P. Fang 1138; IBSC • ibid.; 26 May 1957; fl; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 90988; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 1964; fr; K.J. Guan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 1070; PE • Wuxi; 7 Oct. 1988; fr; Y.D. Chen, L.Z. Fu & X.T. Ma 2211; PE • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1958; G.H. Yang 59373; NAS • Chengkou; 25 May 1958; fl; T.L. Dai 100618; IBK • ibid.; 31 Jul. 2006; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 4680; WUK • Fuling; 9 Aug. 1962; fr; Pucha Team 96403; SM. – Gansu • Kangxian; 15 Sep. 1963; fr; J.Q. Xing 20219; XBGH • Zhouqu; 17 Sep. 1958; fr; Z.P. Wei 2489; HHBG • Wudu; 1 May 1959; fl; Z.Y. Zhang 1103; LBG • ibid.; 18 Jun. 1959; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 5127; LBG. – Guizhou • Songtao; 9 Oct. 1976; fr; Schneid 135; HGAS • Yinjiang; 6 Aug. 1963; fr; C.P. Jian et al. 30532; PE • ibid.; 5 Oct. 1963; fr; C.P. Jian et al. 32124; PE • Jiangkou; 23 Jun. 1988; fr; Wulingshan Expedition 743; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980-Sino- American Botanical Expedition 1556; PE • ibid.; 3Aug. 1985; fr; S.X. Yang 475; IBK • ibid.; 19 Jul. 2011; fr; D.G. Zhang Zdg 2044; KUN • Hefeng; 8 Aug. 1988; fr; Y.M. Wang 5803; PE • Badong; 19 Jul. 1957; G.X. Fu & Z.S. Zhang 847; PE. – Hunan • Dayong; 18 Jul. 1985; fr; K.W. Liu 33404; CSFI • Tianmenshan; 22 Sep. 2007; fr; F.C. Wu & B.R. Liao SCSB-07102; KUN • Shimen; 20Aug. 1987; Hupingshan Expedition A110; PE • ibid.; 13 Jul. 1987; fr; Hupingshan Expedition 1457; PE. – Shanxi • Puxian; 21 Sep. 1934; fr; T.P. Wang 3780; IBSC. – Shaanxi • Zhenan; 30 May 1973; fl; X.X. Hou 611; IBSC • Ziyang; 19 Aug. 1966; fr; Shaanxi-Qin Expedition 257; XBGH • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2464; WUK • Pingli; 27 Jul. 2006; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 4403; WUK. – Sichuan • Baoxing; 6 Sep. 1963; fr; Chuanxi Team 3006; PE • Muli; 2 Jul. 1978; fr; Q.S. Zhao 6261; CDBI • ibid.; 27 May 1937; fr; T.T. Yu 5780; PE • Yanyuan; 30 Jul. 1983; fr; Qingzang Team 12609; PE • Wenchuan; 28 Aug. 1982; fr; K.Y. Lang, L.Q. Li & Y. Fei 1339; PE • Tianquan; 1 May 1956; fl; H.P. He 43633; CDBI. – Tibet • Chayu; Aug. 1935; st; Q.W. Wang 65519; PE, LBG • ibid.; 11 Aug. 1973; st; J.W. Zhang 1023; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1982; fl; Z.J. Ren Ren 721; PE • Milin; 24 Sep. 1974; st; Anonymous 3402; PE. – Yunnan • Lijiang; 4 Aug. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 02609; PE • Deqin; 23 Nov. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 8854; PE • Yun-ning; 1 May 1937; fl; T.T. Yu 5223; PE • Shangrila; 22 May 1939; fl; K.M. Feng 972; PE • Jianchuan; Jul. 1923; fl; G. Forrest 23482; PE • Heqing; May 1913; fl; G. Forrest 10019; PE • Yulong; 21 Sep. 2015; fr; J.D. Ya & C. Liu 15CS11203; KUN. Description Tree, 8‒13 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.0‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.0‒9.5 × 3.6‒5.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, usually 3‒5-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 8‒12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous or puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, oblate or oval, red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1600‒3800 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 43). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Note Because the syntype specimens J.M. Delavay 2331 of M. yunnanensis still exist, the neotype Handel– Mazzetti 842 designated by Langenfeld (1991: 133) is invalid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 66-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Franchet A. 1890. Plantae Delavayanae. P. Klincksieck, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10529","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Koidzumi G. 1913. Conspectus rosacearum japonicarum. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 34 (Art. 2): 1 - 312.","Koidzumi G. 1930. Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae, Sive, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Flora of Eastern Asia. Kyoto","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Royal Horticultural Society. 1912. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 52: 288 - 290.","Rehder A. 1923. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 4 (2): 107 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 317976","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

26. Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder Figs 59–60 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 51 (Rehder 1920). Crataegus tenuifolia Kom., Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 18: 435 (Komarov 1901), nom. illeg. – Crataegus komarovii Sarg., Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 1 (2): 183 (Sargent 1912), nov. nom. of Crataegus tenuifolia Kom.. – Sinomalus tenuifolia (Kom.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 12 (Koidzumi 1932). – Sinomalus komarovii (Sarg.) Honda, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 47: 297 (Honda 1933). – Type: NORTH KOREA • valley Segeelu- Korani; 16 Jun. 1897; fl; V. Komarov 869; holotype: LE; isotype: K [K000758431]! Examined specimens CHINA – Jilin • Antu; 29 Aug. 1959; fr; P.Y. Fu 1256; IFP • ibid.; 9 Aug. 1979; fr; S.D. Zhao 2447; IFP • Changbai; 26 May 1976; fl; X.Z. Wang s.n.; PE • ibid.; 3 Jul. 1958; fl; F.M. Luo et al. 662; PE. NORTH KOREA – North Hamgyong • Kilju-gun; 25 Aug. 1942; fr; Nakashima s.n.; NAS • locality unknown; 12 Sep. 1962; st; S.E. Liu & S.X. Li 9191; IFP. Description Small tree or shrub, 3 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8‒2.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.9‒4.2 × 2.9‒3.9 cm, ovate, rarely oblong, base cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous, 3-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 6‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially lanuginous, caducous or persistent. Petals white, ovate. Stamens 20‒30, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8‒1.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 1.5 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in shrubs; 1100‒1300 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Henan, Jilin), North Korea, and South Korea (Fig. 59). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 87-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Komarov V. L. 1901. Species novae Florae Asiae Orientalis (Manshuriae et Korae borealis). Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 18: 419 - 449.","Sargent C. S. 1912. Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 1 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Koidzumi G. 1932. Contributiones ad cognitionem Florae Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00001078742","Honda M. 1933. Nuntia ad floram Japoniae XXI. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 47: 433 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.47.433"]}

13. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid. Figs 33–34 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 719 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus pashia var. sikkimensis Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 49 (Wenzig 1874). – Pyrus sikkimensis Hook. f., Flora of British India Vol. 2 (5): 373 (Hooker 1879). – Malus baccata subsp. sikkimensis (Wenz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: INDIA • Sikkim, Himalaya, alt. 7000‒10 000 ft; s.d.; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; isosyntype: K [K000758445]!, M [M0213666]! Examined specimens BHUTAN – Guni Sa; 14 May 1949; fl; F. Ludlow, G. Sherriff & J.H. Hicks 16231; PE. CHINA – Sichuan • Butuo; 6 Aug. 1979; st; Pucha Team 0682; SM. – Tibet • Milin; 19 Oct. 1984; fr; G. Yao et al. 132; NAS • ibid.; 29 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1834; NAS • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2003; fr; X.F. Gao et al. 7425; CDBI • ibid.; 28 Jul. 1975; fr; Qingzhang Budian Group 750912; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z.D. Fang, G. He & Q.R. Yang XZ-689; SABG • Bomi; 3 Sep. 1982; fr; B.S. Li et al. 0518; PE • Yadong; 9 Sep. 1974; fr; Qingzang Team 2108; PE • Linzhi; 2 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1443; NAS • Shannan; 11 Sep. 2017; fr; PE-Xizang Team PE6349; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; 25 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s.n.; PE • 18 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s.n.; PE • ibid.; 2 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74050; PE • Wenshan; 26 Mar. 2009; st; Y.L. Wang et al. 09-129; SZG • Weixi; 12 Sep.1974; fr; P. Zhang 74061; PE. INDIA – Sikkim • Himalaya; 4 Aug. 1849; fl, fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758444] • ibid.; 26 May 1849; fl, fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758443] • ibid.; 28 May 1849; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758446] • ibid.; 4 Jun. 1849; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758445] • ibid.; 16 Aug. 1844; fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758442] • locality unknown; 6 Jul. 1849; fr; Anonymous s.n.; K. MYANMAR – East Himalaya; Aug. 1837; fl, fr; Griffith 2081; K. Description Small tree, up to 8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.3‒2.2 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 5.6‒8.3 × 2.6‒4.1 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, equilateral, apex acuminate or acute, margin serrulate, blade pubescent abaxially and on midvein. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.7 cm long, densely lanuginous. Hypanthium densely lanuginous or glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 25‒50, unequal. Styles 4, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or pyriform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, lanuginous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in alpine forests; 2000‒3000 (3900) m a.s.l. Distribution Bhutan, China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India (Sikkim), Nepal and Sri Lanka (Fig. 33). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 54, 68. Note Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. (including Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) N.P.Balakr.) was mistakenly treated as a synonym of Malus sikkimensis by Hassler (2020), but it actually is a synonym of Sorbus corymbifera (Miq.) T.H.Nguyên & Yakovlev according to the original literature and type specimen Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. Linnaea 38 (1): 58 (Wenzig 1874). – Type : INDIA • India orientalis; 1843; Griffith 2077/1; syntype: M[M0213809, M0213776]!; isosyntype: E[E00145673]!, GH[GH00112876, GH00135439]! (Note on the sheet: lectotype, designated by Aldasoro et al. 2004: 57). In addition, because the type Hooker f. & Thomson s.n. of M. sikkimensis cited by Wenzig (1874: 49) still exist, the neotype G. King s.n. designated by Langenfeld (1991: 129) is invalid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Hooker J. D. 1879. Flora of British India Vol. 2 (5). L. Reeve, London.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Hassler M. 2020. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World in the Catalogue of Life. The Catalogue of Life Partnership.","Aldasoro J., Aedo C., Munoz F., Pando F. & Navarro C. 2004. Revision of Sorbus Subgenera Aria and Torminaria (Rosaceae-Maloideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 69: 1 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25027918","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

11. Malus xiaojinensis M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang Figs 29–30 Journal of Southwestern Agricultural College 4: 53‒55, figs 1‒3 (Cheng et al. 1983). Malus baccata var. xiaojinensis (M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 8 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, Xiaojin; Dashuigou, wet hillside; alt. 3000 m; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; N.G.Jiang, M.H.Cheng & Q.Shi 128; lectotype: HWA [HWA00061036]!, here designated; isolectotype: CDBI [CDBI0043871, CDBI0003872]!, PE [PE00964203]!, HWA [HWA00061037]! Examined specimens CHINA – Sichuan • Xiaojin; 7 May 1984; fr, st; Q. Shi et al. 840025; PE [PE00964204] • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; M.H. Chen & N.G. Jiang 128; CDBI, PE • ibid.; 2 Jul. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • ibid.; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • Kangding; 1 Sep. 1982; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 29803; CDBI • ibid.; 3 May 1974; fl; F.Y. Qiu 4406; CDBI • Jinchuan; 2 Jul. 1975; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 9447; CDBI • Heishui; 7 May 1959; fl; Chuanjingzhi Heishui group 1054; PE, SM • ibid.; 30 Jul. 1957; fr; X. Li 73880; PE, IBSC • Lixian; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; S.Y. Chen 5296; NAS, SM • ibid.; 23 Jun.; 1958; fr; M.F. Zhong, T. He & S.Y. Chen 5296; SM • Maerkang; 2 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70352; NAS, IBSC, KUN, PE [PE00964011], SZ • ibid.; 19 May 1957; fl, fr; X. Li 70724; IBSC, NAS, PE, SZ • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1957; fr; Z.Y. Zhang & H.F. Zhou 22649; PE. Description Tree, 8‒12 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6‒2.7 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.7‒7.5 × 2.1‒3.2 cm, oval, oblong or orbicular, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, glabrescent, 3‒5-lobed in sapling and base of mature tree. Inflorescence umbellulate, with 3‒7 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.0‒1.2 × 0.8‒1.0 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm long. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of forests, river banks or gullies; 2600‒3000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Sichuan) (Fig. 29)., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Cheng M. H., Jiang N. G. & Zeng W. G. 1983. A new species of Malus Miller. Journal of Southwestern Agricultural College 4: 53 - 55.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10."]}

15. Malus honanensis Rehder Figs 37–38 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 51 (Rehder 1920). Sinomalus honanensis (Rehder) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Pyrus honanensis (Rehder) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 107 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Henan, Song Xian, Shi-zi-miao (Shih Tze Miao); 26 May 1919; fl; J. Hers 489; type: A [A00026648]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Guoren 16; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1962; fl; Renguo 66; PE. – Gansu • Heshui; 7 Sep. 1990; st; L.P. Liu 77; QYTC • Zhengning; 18 May 1991; fl; L.P. Liu 910029; QYTC • Zhongwan; 15 May 1985; fl; L.P. Liu 151; QYTC • Wenxian; 9 May 2007; fl; Baishuicaiji Team 4570; PE • Wushan; 19 May 1956; fl; Anonymous 00039; PE • Dangchang; 7 Aug. 1951; fr; Z.B. Wang 14743; PE • Kangxian; 16 Jul. 1963; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 16893; PE. – Guizhou • YinKiang; 8 Aug. 1931; fr; Anonymous 51519; IBK. – Hebei • Shexian; 23 May 1979; fl; Anonymous 20842; BNU • ibid.; 15 Jun. 1958; st; K.J. Guan 5455; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; K.J. Guan 5585; PE • Wuan; 13 Sep. 1979; fr; Anonymous 21282; BNU • ibid.; 17 May 1973; fl; K.J. Guan et al. 47; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU225; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU227; PE • Cixian; 22 Jul. 1935; fr; H.F. Zhou 43276; PE. – Henan • Lushi; 11 May 1975; fl; Y.H. Guo 426; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 2005; fr; M. Liu H20195; PE • ibid.; 14 Jul. 1935; fr; K.M. Liou 4761; PE • Xinyang; Jun. 1959; fl; X.H. Wang 347; HENU • ibid.; 3 May 1959; fr; X.H. Wang 342; HENU • Neixiang; 25 Aug. 1982; fr; Institute of Henan Biology Botanical Expedition 056; PE • Luanchuan; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 21104; PE • Tiantanshan; Jul. 1997; fr; Z.H. Xin 049; HENU • Shaoyuan; Jul. 1995; fr; X.M. Fan 0010; HENU • Nanyang; Aug. 1959; fr; S.Y. Wang 13; HENU • Songshan; 24 Apr. 1921; fl, fr; J. Hers 195; AU. – Hunan • Hupingshan; May 1981; fl; Y.C. Fang & X.P. Wang 051; NYA • ibid.; 8 Jun. 1987; st; C.L. Long 87413; CSFI. – Qinghai • Xining; 24 May 1990; st; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5691; HNWP. – Shanxi • Lingchuan; 26 Jul. 1980; fr; S.Y. Bao & S.J. Yan 373; HSIB • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1980; fr; S.Y. Bao & S.J. Yan 54; HSIB • Qinyuan; 20 Sep. 2002; fr; K. Bachtell et al. 043; PE • Yuanqu; 19 May 1960; fl; X.Y. Liu & F. Zhao 20078; PE • Yangcheng; 3 Jun. 1982; fr; T.W. Liu & S.B. Zeng 270; HSIB • Yucheng; 14 May 1957; st; Fenhe Team 226; IBK. – Shaanxi • Zhouzhi; 2 Aug. 2016; fr; Qinling Botanical Expedition-Team 354; NAS • Taibai; 23 Jun. 1958; st; 58- Qinling Team 10064; PE • Taibai; 6 May 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2612; IBK • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1958; st; Z.P. Wei 935; HHBG. – Sichuan • Nanchong; 12 Jun. 1972; fr; Pucha Team 72N-936; SM • Daxian; 23 Aug. 1978; fr; Tongjiangpucha Team 1031; SM • Nanping; 26 May 1979; fr; Pucha Team 0254; SM • Zhaojue; 10 May 1979; fr; Zhaopu Team 0258; SM • Jinyang; 9 May 1959; st; Southwest Normal University Department of Biology 02569; SM. Description Small tree or shrub, 5‒7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina ca 6.4 × 4.6 cm, usually oval, sometimes elliptical, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade lanuginous, densely pubescent on midvein, usually 3‒6-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.8 × 0.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or in valleys; 800‒1000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan) (Fig. 37). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189"]}

16. Malus kansuensis (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. Figs 39–40 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 178 (Schneider 1906a). Pyrus kansuensis Batalin, Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13 (1): 94 (Batalin 1893). – Eriolobus kansuensis C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 726 (Schneider 1906b). – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, septentrianale vallis fl. Honton; 12 Aug. 1885; fr; Potanin s.n.; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 137; isolectotype: K [K000758428]!, PE [PE00020669]! Malus kansuensis f. calva Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 50 (Rehder 1920), syn. nov. – Malus kansuensis var. calva (Rehder) T.C.Ku & Spongberg, Flora of China 9: 186 (Ku & Spongberg 2003). – Type : CHINA • Hubei, Fang Xian; alt. 2300 m (7000 ft); 28 May 1907; fl; E.H. Wilson 264; type: A [A00026651]!, K [K000758430]! Malus komarovii var. funiushanensis S.Y.Wang, Flora Henanensis Vol. 2: 201, fig. 994 (Wang 1988). – Type : CHINA • Henan, Luanchuan, Laojunshan; Anonymous 14080; type: HNAC. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Huangshan; 8 Aug. 1936; fr; P.C. Tsoong s.n.; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 4 Apr. 1960; fl; Dabashan workgroup 00759; CDBI • ibid.; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 101347; CDBI, IBK • ibid.; 1 Jul. 2004; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 640; WUK • Wuxi; 1 Jun. 1962; fl; B.C. Ni Ni 000268; CDBI • ibid.; 25 Aug. 1989; fr; Y.D. Chen et al. 2441; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1958; fr; G.H. Yang 58523; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L.Q. Chen Chuanhua-245; CCAU. – Gansu • Zhouqu; 19 Sep. 1958; fr; Y.Q. He 645; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1998; fr; Bailongjiang Expedition Team 243; PE • Tianshui; 19 Sep. 1951; fr; J.M. Liu 10586; PE • ibid.; 21 May 1963; fl; Q.X. Li 207; PE • Between Yaruku, Yarugomba and Lupassu; Aug. 1925; J.F. Rock 131172; IBSC • Huicheng; 13 Sep. 1958; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 782; IBSC, HIB, NAS • Lintan; 11 Jul. 1957; fl; Taohe Team 3347; IBK, IBSC, KUN • Wenxian; 21 May 2007; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • ibid.; 16 May 2007; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • Ling Tan Shen; 19 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 019; PE. – Henan • Lingbao; 7 Aug. 2014; fr; J.M. Li et al. 140807133; HEAC • ibid.; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 14082; PE • Lushi; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Anonymous 34485; PE • Songxian; 14 Sep. 1960; fr; K.J. Guan & T.L. Dai 2605; PE • Xixia; 18 Jul. 1960; st; K.J. Guan & T.L. Dai 1204; PE • ibid.; 2 Jun. 1959; st; Anonymous 705; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Jun. 1976; fr; E-Shennongjia Botanical Expedition 10427; PE, HIB • ibid.; 9 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980- Sino-American Botanical Expedition 893; NAS • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1980; fr; 1980- Sino-American Botanical Expedition 397; NAS • Badong; 24 Jul. 1957; fl; G.X. Fu & Z.S. Zhang 1049; PE • ibid.; 24 Jul. 1957; fr; M.X. Nie & Q.H. Li 1049; LBG. – Hunan • Qianyang; 7 May 1959; fr; P.X. Tan 60537; IBSC. – Jiangxi • Shangyouxian; 20 Aug. 1971; fr; Jiangxi Team 552; PE • Suichang; 14 May 1970; fr; 236 renwuzu 758; PE. – Ningxia: Liupanshan; 28 Jul. 2012; fr; BNU LPS116; BNU • Longde; 10 Jul. 1942; fr; Z.B. Wang 13102; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 6 Jun. 1981; fl; B.Z. Guo & W.Y. Wang 2506; HNWP • ibid.; 1 Jun. 2004; fl; Y.H. Wu 28184; HNWP. – Shanxi • Xingxian; 31 Aug. 1955; st; Yellow-River Expedition second Team 2194; PE. – Shaanxi • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2466; WUK • ibid.; 28 Jun. 2004; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 425; WUK • Pingli; 22 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2941; WUK • Nangao; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 101347; PE, SZ. – Sichuan • Kangding; 30 May 1930; st; Z.P. Huang 1142; IBSC • ibid.; 21 May 1953; fl; X.L. Jiang 35649; IBK • Pingwu; 31 Jul. 1958; fr; H.L. Tsiang 10940; IBSC • Maerkang; 27 Aug. 1957; fl; X. Li 72299; PE • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2004; fr; C.S. Chang et al. SI0388; PE. – Tibet • Lhasa; 4 Aug. 1970; fr; B.Z. Guo et al. 22270; NAS. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9‒2.6 cm long, pubescent when young, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina ca 4.9‒5.4 × 3.6‒3.9 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous, usually 3-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2‒2.9 cm long, glabrous or pubescent when young then glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 0.7 × 0.5 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous or puberulous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6‒3.6 cm long, glabrous or puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from July to August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests or shrubs; 1500‒3300 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 39). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Batalin A. 1893. Notae de plantis asiaticis XXVII - XLVII. Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13: 91 - 106.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Wang S. Y. 1988. Flora Henanensis Vol. 2. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou."]}

21. Malus ioensis (Alph.Wood) Britton Figs 49–50 An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British possessions Vol. 2: 235, fig. 1980 (Britton & Brown 1897). Pyrus coronaria β ioensis Alph.Wood, A Class-book of Botany (Ed. 1861): 333 (Wood 1861). – Pyrus ioensis (Alph.Wood) J.H.Carruth, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 5: 48 (Carruth 1877). – Pyrus ioensis (Alph.Wood) L.H.Bailey, American Garden 12 (8): 473 (Bailey 1891), nom. Carruth 1877. – Malus coronaria var. ioensis (Alph.Wood) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b). – Malus coronaria subsp. ioensis (Alph.Wood) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 24 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: USA • Missouri, Daviess, near Pattonsburg, thickets, limestone uplands; 14 Jun. 1924; E.J. Palmer 25466; neotype: S, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 153. Malus ioensis var. bushii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 232 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. bushii (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • Missouri, Wayne County, Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6634; lectotype: A [A00026607]!, here designated; isoletotype: A [A00026608]!, GH [GH00026609]!, NY [NY01163652]!, US [US00097444, US00097445]! Malus ioensis var. creniserrata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 231 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. creniserrata (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Louisiana, Rapides, County, Parish, Pineville; 3 Apr. 1885; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026605]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026606]!, NY [NY01163668]! Malus ioensis var. palmeri Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus ioensis var. palmeri (Sarg.) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Missouri, Jasper, Webb City, woods; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E.J. Palmer 1795; lectotype: A [A00026610]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026611, A00026612]!, MO [MO-2217901, MO-2217902]!, NY [NY01163653]! Malus ioensis var. spinosa Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 231 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. spinosa (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus angustifolia var. spinosa (Rehder) C.F.Reed, Phytologia 63 (5): 410 (Reed 1987). – Type: USA • Missouri, Dunklin, Campbell, low woods; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6630; lectotype: A [A00026613]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026614], GH [GH00026615]!, NY [NY1163649]! Malus ioensis var. texana Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142–143 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus ioensis var. texana (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • Texas, Kendall County, Boerne; thicks; 25 Mar. 1911; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A000283735]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A000283736]! Malus ioensis var. typica Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1914: 262 (Rehder 1914), nom. inval. Malus ioensis f. plena Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1914: 262 (Rehder 1914), nom. inval. Malus ioensis f. fimbriata A.D.Slavin, American Midland Naturalist 12 (9): 363 (Slavin 1931). Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • locality unknown; s.d.; st; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861806] • ibid.; st; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861750]. – Indiana: Daviess; s.d.; fl; Anonymous s.n.; GH [01861773] • ibid.; 6 May 1919; fl; Chas. C. Deam No.26, 267; GH. – Iowa • Iowa State College; 24 Jul. 1926; st; A. Haydeu 14143; PE. – Massachusetts • Norfolk; 24 May 1922; fl; N.T. Kidder s.n.; ECON. – Missouri • Wedd; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E.J. Palmer 1795; A • Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6634; GH. – Oklahoma • Vinita; 5 Aug. 1894; st; B.F. Bush 325; A. – Texas • near Boerne; 24 Mar. 1911; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1910; st; S.H. Hastings s.n.; A • Kendall; 27 May 1916; fr; E.J. Palmer 9911; A. – Wisconsin • Richland; 21 Sep. 1988; st; M. Nee 36806; PE. Description Small tree, 6‒8 (10) m high, or shrub, 4‒7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0‒ 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.3‒8.3 × 1.9‒4.6 cm, oblong to ovate, base truncate, cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7‒2.2 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1‒1.5 × 0.7‒1.1 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.1‒2.5 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 100‒300 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 49). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Britton N. L. & Brown A. 1897. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British possessions Vol. 2. C. Scribner, New York. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10850","Wood A. 1861. A Class-book of Botany (Ed. 1861). A. S. Barnes & Burr, New York.","Carruth J. H. 1877. Centennial catalogue of the plants of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 5: 40 - 59.","Bailey L. H. 1891. Notes from a garden herbarium - VI. American Garden 12 (8): 469 - 474.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Rehder A. 1913 b. Malus platycarpa, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 - 232. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Rehder A. 1911 b. Malus lancifolia, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141 - 143. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Reed C. F. 1987. New combinations required for the Flora of Central Eastern United States. Phytologia 63 (5): 409 - 412.","Rehder A. 1914. Einige neuere oder kritische Geholze. Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 257 - 263.","Slavin A. D. 1931. Notes on new forms of Malus and Crataegus. American Midland Naturalist 12 (9): 363 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2419961"]}

20. Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michx. Figs 47–48 Flora Boreali-Americana Vol. 1: 292 (Michaux 1803). Pyrus angustifolia Aiton, Hortus Kewensis Vol. 2: 176 (Aiton 1789). – Pyrus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 41 (Wenzig 1874). – Malus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 9 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Malus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Rehder ex Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 34 (Likhonos 1983), nom. inval. – Type: USA • North Carolina, locality unknown; s.d; Greene s.n.; neotype: K [K000758465]!, here designated. Pyrus malus var. sempervirens Weston, Botanicus Universalis et Hortulanus 1: 230 (Weston 1770), nom. nud. – Malus sempervirens Desf., Tableau de l’École de Botanique du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle: 173 (Desfontaines 1804), nom. nud. Malus angustifolia f. pendula Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 53 (Rehder 1920). – Type: USA • Southeastern US; 25 Jun. 1914; fl; T.G. Harbison 129; holotype: A [A00026578]! Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Delaware • Sussex; 24 Jun. 1943; st; R. McVaugh 6527; NY. – Florida • Leon; 1843; fl; M. Rugel s.n.; K • ibid.; 7 Aug. 1895; fl; G.V. Nash 2366; K. – Georgia • Lumpkia; 18 May 1982; st; X.Q. Chen et al. 817; NAS, PE • Columbia; 1884; st; Anonymous s.n.; P [00380801] • ibid.; Apr. 1945; fl; J.M. Franklin s.n.; P. – Maryland • Carroll; 13 May 1881; fl; J.D. Smith s.n.; P • Worcester; 14 May 1926; fl; C.E. Moldenke 2818; NY • Prince George’s; 7 May 1943; fl; R. McVaugh 6619; NY. – New Jersey • Cape May; 9 Aug. 1914; fl; K.K. Mackenzie 6132; NY. – New York • Ontario; 1 Oct. 1990; st; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1041; PE • Bronx; 24 May 1915; fl; J. Hartling 29851; NY. – North Carolina • Orange; 8 Jun. 1986; fr; Y. Gu et al. 0066; NAS • Buncombe; 27 Apr. 1994; fl; A.B. Russell 1490; PE • locality unknown; s.d.; fl; Greene s.n.; K [000758465]. – Pennsylvania • Allegheny; May 1871; fl; S.W. Knipe s.n.; NY. – South Carolina • Richland; 18 Jul. 2003; fr; J.B. Nelson 23934; W • Oconee; 16 Apr. 1991; fl; Som with Botany 831 Class 121; PE. – Virginia • Bedford; 26 May 1893; st; A.H. Curtiss s.n.; NY. – locality unknown • 1832; fl; Schweinitz s.n.; K • ibid.; 1833; fl; Drummond s.n.; K [000758467]. Description Small tree or shrub, 2‒3 m or 5‒7 (10) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0‒ 1.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 3.6‒4.0 × 1.2‒1.7 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or villus on midvein, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.6‒0.7 cm, pink or white, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink anther. Styles 5, longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from February to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 10‒700 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 47). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 68. Note The specimen K000758465, collected from North Carolina, conforms to the protologues of Aiton (1789: 176) and Michaux (1803: 292). We therefore consider the neotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 152) to be incorrect., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Michaux A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana Vol. 1. Levrault, Paris, Strassburg.","Aiton W. 1789. Hortus Kewensis, or, a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew Vol. 2. George Nicol, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4504","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Likhonos F. D. 1983. Kul'turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14. Leningra.","Weston R. 1770. Botanicus Universalis et Hortulanus 1. J. Bell, London.","Desfontaines R. L. 1804. Tableau de l'Ecole de Botanique du Museum d'Histoire naturelle. J. A. Brosson, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13828","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

10. Malus toringoides (Rehder) Hughes, nom. cons. Figs 27–28 Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 6: 205 (Hughes 1920), nom. cons. Malus transitoria var. toringoides Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 286 (Rehder 1915). – Pyrus transitoria var. toringoides (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 155 (Bailey 1916a). – Pyrus toringoides (Rehder) Osborn, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 73: 89, fig. 42 (Osborn 1923). – Sinomalus toringoides (Rehder) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 (Koidzumi 1932). – Type : CHINA • Szechuan, Kangding, west of Tachien-lu; alt. 3300 m; Oct. 1904; E.H. Wilson 1285; holotype: A [A00020423]!; isotype: US[US00097450]! Pyrus bhutanica W.W.Sm., Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 265 (Smith 1911). – Malus bhutanica (W.W.Sm.) J.B.Phipps, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51 (1): 100 (Phipps 1994). – Type : BHUTAN (actually from Tibet, CHINA) • Lalung Gumpa; 27 Jun. 1906; J.C. White s.n.; type: K [K000758452, K000758453]! Examined specimens CHINA – Gansu • Lanzhou; 15 Nov. 1920; fr; Anonymous 6021; P, TIE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; st; J.F. Rock 12478; IBSC • ibid.; Jul. 1925; fr; J.F. Rock 13133; IBSC • Gannan; 9 May 1957; fl; P. Zhang & L.F. Qi 915; PE • Zhengning; 10 Aug. 1991; fr; L.P. Liu 910065; QYTC. – Hunan • Mangshan; 10 Aug. 1957; fr; L.H. 926; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; 28 Jul. 1992; fr; G.X. Liu s.n.; PE [00953998]. – Sichuan • Luhuo; 25 Jun. 1974; fl, fr; Q.S. Zhao, Y.H. Guo & Z.M. Tan 111266; PE • Xikang; 12 Jul. 1951; fr; Y.W. Cui 4349; PE • Aba; 2 Oct. 1957; fr; X. Li 74941; PE, IBSC, KUN, NAS, SZ • Xiaojin; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; X.S. Zhang & Y.X. Ren 6397; PE • Lixian; 13 Jun. 1959; fl; S. Jiang et al. 00773; PE • Xinlong; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 37290; PE • ibid.; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 37284; PE • Maoxian & Lixian; 1952; fl; T. He & Z.L. Zhou 14048; PE • Hongyuan; 24 Aug. 1983; fr; Z.X. Tang 1785; PE • Suining; 2 Aug. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 5838; CDBI. – Tibet • Jiangda; 1 Jun. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 6996; CDBI, PE • Lhasa; 26 May 1975; fl; Qinggan Expedition 75-84; PE • ibid.; 10 Sep. 1965; fr; Y.T. Zhang & K.Y. Lang 2685; PE • Changdu; 7 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Team 7679; PE • ibid.; 19 Sep. 2008; D.C. Zhang et al. ZhangDC-07ZX-1293; KUN • Linzhi; 23 Sep. 2009; fr; H. Sun et al. SunH-07ZX-2546; KUN • Mangkang; 12 Sep. 2008; fr; T. Zhang et al. 08CS650; KUN. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 17 Oct. 1973; fr; S.Y. Hu 13327; IBSC. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8‒2.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.9‒6.8 × 1.5‒3.6 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex obtuse or retuse, margin crenate, blade piliferous, pubescent on midvein, usually 3-lobed or divided, sometimes unlobed. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular or narrow-triangular, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7‒0.9 × 0.5‒0.7 cm, white, obovate, puberulous or glabrous. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, shorter than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes; 1500‒3700 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 27). Chromosome numbers 2n = 31, 34, 51, 54, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Hughes D. K. 1920. Decades Kewenses: Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decas XCVIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 6: 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4118668","Rehder A. 1915. Rosaceae. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Osborn A. 1923. Pyrus toringoides. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 73: 89. Osborn A. 1925. Pyrus yunnanensis. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 78: 227 - 228.","Koidzumi G. 1932. Contributiones ad cognitionem Florae Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00001078742","Smith W. W. 1911. Some additions to the Flora of the Eastern Himalaya. Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 261 - 272.","Phipps J. B. 1994. Malus bhutanica - comb. nov. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51 (1): 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0960428600001748"]}

3. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. Figs 13–14 Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 216 (Roemer 1847). Pyrus sieversii Ledeb., Flora Altaica Vol. 2: 222 (Ledebour 1830). – Type: CHINA • Xinjiang, Tarbagatai, near Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan); s.d.; fr; Dr. Sieverss s.n.; lectotype: LE[LE01053104]!; isolectotype: LE [LE01053105, LE01053106]!, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 171. Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck., Neuheiten-Offerte des National-Arboretums zu Zöschen: 16 (Dieck 1891). – Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck.) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 171 (Langenfeld 1991). Malus hissarica Kudr., Plodovii Shakhrisyabza: 158 (Kudrjaschev 1950). – Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf., Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (Langenfeld 1971), without basionym ref. – Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 24 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61 (7): 998 (Ponomarenko 1976). – Type: UZBEKISTAN • North slopes of the Hissar Range, bass. R. Kashka-Daria. Northern coures of the river. Tankhas, above K. Chopuh; 1 Aug 1937; Kudryashev 1330; holotype: TASH, designated by Langenfelds 1991: 172. Malus chitralensis Vassilcz., Flora Iranica 66: 38. (Browicz et al. 1969). – Malus sieversii var. chitralensis (Vassilcz.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 7 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: PAKISTAN • Chitral, Rumbour; alt. 7500 ft; 8 May 1958; fl; S.A. Bowes Lyon 679; isotype: BM [BM000602198]!, E [E00010842]! Malus sieversii f. cerea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flava Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flavorosea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flavorubens Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. gilva Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. insipida Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. laetevirida Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. media Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. pomacea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. suffusa Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridicerea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridirubra Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridis Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridula Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. xanthella Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus caspiriensis Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 181 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. illeg. – Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis (Langenf.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 8 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: INDIA • Jammu-Kashmir, Sunagai; 9 Aug. 1891; fr.; G.А. Gammi s.n.; holotype: DD, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 181. Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 172 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. longicarpa (В.Bykov) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 172 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. nud. Examined specimens CHINA – Qinghai • Xining; 10 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang 5950; HNWP • ibid.; 8 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5743; HNWP. – Xinjiang • Aletai; 18 Jul. 1964; fr; G.S. Qin 89; PE • Xinyuan; 3 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 1978; PE • ibid.; 21 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 133; PE • ibid.; 23 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 161; PE • Gongliu; 1 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 182; PE • ibid.; 4 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 200; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 18; PE • ibid.; 30 Apr. 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 8; PE • ibid.; 11 Jul. 1965; fl, fr; Wang et al. 2631; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1959; fl; A.R. Li & J.N. Zhu 10302; PE • Yili; 16 Apr. 1963; fl; Xinjiang Institute for Agricultural Sciences s.n.; PE • ibid.; 12 May 1958; fl; S.H. Yang 0142; PE • Huocheng; 23 Jul. 1991; st; Shimizu et al. 135; PE • Suiding; 1 Sep. 1957; fl, fr; K.J. Guan 4146; PE, XJBI • Tulufan; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Lu, Gu & Li 71; PE • Kuerle; 22 May 1959; fr; Xindong 00083; PE • locality unknown; 1974; fl, fr; Y.R. Lin 74847; PE. INDIA – Kashmir • Nurla; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T.N. Liou 5495; PE • ibid.; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T.N. Liou 5499; PE. KYRGYZSTAN – Dzhalal-abad • Aktasch; 25 Sep. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 49; PE • ibid.; 17 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 416; PE • Karavan; 25 Aug. 1945; fl; Lyssova 12; PE • Balyktysai; 17 Oct. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 210; PE • Sarai; 24 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 445; PE. UZBEKISTAN – Tieu-Shan • Chatkal Mt. Chimgan; 16 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17642; KUN • Chofkae Rande Raffasai; 13 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17558; KUN • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17581; KUN. Description Small tree or shrub, 2‒8 m high. Branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.3 × 5.2 cm, elliptical to obovate, base cuneate, usually equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3 cm long, puberulent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular-ovate, densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, obovate. Stamens 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as or longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome solitary, ca 2.5‒4.5 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow-green, red or fuchsia. Carpopodium ca 2.5‒4.0 cm long, puberulent. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forest on slopes, mountaintop or in valleys near rivers; 1000‒2500 m a.s.l. Distribution Central Asia, including China (Qinghai, Xinjiang), Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan (Fig. 13). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Ledebour C. F. 1830. Flora Altaica Vol. 2. G. Reimeri, Berolini [Berlin]. Leveille A. A. H. 1908. Nouvelles rosacees et rubiacees chinoises. Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 55: 55 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1908.10831336","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Dieck G. 1891. Neuheiten-Offerte des National-Arboretums zu Zoschen. Ehrhadt Karras, Halle, Germany.","Kudrjaschev S. N. 1950. Plodovii Shakhrisyabza 1: 158.","Langenfeld V. T. 1971. Wild apples. Daildarznieciba 8: 15.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1976. Does the species Malus hissarica Kudr. exist? Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61 (7): 993 - 998.","Browicz K., Frohner S., Nordborg G., Riedl H., Schiman-Czeika H., Schonbeck-Temesy E., Vassilczenko I. T. & Gilli A. 1969. Rosaceae I. In: Rechinger K. H. (ed.) Flora Iranica 66: 1 - 217. Naturhistorisches Museums, Wien.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Korovina O. N. & Chernomorskaya N. M. 1978. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. in the Western Tien Shan. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 - 17."]}

7. Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Figs 21–22 Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed .: Malus no. 1 (Miller 1768). Pyrus malus var. sylvestris L., Species Plantarum Vol. 1: 479 (Linnaeus 1753). – Malus communis var. sylvestris (L.) Desf., Histoire des Arbres et Arbrisseaux Vol. 2: 140 (Desfontaines 1809), nom. illeg. – Malus sylvestris Moench, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis Vol. 2: 682 (Moench 1794, non Miller 1768), nom. illeg. – Pyrus sylvestris Gray, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants Vol. 2: 562 (Gray 1821). – Type: SWEDEN • Uppsala, locality unknown; s.d.; Linnaeus s.n.; lectotype: LINN [LINN-897.3]!, here designated. Malus acerba Mérat, Nouvelle Flore des Environs de Paris Vol. 1: 187 (Mérat 1812) [Malus acerta Mérat, spelling variant], nom. inval. – Pyrus acerba DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 635 (de Candolle 1825). – Type: FRANCE • Ile-de-France, Fontainebleau Forest; fl, fr; s.d.; Mérat s.n.; lectotype: P [P04345284]!, here designated. Malus sylvestris var. microphylla Browicz, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 31 (2): 323 (Browicz 1972a). – Type: TURKEY • Sulucre, about 30 km, NW of Ama Forest remnants, grey soil, alt. 630 m; 10 Jul. 1963; M. Zohary 10413; holotype: E [E00326781], photo! Malus bulgarica Dimitrov, Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 33 (31‒33), figs 1‒2 (Dimitrov 1980), nom. inval. – Malus sylvestris var. bulgarica (Dimitrov) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 6 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. Malus rhodopaea Dimitrov, Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 36 (34‒36), figs 3‒4 (Dimitrov 1980), nom. inval. – Malus sylvestris var. rhodopaea (Dimitrov) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 6 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. Examined specimens AUSTRIA – locality unknown; s.d.; fl; A. Keraer 2438; PE. BELGIUM – Namur • Between Yvoir and Godinne; 10 Oct. 1979; fr; D.K. Ferguson 1168; PE • ibid.; 18 May 1979; fl; D.K. Ferguson 1145; PE. DENMARK – Silkeborg • Gjessø; 4 Jun. 1980; fl; I. Nielsen, P. Bro Christensen, T. Hvid & L.B. Petersen 851; PE, IBSC. – Århus • Søby Fredskov; 28 May 1978; fl; P. Frost-Olsen 24, 1504; PE, IBSC, NAS. FRANCE – 60 Oise • Senlis; 22 May 1926; st; P. Jovet 21503; P • ibid.; 30 Sep. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20306; P • ibid.; 8 Oct. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20303; P • ibid.; 6 Apr. 1926; st; P. Jovet 22359; P. – 75 Paris • 18e arr.; 30 Sep. 1944; st; P. Jovet 75018; P. GERMANY – Thüringen • Kyffhäuser; 7 Sep. 1960; fr; Danert 506; KUN. HUNGARY – Austria inferior • Vindobonensi; s.d.; fl; A. Kerner 2438; PE [01702120]. POLAND – Lesser Poland • Dołęga near Szczurowa; 21 Apr. 2009; fl; J. Żelazny s.n.; PE. UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle, cultivated; 6 Aug. 1999; st; H. Oleari 8986 V99; KUN [KUN0937826]. – New York • Westchester, cultivated; 8 May 1996; fl; J.B. Walker 1874; NY. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒10 m high, rarely 13 m. Branches terete, puberulous or glabrous when young. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.5 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina 6.5 × 4.3 cm, oval to orbicular, base rounded, rarely cuneate, equilateral, apex usually acute, rarely obtuse or retuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 2‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.9 cm long, puberulous at base. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or pink, rarely red or mauve, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome solitary, about 20 g, ca 2.0‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from October to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of mixed forests or broad-leaf forests on south slopes or floodplains. Distribution Austria, Belgium, British Isles, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova (Kishinev), Poland, Russia (Karel’skij peresheyek, Vologda, Perm’, Ufa, Ural’sk, Volgograd), Ukraine (Mariupol), Scandinavian Peninsula, Spain, and Switzerland (Fig. 21). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1768. Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541","Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm].","Desfontaines R. L. 1809. Histoire des Arbres et Arbrisseaux Vol. 2. J. A. Brosson, Paris.","Moench C. 1794. Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis Vol. 2. In officina nova libraria academiae, Marburgi Cattorum [Marburg, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 304","Gray S. F. 1821. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants Vol. 2. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43804","Merat F. V. 1812. Nouvelle Flore des Environs de Paris Vol. 1. Crapelet, Paris.","de Candolle A. P. 1825. Rosaceae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 525 - 639. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Browicz K. 1972 a. Materials for a flora of Turky. XXVI. New taxa of woody Rosaceae. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 31 (2): 321 - 324.","Dimitrov S. G. 1980. New species from the genus Malus Mill. - apple. Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 31 - 33.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10."]}

5. Malus orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz. Figs 17–18 Flora USSR Vol. 9: 362, 492 (Juzepczuk 1939). Malus sylvestris subsp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 4: 158 (Browicz 1972b). – Type: TURKEY • Tekirdag, 3 miles S of Inecik; 30 Jun. 1965; M.J.E Coode & B.M.G Jones 2868; lecotype: E [E00439202]!, here designated. Malus montana Uglitzk., Trudy severo-kavkazskogo Instituta spetsialnykh i tekhnicheskikh Kul’tur 1 (3): 18 (Uglitzkich 1932). – Malus orientalis subsp. montana (Uglitzk.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 23 (Likhonos 1974), without basionym page. – Malus orientalis var. montana Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 179 (Langenfeld 1991), without basionym page. – Malus orientalis var. montana (Uglitzk.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 7 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. illeg. – Type: AZERBAIJAN • Ismailly, inter pagos Baskae et Njudzhi, in silva declivitalis orientalis, alt. сa 1200 m; 22 Aug. 1940; L. Prilipko & G. Gurvitsh. s.n.; type: BAK. Malus orientalis var. subalpina Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60 (1): 58 (Ponomarenko 1975), nom. nud. Examined specimens AFGHANISTAN – Herat • Kuh e Darunta; 11 May 1969; fl; I. Hedge, P. Wendelbo & L. Ekberg W7844; E [E00439227]. ARMENIA – Caucasus • locality unknown; 8 Sep. 1931; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1978; st; Тахтаджян [Tahtadjian] s.n.; MW. – Tsekhadzor • Mt. Tehenis; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Thomas S. Elias 3081; PE. AZERBAIJAN – locality unknown; 4 Aug. 1934; st; ПетрОв [Petrov] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 27 May 1932; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1931; st; ШипчинсКий [Shipchinsky] 355; MW. RUSSIA – Krasnodar Krai & Adygea • locality unknown; 15 Jun. 1959; st; ГрОссет [Grosset] 296; MW. – Moscow • locality unknown; 2 Sep. 1982; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108-3; MW • ibid.; 28 Jun. 1981; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108-14; MW. – Stavropol Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia & Kabardino-Balkaria • locality unknown; 28 Apr. 1966; st; Михеев [Mikheyev] 284; MW. TURKEY – Hakkari • Baskale; 3 Aug. 1954; st; Davis, Polunin 23836; E [E00439224]. – Kastamonu • Seydiler to Kure; 30 Jul. 1962; fr; Davis D38468; E [E00439219]. – Zonguldak • Balikisik; 22 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D37530; E [E00439220] • Eregli; 15 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D37530; E [E00439225]. Description Tree, 8‒15 m high. Branches terete, dark brown or gray; annotinal bud lanuginous, dark brown. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.5‒3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 4.6 × 2.5 cm, oblong to orbicular, base cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate or cuspidate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 0.8‒1.2 cm long, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular, short, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous or with dense tomentum at base, stigma clavate. Pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 1.0‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulent. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys; 1000‒2200 m a.s.l. Distribution Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Ciscaucasia, Georgia (Caucasus), Turkey and Iran (Fig. 17). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Browicz K. 1972 b. Malus Miller. In: Davis P. H., Chamberlain D. F. & Matthews V. A. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 4: 157 - 159. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.","Uglitzkich A. N. 1932. Elements of a technique of morphological identification of wild apple trees. Trudy severo-kavkazskogo Instituta spetsialnykh i tekhnicheskikh Kul'tur 1 (3): 18.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1975. What is Malus pumila Mill.? Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60 (1): 1574 - 1586."]}