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We develop an algorithm to test whether a non-CM elliptic curve $E/\mathbb{Q}$ gives rise to an isolated point of any degree on any modular curve of the form $X_1(N)$. This builds on prior work of Zywina which gives a method for computing the image of the adelic Galois representation associated to $E$. Running this algorithm on all elliptic curves presently in the $L$-functions and Modular Forms Database and the Stein-Watkins Database gives strong evidence for the conjecture that $E$ gives rise to an isolated point on $X_1(N)$ if and only if $j(E)=-140625/8, -9317,$ $351/4$, or $-162677523113838677$., Comment: With an appendix by Maarten Derickx and Mark van Hoeij, to appear in Math. Comp

For a fixed natural number $h$, we prove meromorphic continuation of the two-variable Dirichlet series $\sum_m r_2(m) \sigma_w(m + h) (m + h)^{-s + w}$ to $\mathbb{C}^2$ and use this to obtain asymptotics for $\sum_{m^2 + n^2 \leq X} \sigma_w(m^2 + n^2 + h)$. We approach this continuation through spectral theory. Our results are comparable to earlier work of Bykovskii, who used different methods to study the sums $\sum_{n^2 \leq X} \sigma_w(n^2 + h)$., Comment: 41 pages, including an appendix by Kuan and Huang

We prove the existence of "murmurations" in the family of holomorphic modular forms of level $1$ and weight $k\to\infty$, that is, correlations between their root numbers and Hecke eigenvalues at primes growing in proportion to the analytic conductor. This is the first demonstration of murmurations in an archimedean family., Comment: 30 pages

Let $f(z) = \sum A(n) n^{(k-1)/2} e(nz)$ be a cusp form of weight $k \geq 3$ on $\Gamma_0(N)$ with character $\chi$. By studying a certain shifted convolution sum, we prove that $\sum_{n \leq X} A(n^2+h) = c_{f,h} X + O_{f,h,\epsilon}(X^{\frac{3}{4}+\epsilon})$ for $\epsilon>0$, which improves a result of Blomer from 2008 with error $X^{\frac{6}{7}+\epsilon}$. This includes an appendix due to Raphael S. Steiner, proving stronger bounds for certain spectral averages., Comment: 22 pages, with a 14 page appendix from Raphael S. Steiner. This version corrects a mistake in the previous, where lifts of holomorphic modular forms to Maass forms were omitted; and it has an updated abstract

We study the number of degree $n$ number fields with discriminant bounded by $X$. In this article, we improve an upper bound due to Schmidt on the number of such fields that was previously the best known upper bound for $6 \leq n \leq 94$., Comment: 19 pages; now includes section 3, clarifying relationships between polynomial coefficients, polynomial roots, and etale algebras

We study the properties of certain graphs involving the sums of primes. Their structure largely turns out to relate to the distribution of prime gaps and can be roughly seen in Cram\'er's model as well. We also discuss generalizations to the Gaussian integers., Comment: Preliminary version. The authors expect to add moderate modifications to the style and content. 18 pages, 11 figures

We study sign changes in the sequence $\{ A(n) : n = c^2 + d^2 \}$, where $A(n)$ are the coefficients of a holomorphic cuspidal Hecke eigenform. After proving a variant of an axiomatization for detecting and quantifying sign changes introduced by Meher and Murty, we show that there are at least $X^{\frac{1}{4} - \epsilon}$ sign changes in each interval $[X, 2X]$ for $X \gg 1$. This improves to $X^{\frac{1}{2} - \epsilon}$ many sign changes assuming the Generalized Lindel\"{o}f Hypothesis., Comment: 14 pages

We study two polynomial counting questions in arithmetic statistics via a combination of Fourier analytic and arithmetic methods. First, we obtain new quantitative forms of Hilbert's Irreducibility Theorem for degree $n$ polynomials $f$ with $\mathrm{Gal}(f) \subseteq A_n$. We study this both for monic polynomials and non-monic polynomials. Second, we study lower bounds on the number of degree $n$ monic polynomials with almost prime discriminants, as well as the closely related problem of lower bounds on the number of degree $n$ number fields with almost prime discriminants., Comment: Minor revisions

Modular forms are highly self-symmetric functions studied in number theory, with connections to several areas of mathematics. But they are rarely visualized. We discuss ongoing work to compute and visualize modular forms as 3D surfaces and to use these techniques to make videos flying around the peaks and canyons of these "modular terrains." Our goal is to make beautiful visualizations exposing the symmetries of these functions., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, for Bridges

We study a Dirichlet series in two variables which counts primitive three-term arithmetic progressions of squares. We show that this multiple Dirichlet series has meromorphic continuation to $\mathbb{C}^2$ and use Tauberian methods to obtain counts for arithmetic progressions of squares and rational points on $x^2+y^2=2$., Comment: 32 pages, now revised with referee comments

We examine several currently used techniques for visualizing complex-valued functions applied to modular forms. We plot several examples and study the benefits and limitations of each technique. We then introduce a method of visualization that can take advantage of colormaps in Python's matplotlib library, describe an implementation, and give more examples. Much of this discussion applies to general visualizations of complex-valued functions in the plane., Comment: 20 pages, many figures, after first major set of revisions

We discuss practical and some theoretical aspects of computing a database of classical modular forms in the L-functions and Modular Forms Database (LMFDB)., Comment: 63 pages; minor edits, including a correction to Conjecture 8.5.1

In this article, we discuss whether a single congruent number $t$ can have two (or more) distinct triangles with the same hypotenuse. We also describe and carry out computational experimentation providing evidence that this does not occur., Comment: 15 pages; includes appendix by Brendan Hassett; to appear in Simons Symposia

We produce nontrivial asymptotic estimates for shifted sums of the form $\sum a(h)b(m)c(2m-h)$, in which $a(n),b(n),c(n)$ are un-normalized Fourier coefficients of holomorphic cusp forms. These results are unconditional, but we demonstrate how to strengthen them under the Riemann Hypothesis. As an application, we show that there are infinitely many three term arithmetic progressions $n-h, n, n+h$ such that $a(n-h)a(n)a(n+h) \neq 0$., Comment: 17 pages (now with consistent author naming)

We study the general theory of weighted Dirichlet series and associated summatory functions of their coefficients. We show that any non-real pole leads to oscillatory error terms. This applies even if there are infinitely many non-real poles with the same real part. Further, we consider the case when the non-real poles lie near, but not on, a line. The method of proof is a generalization of classical ideas applied to study the oscillatory behavior of the error term in the prime number theorem., Comment: 7 pages (with minor correction)

The mean value theorem of calculus states that, given a differentiable function $f$ on an interval $[a, b]$, there exists at least one mean value abscissa $c$ such that the slope of the tangent line at $c$ is equal to the slope of the secant line through $(a, f(a))$ and $(b, f(b))$. In this article, we study how the choices of $c$ relate to varying the right endpoint $b$. In particular, we ask: When we can write $c$ as a continuous function of $b$ in some interval? Drawing inspiration from graphed examples, we first investigate this question by proving and using a simplified implicit function theorem. To handle certain edge cases, we then build on this analysis to prove and use a simplified Morse's lemma. Finally, further developing the tools proved so far, we conclude that if $f$ is analytic, then it is always possible to choose mean value abscissae so that $c$ is a continuous function of $b$, at least locally., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, submitted to an expository journal

We introduce a shifted convolution sum that is parametrized by the squarefree natural number $t$. The asymptotic growth of this series depends explicitly on whether or not $t$ is a \emph{congruent number}, an integer that is the area of a rational right triangle. This series presents a new avenue of inquiry for The Congruent Number Problem.

We prove uniform versions of two classical results in analytic number theory. The first is an asymptotic for the number of points of a complete lattice $\Lambda \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ inside the $d$-sphere of radius $R$. In contrast to previous works, we obtain error terms with implied constants depending only on $d$. Secondly, let $\phi(s) = \sum_n a(n) n^{-s}$ be a `well behaved' zeta function. A classical method of Landau yields asymptotics for the partial sums $\sum_{n < X} a(n)$, with power saving error terms. Following an exposition due to Chandrasekharan and Narasimhan, we obtain a version where the implied constants in the error term will depend only on the `shape of the functional equation', implying uniform results for families of zeta functions with the same functional equation.

Let $\alpha, \beta \geq 0$ and $\alpha + \beta < 1$. In this short note, we show that $\liminf_{n \to \infty} p_n^\beta(p_{n+1}^\alpha - p_n^\alpha) = 0$, where $p_n$ is the $n$th prime. This notes an improvement over results of S\'{a}ndor and gives additional evidence towards a conjecture of Andrica. This follows directly from recent results on prime pairs from Maynard, Tao, Zhang., Comment: 4 pages

The Gauss circle problem concerns the difference $P_2(n)$ between the area of a circle of radius $\sqrt{n}$ and the number of lattice points it contains. In this paper, we study the Dirichlet series with coefficients $P_2(n)^2$, and prove that this series has meromorphic continuation to $\mathbb{C}$. Using this series, we prove that the Laplace transform of $P_2(n)^2$ satisfies $\int_0^\infty P_2(t)^2 e^{-t/X} \, dt = C X^{3/2} -X + O(X^{1/2+\epsilon})$, which gives a power-savings improvement to a previous result of Ivic [Ivic1996]. Similarly, we study the meromorphic continuation of the Dirichlet series associated to the correlations $r_2(n+h)r_2(n)$, where $h$ is fixed and $r_2(n)$ denotes the number of representations of $n$ as a sum of two squares. We use this Dirichlet series to prove asymptotics for $\sum_{n \geq 1} r_2(n+h)r_2(n) e^{-n/X}$, and to provide an additional evaluation of the leading coefficient in the asymptotic for $\sum_{n \leq X} r_2(n+h)r_2(n)$., Comment: Incorporate referees' comments

The Gauss Circle Problem concerns finding asymptotics for the number of lattice point lying inside a circle in terms of the radius of the circle. The heuristic that the number of points is very nearly the area of the circle is surprisingly accurate. In this work, we describe two variants of the Gauss Circle problem that exhibit similar characteristics. The first variant concerns sums of Fourier coefficients of $\text{GL}(2)$ cusp forms. These sums behave very similarly to the error term in the Gauss Circle problem. We introduce new Dirichlet series with coefficients that are squares of partial sums of Fourier coefficients of cusp forms. We study the meromorphic properties of these Dirichlet series and use these series to give new perspectives on the mean square of the size of sums of these Fourier coefficients. The second variant concerns the number of lattice points of bounded size on one-sheeted hyperboloids. This problem is very similar to counting the number of lattice points within a spheres of various dimensions, except with the additional constraint of lying on a hyperboloid. It turns out that this problem is equivalent to estimating sums of the shape $\sum r_d(n^2 + h)$, where $r_d(m)$ is the number of representations of $m$ as a sum of $d$ squares. We prove improved smoothed and sharp estimates of the second moment of these sums, yielding improved estimates of the number of lattice points., Comment: PhD Thesis

The generalized Gauss circle problem concerns the lattice point discrepancy of large spheres. We study the Dirichlet series associated to $P_k(n)^2$, where $P_k(n)$ is the discrepancy between the volume of the $k$-dimensional sphere of radius $\sqrt{n}$ and the number of integer lattice points contained in that sphere. We prove asymptotics with improved power-saving error terms for smoothed sums, including $\sum P_k(n)^2 e^{-n/X}$ and the Laplace transform $\int_0^\infty P_k(t)^2 e^{-t/X}dt$, in dimensions $k \geq 3$. We also obtain main terms and power-saving error terms for the sharp sums $\sum_{n \leq X} P_k(n)^2$, along with similar results for the sharp integral $\int_0^X P_3(t)^2 dt$. This includes producing the first power-saving error term in mean square for the dimension-three Gauss circle problem., Comment: Now 36 pages + 7 page appendix. To appear in Forum of Mathematics Sigma

The zeta function of a curve $C$ over a finite field may be expressed in terms of the characteristic polynomial of a unitary matrix $\Theta_C$. We develop and present a new technique to compute the expected value of $\mathrm{Tr}(\Theta_C^n)$ for various moduli spaces of curves of genus $g$ over a fixed finite field in the limit as $g$ is large, generalizing and extending the work of Rudnick and Chinis. This is achieved by using function field zeta functions, explicit formulae, and the densities of prime polynomials with prescribed ramification types at certain places as given by Bucur, David, Feigon, Kaplan, Lal\'in and Wood [BDF$^+$16] and by Zhao. We extend [BDF$^+$16] by describing explicit dependence on the place and give an explicit proof of the Lindel\"{o}f bound for function field Dirichlet $L$-functions $L(1/2 + it, \chi)$. As applications, we compute the one-level density for hyperelliptic curves, cyclic $\ell$-covers, and cubic non-Galois covers., Comment: 24 pages

We investigate functions with the property that for every interval, the slope at the midpoint of the interval is the same as the average slope. More generally, we find functions whose average slopes over intervals are given by the slope at a weighted average of the endpoints of those intervals. This is equivalent to finding functions satisfying a weighted mean value property. In the course of our exploration, we find connections to harmonic functions that prompt us to explore multivariable analogues and the existence of "weighted harmonic functions.", Comment: To appear in American Mathematical Monthly

We extend the axiomatization for detecting and quantifying sign changes of Meher and Murty to sequences of complex numbers. We further generalize this result when the sequence is comprised of the coefficients of an $L$-function. As immediate applications, we prove that there are sign changes in intervals within sequences of coefficients of GL(2) holomorphic cusp forms, GL(2) Maass forms, and GL(3) Maass forms. Building on previous works by the authors, we prove that there are sign changes in intervals within sequences of partial sums of coefficients of GL(2) holomorphic cusp forms and Maass forms.

Let $f$ be a weight $k$ holomorphic cusp form of level one, and let $S_f(n)$ denote the sum of the first $n$ Fourier coefficients of $f$. In analogy with Dirichlet's divisor problem, it is conjectured that $S_f(X) \ll X^{\frac{k-1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \epsilon}$. Understanding and bounding $S_f(X)$ has been a very active area of research. The current best bound for individual $S_f(X)$ is $S_f(X) \ll X^{\frac{k-1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}} (\log X)^{-0.1185}$ from Wu. Chandrasekharan and Narasimhan showed that the Classical Conjecture for $S_f(X)$ holds on average over intervals of length $X$. Jutila improved this result to show that the Classical Conjecture for $S_f(X)$ holds on average over short intervals of length $X^{\frac{3}{4} + \epsilon}$. Building on the results and analytic information about $\sum \lvert S_f(n) \rvert^2 n^{-(s + k - 1)}$ from our recent work, we further improve these results to show that the Classical Conjecture for $S_f(X)$ holds on average over short intervals of length $X^{\frac{2}{3}}(\log X)^{\frac{1}{6}}$., Comment: To Appear in the Journal of Number Theory

Let $f$ and $g$ be weight $k$ holomorphic cusp forms and let $S_f(n)$ and $S_g(n)$ denote the sums of their first $n$ Fourier coefficients. Hafner and Ivic [HI], building on Chandrasekharan and Narasimhan [CN], proved asymptotics for $\sum_{n \leq X} \lvert S_f(n) \rvert^2$ and proved that the Classical Conjecture, that $S_f(X) \ll X^{\frac{k-1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \epsilon}$, holds on average over long intervals. In this paper, we introduce and obtain meromorphic continuations for the Dirichlet series $D(s, S_f \times S_g) = \sum S_f(n)\overline{S_g(n)} n^{-(s+k-1)}$ and $D(s, S_f \times \overline{S_g}) = \sum_n S_f(n)S_g(n) n^{-(s + k - 1)}$. Using these meromorphic continuations, we prove asymptotics for the smoothed second moment sums $\sum S_f(n)\overline{S_g(n)} e^{-n/X}$, proving a smoothed generalization of [HI]. We also attain asymptotics for analogous smoothed second moment sums of normalized Fourier coefficients, proving smoothed generalizations of what would be attainable from [CN]. Our methodology extends to a wide variety of weights and levels, and comparison with [CN] indicates very general cancellation between the Rankin-Selberg $L$-function $L(s, f\times g)$ and shifted convolution sums of the coefficients of $f$ and $g$. In forthcoming works, the authors apply the results of this paper to prove the Classical Conjecture on $\lvert S_f(n) \rvert^2$ is true on short intervals, and to prove sign change results on $\{S_f(n)\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$., Comment: To appear in the Journal of Number Theory