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Microfluidic concentration gradient generators (µ-CGGs) have been utilized to identify optimal drug compositions through antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections. Conventional µ-CGGs fabricated via photolithography-based micromachining processes, however, are fundamentally limited to two-dimensional fluidic routing, such that only two distinct antimicrobial drugs can be tested at once. This work addresses this limitation by employing Multijet-3D-printed microchannel networks capable of fluidic routing in three dimensions to generate symmetric multidrug concentration gradients. The three-fluid gradient generation characteristics of the fabricated 3D µ-CGG prototype were quantified through both theoretical simulations and experimental validations. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effects of three highly clinically relevant antibiotic drugs, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin, were evaluated via experimental single-antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pairwise and three-way antibiotic combination drug screening (CDS) studies against model antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria. As such, this 3D µ-CGG platform has great potential to enable expedited combination AST screening for various biomedical and diagnostic applications.

"Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia" by Brigid O'Keeffe is a comprehensive study that challenges the perception of constructed languages like Esperanto as mere hobbies or grandiose schemes. The book explores the history of Esperantism in Russia, from its origins in Zamenhof's early life and Jewish heritage to its fate under Stalin. O'Keeffe argues that Esperanto was seen by early Soviet Esperantists as a means of communication across the diverse peoples of the Russian Empire and as a tool for international socialism. However, the language ultimately faced opposition and persecution under Stalinism, leading to its decline. This book provides valuable insights into the ideas surrounding globalization in the early 20th century and offers a detailed analysis of Esperantism in Revolutionary Russia. [Extracted from the article]

Https://doi.org/10.1093/ced/llad073 Dear Editor, For 95 years, sunscreens have been available to protect the skin from the harsh effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. [Extracted from the article]