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Background. Cardiomyocytes represent the contractile units of the myocardium, while the maintenance and renewal of the extracellular matrix is a function of fibroblasts. The extracellular matrix provides structural support and mechanical signals for resident cells, and stores biologically active signaling molecules. All cells are subject to changes under the influence of various factors, some of which are induced by macrophages containing CD68 and CD163. The heart is unique in its structure and function, yet it is subject to changes under the influence of various factors. Testosterone plays an important role in the intracellular homeostasis of the heart. Quercetin is an organic substance belonging to the flavonoid family with a wide range of medicinal properties. The purpose of our study was to ascertain the impact of testosterone suppression on immunocompetent heart cells in male rats. The study employed a series of experimental periods, with the introduction of triptorelin and quercetin at varying stages. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 60 sexually mature male rats. The animals were divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 50). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg of active substance per 1 kg of animal weight to modulate central deprivation of luteinising hormone synthesis. We used primary antibodies against CD163 and CD68. Results. The analysis of the count of monocyte-macrophage cells with CD68 receptors after triptorelin administration showed a sharp increase in their number at 1 month of observation. At 3 months, a significant decrease in this indicator was noted in comparison with the previous study period and with the control group. At month 6, a sharp increase in the number of cells with CD68 receptors was detected. At the 9th month of observation, a decrease in the number of monocyte-macrophage cells was noted compared to the control group. At 12 months, the index was significantly lower than in the previous period. Conclusions. The administration of triptorelin causes quantitative and qualitative changes in the population of macrophages in the interstitial space of the heart. The addition of quercetin changes the ratio in macrophage subpopulations, which may serve to develop effective treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cardiomyocytes represent the contractile units of the myocardium, while the maintenance and renewal of the extracellular matrix is a function of fibroblasts. The extracellular matrix provides structural support and mechanical signals for resident cells, and stores biologically active signaling molecules. All cells are subject to changes under the influence of various factors, some of which are induced by macrophages containing CD68 and CD163. The heart is unique in its structure and function, yet it is subject to changes under the influence of various factors. Testosterone plays an important role in the intracellular homeostasis of the heart. Quercetin is an organic substance belonging to the flavonoid family with a wide range of medicinal properties. The purpose of our study was to ascertain the impact of testosterone suppression on immunocompetent heart cells in male rats. The study employed a series of experimental periods, with the introduction of triptorelin and quercetin at varying stages. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 60 sexually mature male rats. The animals were divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 50). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg of active substance per 1 kg of animal weight to modulate central deprivation of luteinising hormone synthesis. We used primary antibodies against CD163 and CD68. Results. The analysis of the count of monocyte-macrophage cells with CD68 receptors after triptorelin administration showed a sharp increase in their number at 1 month of observation. At 3 months, a significant decrease in this indicator was noted in comparison with the previous study period and with the control group. At month 6, a sharp increase in the number of cells with CD68 receptors was detected. At the 9th month of observation, a decrease in the number of monocyte-macrophage cells was noted compared to the control group. At 12 months, the index was significantly lower than in the previous period. Conclusions. The administration of triptorelin causes quantitative and qualitative changes in the population of macrophages in the interstitial space of the heart. The addition of quercetin changes the ratio in macrophage subpopulations, which may serve to develop effective treatments.

The naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a unique model mammal in which to study socially induced inhibition of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Naked mole‐rat groups exhibit a high degree of reproductive bias in which breeding is restricted to one female (the queen) and one male, with subordinate non‐breeding colony members rarely, if ever, having the opportunity to reproduce due to a dysfunctional HPG axis. It is posited that aggression directed at subordinates by the queen suppresses reproduction in these subordinates, yet the underlying physiological mechanisms causing this dysfunction are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the possible factors contributing to the dysfunction of the HPG axis in subordinate female naked mole‐rats with a specific focus on the role of ovarian feedback and stress‐related factors such as circulating glucocorticoid and endogenous opioid peptides. The results showed that stress‐related factors appear to not mediate the suppression of reproductive function in subordinate female naked mole rats. Indeed, in some cases, the activation of the stress axis may lead to reproductive activation instead of deactivation. At the same time, the role of ovarian sex steroid feedback in reproductive suppression is likely limited and not clearly delineated. This study highlights the need for detailed studies to elucidate the mechanism of reproductive suppression in this unique model mammalian species which may shed light on, and reveal novel mechanisms, in the social regulation of reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of gonadotropin treatment as an alternative to surgery for adults with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and cryptorchidism. CHH is a condition where there is a deficiency of certain hormones, leading to absent or incomplete puberty. Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, is more common in individuals with CHH. The article presents three case studies of adult males with CHH and persistent cryptorchidism who were successfully treated with gonadotropin therapy. The findings suggest that this treatment can be a safe and effective alternative to surgery for correcting cryptorchidism in young adult males with CHH. Further research is needed to explore this treatment in larger patient groups. [Extracted from the article]

It is suggested that cannabinoids (CBs) may disturb reproduction through action on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons directly or indirectly through intermediates such as prostaglandins. The study aimed to determine the influence of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine – AEA), alone or with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (IND), on GnRH/luteinising hormone (LH) secretion. The purpose of the research was to clarify the role of endocannabinoids and their interaction with prostaglandins in the regulation of reproduction at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary in anoestrous sheep. The study was performed on 24 anoestrous ewes divided into four experimental groups: a control group receiving i.c.v. injection of Ringer–Locke solution, an AEA group that received i.c.v. injection of 30 μM of AEA, an IND group receiving i.c.v. injection of 5 μM of IND and an AEA + IND group that received i.c.v. injections of 30 μM of AEA and 5 μM of IND. Anandamide stimulated GnRH protein and gene expression in the median eminence and protein expression in the preoptic area without influencing GnRH messenger RNA (mRNA) in this structure. Indomethacin reversed the changes in GnRH secretion after AEA administration. It was also found that AEA stimulated LH mRNA in the pituitary without influencing LH release. Our results support the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the regulation of reproductive processes at the central nervous system level. They may act directly on the hypothalamic GnRH neurons or indirectly through intermediates such as prostaglandins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to severe physical disability andneurological defects. Sexual dysfunction and infertility in patients with MS have often been neglected in previousstudies. Aerobic exercise is suggested to improve circulating testosterone levels and sexual function. Therefore,the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on sex hormone levels in a cuprizone ratmodel of MS.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male rats (aged 70 days, 154.55 ± 18.1 g) were randomlydivided into five groups: MS, exercise-MS (EX-MS), MS-EX, EX-MS-EX, and normal control (control). MS wasinduced by feeding cuprizone pellets (0.2%) to the rats for six weeks. The exercise groups performed an aerobicexercise protocol on a treadmill five days/week for six weeks before and during the induction of the MS model.Serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinising hormone (LH) levels were measured usingthe ELISA method with standard kits (ZellBio Germany). Luxol fast blue staining (LFB) of the corpora collosawere performed.Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH in the MS groupscompared to the control group (P

Background: Central nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to severe physical disability and neurological defects. Sexual dysfunction and infertility in patients with MS have often been neglected in previous studies. Aerobic exercise is suggested to improve circulating testosterone levels and sexual function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on sex hormone levels in a cuprizone rat model of MS. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male rats (aged 70 days, 154.55 ± 18.1 g) were randomly divided into five groups: MS, exercise-MS (EX-MS), MS-EX, EX-MS-EX, and normal control (control). MS was induced by feeding cuprizone pellets (0.2%) to the rats for six weeks. The exercise groups performed an aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill five days/week for six weeks before and during the induction of the MS model. Serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinising hormone (LH) levels were measured using the ELISA method with standard kits (ZellBio Germany). Luxol fast blue staining (LFB) of the corpora collosa were performed. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH in the MS groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH in the EX-MS-EX, and EX-MS groups compared to the MS group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise could improve the level of sex hormones in the cuprizone rat model of MS and may be used to attenuate sexual dysfunction in patients with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In mammals reproduction is regulated by many factors, among others by the peptides belonging to the RFamide peptide family. However, the knowledge concerning on the impact of recently identified member of this family (QRFP43) on the modulation of the gonadotrophic axis activity is still not fully understood and current research results are ambiguous. In the present study we tested the in vivo effect of QRFP43 on the secretory activity of the gonadotrophic axis at the hypothalamic-pituitary level in Polish Merino sheep. The animals (n = 48) were randomly divided into three experimental groups: controls receiving an icv infusion of Ringer-Locke solution, group receiving icv infusion of QRFP43 at 10 μg per day and 50 μg per day. All sheep received four 50 min icv infusions at 30 min intervals, on each of three consecutive days. Hypothalamic and pituitaries were collected and secured for further immunohistochemical and molecular biological analysis. In addition, during the experiment a blood samples have been collected for subsequent RIA determinations. QRFP43 was found to downregulate Kiss mRNA expression in the MBH and reduce the level of IR material in ME. This resulted in a reduction of GnRH IR material in the ME. QRFP43 increased plasma FSH levels while decreasing LH levels. Our findings indicate that QRFP43 inhibits the activity of the gonadotropic axis in the ovine at the level of the hypothalamus and may represent another neuromodulator of reproductive processes in animals.

Objective Controlled ovarian stimulation leads to profound changes in the endocrine characteristics of the ovarian cycle. Serum luteinising hormone (LH) levels on the day of trigger have been shown to correlate with oocyte quality and pregnancy rate in antagonist cycles. Methods This is an observational study of 86 women undergoing an antagonist in-vitro fertilisation cycle. Oocyte maturation trigger used was either Inj. human chorionic gonadotropin or Inj. triptorelin 0.2 mg s/c or a combination of both. Women were categorised into four groups based on serum LH levels on the day of trigger i.e., LH ≤0.5 (n=8), LH=0.6–1.0 international units (IU)/L (n=12), LH=1.0–1.5 IU/L (n=13), and LH >1.6 IU/L (n=53) and the subgroup analysis was done based on type of trigger used. Results Mature oocyte (MII) retrieval rate did not show a significant relation with serum LH levels (87%, 89%, 77%, and 76% in groups with LH 1.5 IU/L respectively; P-value=0.243). There was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate either when women were split according to the type of trigger given or according to trigger day LH levels. Women with low LH levels (

In mammals reproduction is regulated by many factors, among others by the peptides belonging to the RFamide peptide family. However, the knowledge concerning on the impact of recently identified member of this family (QRFP43) on the modulation of the gonadotrophic axis activity is still not fully understood and current research results are ambiguous. In the present study we tested the in vivo effect of QRFP43 on the secretory activity of the gonadotrophic axis at the hypothalamic-pituitary level in Polish Merino sheep. The animals (n = 48) were randomly divided into three experimental groups: controls receiving an icv infusion of Ringer-Locke solution, group receiving icv infusion of QRFP43 at 10 μg per day and 50 μg per day. All sheep received four 50 min icv infusions at 30 min intervals, on each of three consecutive days. Hypothalamic and pituitaries were collected and secured for further immunohistochemical and molecular biological analysis. In addition, during the experiment a blood samples have been collected for subsequent RIA determinations. QRFP43 was found to downregulate Kiss mRNA expression in the MBH and reduce the level of IR material in ME. This resulted in a reduction of GnRH IR material in the ME. QRFP43 increased plasma FSH levels while decreasing LH levels. Our findings indicate that QRFP43 inhibits the activity of the gonadotropic axis in the ovine at the level of the hypothalamus and may represent another neuromodulator of reproductive processes in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Serum luteinising hormone (LH) concentration has been reported to be lower in girls with overweight and obesity (OW/OB) as compared with girls with normal weight (NW). This study aimed to evaluate peak serum LH concentration during gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) test in girls with OW/OB and NW who had central precocious puberty (CPP) and to determine peak serum LH cut‐off for diagnosing CPP in girls with OW/OB. Design, Patients and Measurements: Medical records of 971 girls with premature breast development who underwent subcutaneous GnRHa (100 µg of triptorelin acetate) test were reviewed. All girls were classified as either CPP or premature thelarche. All of them were further classified into two groups according to their body mass index as NW and OW/OB groups for each Tanner stage. Results: There were 634 and 337 girls in NW and OW/OB groups, respectively. CPP was diagnosed in 600 girls (249 had Tanner stage II and 351 had Tanner stage III). There were no differences in peak serum LH concentrations between CPP girls with NW and OW/OB. Peak serum LH cut‐off of 5 IU/L (the current widely used cut‐off) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 75% and 90%, respectively in NW group. Peak serum LH cut‐off for CPP diagnosis was lower at 4 IU/L in the OW/OB group with greater sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 93%, respectively. The results were reproducible for each Tanner stage of breasts. Conclusion: Lower peak serum LH cut‐off to 4 IU/L for diagnosing CPP in girls with OW/OB should be considered to avoid underdiagnosis of the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bone mineral density (BMD) is typically reduced in patients with female athlete triad (FAT) and anorexia nervosa (AN). However, bone health in most patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA), who may not suffer from severe energy deficiency, has not received adequate attention in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate BMD and its association with clinical and endocrine features in individuals with FHA and to provide clinical evidence for improving bone loss and preventing osteoporosis in FHA. Design: To assess the bone status of patients with FHA and investigate its association with various clinical and endocrinological characteristics. Patients: We retrospectively analysed 80 patients with FHA who attended the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2022 to March 2023. Measurements: The levels of reproductive hormones, including luteinising hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone, oestradiol (E2) and total testosterone (TT), were examined at the time of initial diagnosis, and a body composition analyser was used to measure body fat percentage (BF%), lean body mass (LBM) and segmental muscle/fat. Dual‐emission X‐ray absorptiometry was used to measure lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD in patients with FHA, and the Z score was calculated. Results: The study cohort consisted of 80 female patients with FHA. The average age of the patients was 24.64 ± 6.02 years, and their body mass index (BMI) was 19.47 ± 2.86 kg/m2. The duration of weight loss was 12 (6, 24) months, while the duration of oligo/amenorrhoea was 12 (4.5, 24) months. The mean degree of weight loss was 18.39 ± 9.53%. Low BMD were present in 15% of patients with FHA at the lumbar spine and/or femoral neck; 12.5% and 10% had low bone mass at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively. The low bone mass group experienced a longer period of weight loss than the normal group [24 (16.5, 60) vs. 12 (4.5, 24) months, p =.037]. In addition, the abnormal group had a lower BMR (basal metabolic rate, BMR) [1158 ± 85 vs. 1231 ± 91 kcal/day, p =.011] and lower bone mineral content [2.15 ± 0.26 vs. 2.43 ± 0.31 kg, p =.009] than the normal group. Both LBMD and femoral neck BMD (Fn BMD) were positively correlated with BMI, BF%, LBM, and regional muscle/fat mass (all p <.05). There was also a positive correlation between LBMD and basal LH levels (p =.009) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (p =.034), whereas Fn BMD was positively correlated with TT levels (p =.029). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that LBM was positively associated with LBMD (β =.007, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.004–0.009, p <.001), while trunk muscle mass was positively associated with Fn BMD (β =.046, 95% CI = 0.013–0.080, p =.008). Conclusion: Fifteen percent of the patients with FHA exhibited low bone mass, a condition associated with prolonged weight loss. The basal LH and TT levels showed positive correlations with LBMD and Fn BMD, respectively. Meanwhile, BMR levels, BMI, BF%, and muscle mass were all positively correlated with LBMD and Fn BMD. Clinically, we should be attentive to suboptimal bone health in patients with FHA and take early screening, diagnosis and intervention measures, especially appropriate muscle mass gain, to prevent the onset of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific relevance. The biological activity of medicinal products may vary depending on the method of production (i.e. biological or recombinant products). The widening variety of gonadotrophin preparations, the diversity of their production methods, and the irreplaceability of biological activity bioassays with physicochemical tests require improvement of animal testing conditions.Aim. This study aimed to determine the biological activity of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in several rat lines, analyse the findings, and select the most optimal testing conditions.Materials and methods. The biological activity was determined using in vivo methods. The comparative analysis used test results obtained over several years in inbred and outbred rats treated with FSH. In all cases, the authors used a three-dose randomised method based on the determination of the biological activity of test samples by comparison with that of the WHO international standard (IS) containing 183 IU of FSH bioactivity and 177 IU of LH bioactivity per ampoule (NIBSC code: 10/286). The study included immature female rats, inbred (Wistar-Kyoto or Sprague Dawley) and outbred. Testing conditions depended on the selected rat line, with the main variables being the test dose and the number of animals per group.Results. The authors compared responses of inbred and outbred rats to various doses of the FSH IS and test samples. Given the narrow range of the analytical procedure, Wistar-Kyoto rats showed a relatively weak dose–response relationship. The study demonstrated that the doses and testing duration depended on the sensitivity of the animals. Test results were less variable in inbred rats than in outbred ones. The statistical analysis of the results of FSH bioactivity testing in inbred and outbred rats showed that, with inbred rats, the number of animals could be halved without compromising the validity of the test.Conclusions. The approach proposed in this study provides for testing the biological activity of FSH with fewer experimental animals, improved cost-effectiveness, and the same reliability of results.

Our previous studies showed that microinjection into the median eminence of the sheep of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or its receptor agonist exendin-4 stimulates luteinising hormone (LH) secretion, but it is unknown whether the same effec t may be obtained by systemic administration of the same. The present study measured the response in terms of plasma LH concentrations to intravenous (iv) infusion of exendin-4. A preliminary study showed that infusion of 2 mg exendin-4 into ewes produced a greater LH response in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle than the luteal phase. Accordingly, the main study monitored plasma LH levels in response to either 0.5 mg or 2 mg exendin-4 or vehicle (normal saline) delivered by jugular infusion for 1 h in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Blood samples were collected at 10 min intervals before, during and after infusion. Both doses of exendin-4 increased mean plasma LH concentrations and increased LH peripheral pulse amplitude. There was no effect on inter-pulse interval or timing of the preovulatory LH surge. These doses of exendin-4 did not alter plasma insulin or glucose concentrations. Quantitative PCR of the gastrointestinal tract samples from a population of ewes confirmed the expression of the prepro glucagon gene (GCG). Expression increased aborally and was greatest in the rectum. It is concluded that endogenous GLP-1, most likely derived from the hindgut, may act systemically to stimulate LH secretion. The present data suggest that this effec t may be obtained with levels of agonist that are lower than those functioning as an incretin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Medical castration is the most frequent form of androgen deprivation therapy given as primary treatment for hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) and as neo-adjuvant treatment in radiation therapy for intermediate and high-risk localised and locally advanced PCa. PCa guidelines recommend determining serum testosterone levels during castration to assess its efficacy and define castration resistance. Some studies suggest other biochemical serum compounds may assess the effectiveness of castration, such as free testosterone and luteinising hormone (LH). This systematic review aims to analyse the current evidence of biochemical candidates to properly assess medical castration efficacy. We found low-quality evidence supporting the current method to measure serum testosterone during medical castration. All reported studies used immunoassays to quantify the serum testosterone levels of men undergoing medical castration instead of the appropriate liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) to measure low testosterone concentrations. Longitudinal studies are needed to analyse the prognostic value of the serum testosterone measured with LC-MSMS and measure serum-free testosterone or LH. Measuring serum testosterone determination during medical castration is recommended by prostate cancer (PCa) guidelines to assess its efficacy and define castration resistance. It has been suggested that other biochemical compounds, such as free testosterone or luteinising hormone (LH), could also assess castration efficacy. We aimed to analyse the current evidence for serum biochemical compounds that could be appropriate candidates for evaluating medical castration efficacy. A systematic review was conducted after two investigators independently searched the literature in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases published between January 1980 and February 2023. Their searches used the medical subject headings 'prostatic neoplasms', 'testosterone and androgen antagonists', 'gonadotropin-releasing hormone/analogues and derivatives', 'free testosterone', and 'luteinising hormone'. Studies were selected according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria, and their eligibility was based on the Participants, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome strategy. The search was limited to original articles published in English. Among the 6599 initially identified titles, 15 original studies analysing the clinical impact of serum testosterone levels in PCa patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were selected for evidence acquisition. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. All selected studies used immunoassays to measure serum testosterone, although only methods based on liquid or gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are recommended to measure low testosterone concentrations. The reported series were not uniform in clinical stage, ADT types, and the time or number of serum testosterone measurements. Only some studies found low serum testosterone levels (<20 or <32 ng/dL) associated with greater survival free of biochemical progression and castration resistance. We conclude that little current evidence justifies the measurement of serum testosterone during ADT using no appropriate methods. No reported longitudinal studies have examined the clinical impact of serum testosterone measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS), free testosterone, or LH in PCa patients undergoing medical castration. We conclude that well-designed longitudinal studies examining the clinical impact of serum testosterone measured with LC-MSMS, serum-free testosterone, and LH on biochemical progression and castration resistance in PCa patients undergoing neo-adjuvant castration in radiation therapy or continuous castration are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is synthesised by follicle granulosa cells under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone and seems to be necessary for the biological effects of this gonadotrophin. Aims: To determine if luteinising hormone (LH) increases S1P production and if this sphingolipid, either induced by LH or added to culture media, regulates steroidogenesis and cell viability in bovine theca cells. Methods: We used bovine theca cell cultures treated with: S1P (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM; Experiment 1), LH (0, 0.02, 0.2 and 2 ng mL−1; Experiment 2) and LH (0.02 ng mL−1) plus a sphingosine kinase inhibitor (SKI-178; 0, 5 and 10 μM; Experiment 3). Key results: Treatment with S1P did not affect (P > 0.05) theca cell viability or their ability to produce progesterone and testosterone. LH (0.02 ng mL−1) increased (P < 0.05) S1P production, and stimulated the expression of phosphorylated sphingosine kinase-1 (pSPHK1). However, the inhibition of SPHK1, by a specific SPHK1 inhibitor (SKI-178), reduced (P < 0.05) cell viability and progesterone secretion. Additionally, the use of SKI-178 increased theca cell testosterone production (P < 0.05). Conclusions: S1P added to culture media did not affect cell viability or steroid synthesis. However, LH stimulated the production of S1P, by increasing phosphorylation of SPHK1 in theca cells. This intracellular S1P was inhibitory on testosterone production but augmented progesterone and viable cell number. Implications: These results suggest a novel signalling pathway for LH in theca cells and underline the importance of S1P in the regulation of steroid synthesis. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induces directly granulosa cell proliferation and is produced in response to FSH to act as a mediator of its proliferative and survival effects. In this experiment S1P did not modify theca cell viability or steroid production when added to culture media. However, LH increased S1P secretion to mediate theca cell viability and may regulate progesterone and testosterone secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinological disorder characterised by a combination of polycystic ovarian morphology, diverse clinical features, and abnormal biochemical indices that affects women of reproductive age. Aim: To assess the sonographic appearance of ovaries and endometrium in clinically suspected cases of PCOS and to determine the association between the sonographic appearance of ovaries and endometrium with the clinical and hormonal profile of the patient. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 53 female patients in the reproductive age group (18-35 years) who were referred to the Department of Radiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India for pelvic ultrasonography in clinical suspicion of PCOS from September 2020 to September 2022. All patients underwent transabdominal sonography, only married individuals with abdominal obesity underwent transvaginal ultrasonography. Complete biochemical hormonal analysis was performed. Association between volume, size of the ovary, number of follicles, and stromal thickness with hormones like Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinising Hormone (LH), testosterone, prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) was analysed. All continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation and categorical variables as percentages. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age was 25.60±4.09 years and the majority 26 (49.1%) were between 18 to 25 years and presented with menstrual abnormalities. Volume of ovary was ≥10 cc in 41 (93.18%) patients with LH >6.7 IU/mL which was statistically significant (p=0.03) and LH/FSH ratio was >2:1 in 30 patients of which 28 (93.3%) had ovarian volume ≥10 cc which was statistically significant (p=0.03). A number of follicles >12 showed a significant association with LH (p=0.04), LH/FSH (p=0.01), testosterone (p=0.002). Stromal thickness also showed significant association with LH (p=0.018), LH/FSH (p=0.001), testosterone (p=0.04). Conclusion: Predominant patients with PCOS had enlarged ovaries with multiple (>12), small-sized (

Early life microglia are essential for brain development, and developmental disruption in microglial activity may have long-term implications for the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. We and others have previously shown that early life immune activation compromises the long-term potential for reproductive function in females. However, the supportive role of microglia in female reproductive development is still unknown. Here, we examined the long-term programming effects of transient neonatal microglial and monocyte ablation on hypothalamic--pituitary--gonadal (HPG) axis function in female rats. We employed a Cx3cr1-Dtr transgenic Wistar rat model to acutely ablate microglia and monocytes, commencing on either postnatal day (P) 7 or 14, since the development of the HPG axis in female rodents primarily occurs during the first two to three postnatal weeks. After an acutely diminished expression of microglia and monocyte genes in the brain and ovaries, respectively, microglia had repopulated the brain by P21, albeit that cellular complexity was still reduced in both groups at this time. Removal of microglia and monocytes on P7, but not P14 reduced circulating luteinising hormone levels in adulthood and ovarian gonadotropin receptors mRNA. These changes were notably associated with fewer primary and antral follicles in these rats. These data suggest that transient ablation of microglia and monocytes at the start of the second but not the third postnatal week has long-term effects on ovarian health. The findings highlight the important developmental role of a healthy immune system for female potential reproductive capacity and the importance of critical developmental periods to adult ovarian health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suggested explanation for the pituitary-suppressive effects of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation cycles (PPOS) is pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) depletion with progestin exposure during the follicular phase. The GnRH agonist (GnRHa) trigger releases endogenous LH from the pituitary, and if the LH depletion theory is correct, the response to the agonist trigger would be dampened in PPOS cycles. In this study, we compared the performance of the GnRHa trigger after PPOS and GnRH antagonist ovarian stimulation cycles. All women who underwent ovarian stimulation with the GnRH antagonist or flexible PPOS (fPPOS) and received a GnRH agonist trigger were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes included number of metaphase-II (MII) oocytes retrieved per cycle, rates of empty follicle syndrome, maturation, fertilization, blastulation, and cumulative clinical pregnancy per stimulation cycle. During the screening period, there were 166 antagonists and 58 fPPOS cycles triggered with a GnRH agonist. Groups were matched for potential confounders using propensity score matching. Progestin-downregulated cycles had 19% high mature oocyte yield (median: 14 vs. 19 MII oocytes, P = 0.03). Cumulative ongoing pregnancy or live birth rates were estimated after matching for transferred embryo count, and rates were similar between GnRH antagonist and fPPOS group (57.0% vs. 62.1%, P = 0.68). However, the number of remaining blastocysts was higher in the fPPOS group (median: 5.0 vs. 6.0, P < 0.001). LH levels were higher in fPPOS cycles compared to GnRH antagonist cycles up to the trigger day (P < 0.001). After the GnRHa trigger, fPPOS cycles were associated with a steeper LH surge compared with antagonist cycles (P = 0.02). Higher endogenous gonadotropin levels through the stimulation period and an LH surge of higher magnitude following a GnRHa trigger suggest a milder pituitary suppression by fPPOS, which needs to be confirmed in larger samples. It appears that progestins do not deplete pituitary LH reserves and a GnRHa trigger is usable after PPOS in women with high ovarian reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It is widely known that luteinising hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) are integral in the female reproductive lifecycle. Due to the common binding site and similarity in molecular structure, they were previously thought to have overlapping roles. However, with the development of both purified urinary-derived and recombinant gonadotrophins, the individual characteristics of these molecules have begun to be defined. There is evidence to suggest that LH and hCG preferentially activate different signalling cascades and display different receptor-binding kinetics. The data generated on the two molecules have led to an improved understanding of their distinct physiological functions, resulting in a debate among clinicians regarding the most beneficial use of LH- and hCG-containing products for ovarian stimulation (OS) in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Over the past few decades, a number of trials have generated data supporting the use of hCG for OS in ART. Indeed, the data indicated that hCG plays an important role in folliculogenesis, leads to improved endometrial receptivity and is associated with a higher quality of embryos, while presenting a favourable safety profile. These observations support the increased use of hCG as a method to provide LH bioactivity during OS. This review summarises the molecular and functional differences between hCG and LH, and provides an overview of the clinical trial data surrounding the use of products for OS that contain LH bioactivity, examining their individual effect on outcomes such as endometrial receptivity, oocyte yield and embryo quality, as well as key pregnancy outcomes.

A suggested explanation for the pituitary-suppressive effects of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation cycles (PPOS) is pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) depletion with progestin exposure during the follicular phase. The GnRH agonist (GnRHa) trigger releases endogenous LH from the pituitary, and if the LH depletion theory is correct, the response to the agonist trigger would be dampened in PPOS cycles. In this study, we compared the performance of the GnRHa trigger after PPOS and GnRH antagonist ovarian stimulation cycles. All women who underwent ovarian stimulation with the GnRH antagonist or flexible PPOS (fPPOS) and received a GnRH agonist trigger were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes included number of metaphase-II (MII) oocytes retrieved per cycle, rates of empty follicle syndrome, maturation, fertilization, blastulation, and cumulative clinical pregnancy per stimulation cycle. During the screening period, there were 166 antagonists and 58 fPPOS cycles triggered with a GnRH agonist. Groups were matched for potential confounders using propensity score matching. Progestin-downregulated cycles had 19% high mature oocyte yield (median: 14 vs. 19 MII oocytes, P = 0.03). Cumulative ongoing pregnancy or live birth rates were estimated after matching for transferred embryo count, and rates were similar between GnRH antagonist and fPPOS group (57.0% vs. 62.1%, P = 0.68). However, the number of remaining blastocysts was higher in the fPPOS group (median: 5.0 vs. 6.0, P < 0.001). LH levels were higher in fPPOS cycles compared to GnRH antagonist cycles up to the trigger day (P < 0.001). After the GnRHa trigger, fPPOS cycles were associated with a steeper LH surge compared with antagonist cycles (P = 0.02). Higher endogenous gonadotropin levels through the stimulation period and an LH surge of higher magnitude following a GnRHa trigger suggest a milder pituitary suppression by fPPOS, which needs to be confirmed in larger samples. It appears that progestins do not deplete pituitary LH reserves and a GnRHa trigger is usable after PPOS in women with high ovarian reserve.

The aim was to compare granulosa cell's (GCs) apoptosis rate with (group A) or without (group B) luteinising hormone (LH) supplementation in poor ovarian responders (PORs) during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). After oocyte retrieval, the follicular fluid was analysed by cytoflowmetry. Primary outcomes were GCs apoptosis rate in terms of viability, early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis. Secondary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate. The viability was 96.7{IQR: 8} and 83.5{IQR: 20} for groups A and B, respectively (p <.001). Late apoptosis rates were significantly lower in group A (median 1.5, {IQR: 3.1}) than group B (median 9.5, {IQR: 20.6}) (p <.001). Median early apoptosis rates were 1.4 {IQR: 2.9} and 5.2 {IQR: 6.5} for group A and B respectively (p =.04). No significant difference was observed in the clinical pregnancy rate. Although LH seems necessary in PORs to decrease late granulosa apoptosis rates, this does not improve clinical pregnancy rates. What is already known on this subject? LH supplementation during COS has long been an issue in PORs to overcome the rFSH responsiveness due to the LH polymorphism. LH receptors have also been on GCs and their expression increases in preovulatory follicles. GCs apoptosis rates may show the oocyte quality and reproductive potential of oocyte retrieved and the requirement for LH supplementation. What do the results of this study add? The present study shows that LH supplementation during COS for PORs promotes the GC viability and reduces early/late apoptosis rates. Similarly, the number of MII oocytes was significantly higher in the LH regimen group. However, there was no significant difference in terms of clinical pregnancy rates. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The oocyte quality parameters such as higher GC viability and lower GC early/late apoptosis rates verify the LH supplementation in PORs during COS. However, the limited size of this study requires further multi-centre research in a larger cohort of patients. Results obtained with a sensitive and validated method will help clinicians to make better decisions in patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unexpected observation that the long processes of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons not only conducted action potentials, but also operated to integrate afferent information at their distal‐most extent gave rise to the concept of a blended dendritic‐axonal process termed the "dendron". The proximal dendrites of the GnRH neuron function in a conventional manner, receiving synaptic inputs and initiating action potentials that are critical for the surge mode of GnRH secretion. The distal dendrons are regulated by both classical synapses and volume transmission and likely operate using subthreshold electrotonic propagation into the nearby axon terminals in the median eminence. Evidence indicates that neural processing at the distal dendron is responsible for the pulsatile patterning of GnRH secretion. Although the dendron remains unique to the GnRH neuron, data show that it exists in both mice and rats and may be a common feature of mammalian species in which GnRH neuron cell bodies do not migrate into the basal hypothalamus. This review outlines the discovery and function of the dendron as a unique neuronal structure optimised to generate episodic neuronal output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of GnRH antagonists in IVF stimulation protocols shortens controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and reduces the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). However, profound reduction in LH levels has been associated with use of GnRH antagonists. This study aims to determine if LH suppression during GnRH antagonist cycles results in poorer IVF outcomes. This was a prospective pilot longitudinal study where serum LH levels were measured on day 2/3 of the menstrual cycle before COH, 1/2 days following institution of GnRH antagonist and at the day of ovulation trigger. A threshold of LH <0.5 IU/L was used to define profound LH suppression. Data on IVF outcomes was collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate risk factors associated with LH suppression following GnRH antagonist IVF treatment. Ninety-one eligible women were recruited. Women underwent a standard antagonist cycle with Puregon 200u and Ganirelix. No participant had LH <0.5 IU/L prior to GnRH antagonist treatment, and 27 participants (29.7%) had significant LH suppression at either time point. Predictors of profound LH suppression following GnRH antagonist treatment identified (P < 0.20) were age (OR = 0.80, P = 0.013), no previous ovulation induction (OR = 0.26, P = 0.033) and previous GnRH antagonist IVF cycle (OR = 4.32, P = 0.125). Numbers of oocytes, embryos and ongoing pregnancy rates at 12 weeks gestation in patients with and without LH suppression did not differ significantly. We found associations between clinical characteristics and risk of profound LH suppression in women undergoing GnRH antagonist IVF cycles, but no significant differences in IVF and pregnancy outcomes between women with and without significant LH suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trp8Arg polymorphism of the LH beta gene has decreased bioactivity in vivo and previous studies showed conflicting data on the effect of LH beta gene polymorphism on the IVF outcome. In this study, 591 IVF patients were recruited. Patients with the variant allele(s) were the carrier group. In GnRH antagonist cycles, the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the carrier group (18.9%) than in the noncarrier group (37.1%). In long GnRH agonist cycles, the clinical pregnancy rate was comparable between both groups. To clarify the effect of COH protocols, IVF outcomes in the GnRH antagonist and long GnRH agonist protocol groups in carriers were analysed. Among carriers, the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the GnRH antagonist protocol group (18.9%) than in the long GnRH agonist protocol group (45.2%). Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis may contribute to the individualisation of COH protocols for each patient in the future. What is already known on this subject? Trp8Arg polymorphism of the LH beta gene is known to have decreased bioactivity in vivo. Previous studies have demonstrated hypo-sensitivity in the patients with the variant LH beta protein, while other study showed similar carrier frequency between the poor and the normal response group. Whatthe results of this study add? The variant LH beta gene was associated with a lower clinical pregnancy rate in GnRH antagonist cycles but not in long GnRH agonist cycles. Whatthe implicationsareof these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis may contribute to the individualisation of COH protocols for each patient in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Is there an association between serum LH levels prior to progesterone administration and live birth rate (LBR) in artificial frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles?Summary Answer: : Low serum LH levels on the day before progesterone initiation in artificial frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles of ovulatory women are associated with a lower LBR.What Is Known Already: In artificial FET cycles, exogenous oestrogen and progesterone are administered sequentially to mimic the serum hormone pattern similar to the natural cycle. In oestrogen-only phase, the supplemental oestrogen causes thickening of the endometrium and is sometimes accompanied by a rise in serum LH. However, whether the endogenous LH level in artificial FET cycles is related to clinical outcomes remains unclear.Study Design, Size, Duration: A retrospective cohort study including 3469 artificial frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles was conducted at a tertiary-care academic medical centre between February 2014 and January 2020.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: A total of 3469 frozen blastocyst transfer cycles were stratified into four groups based on the quartiles of serum LH level before progesterone initiation: <25th percentile (LH < 8.79 mIU/ml), 25-50th percentile (8.79 ≤ LH ≤ 13.91 mIU/ml), 51-75th percentile (13.91 < LH ≤ 20.75 mIU/ml) and >75th percentile (LH > 20.75 mIU/ml). The serum LH level >75th percentile group was considered as the reference group. Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome or other ovulatory disorders were excluded from the study. We also excluded cycles with an endometrial thickness <7 mm before progesterone initiation and patients with intrauterine adhesions and uterine abnormalities. In order to avoid the interference of BMI, all patients were divided into two categories based on the overweight threshold: BMI <25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2, and the impacts of serum LH levels on LBR were investigated separately. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to adjust for potential confounders. EmpowerStats software and R-project were used to build smooth curve fitting models.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: Compared with the reference group, the implantation rate significantly decreased with low LH levels (<25th percentile) on the day before progesterone initiation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.86; P = 0.001). Accounting for major covariates, low LH levels were associated with a relatively lower LBR (adjusted OR = 0.649; 95% CI, 0.531-0.794; P < 0.001), mainly due to a lower implantation rate, lower clinical pregnancy rate and higher pregnancy loss rate. Moreover, in the patients with BMI <25 kg/m2, low LH was associated with a lower LBR (P < 0.001); while in the overweight subgroup, LBR and LH were not correlated (P = 0.823).Limitations, Reasons For Caution: The main limitation of this study is its retrospective design. Owing to the relatively small number in the overweight group, the results of the overweight subgroup should be interpreted with caution.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The evidence provided in this study shows the importance of serum LH levels on the day before progesterone initiation in patients undergoing artificial FET cycles. Hypothalamic dysfunction may be one of the important causes of a relatively low LH, which is related to impaired pregnancy outcomes. Serum LH levels may be used as one of the clinical indicators to predict pregnancy outcomes.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): No funding and no competing interest were involved in this study.Trial Registration Number: NA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) is a common cause of amenorrhoea, but diagnosis can be challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and biochemical features of FHA, compared to that of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and assess the diagnostic performance of the different parameters for differentiating the two conditions. Design and Patients: This was a retrospective observational study. We analysed clinical and biochemical parameters of women diagnosed with FHA and PCOS following specialist assessment at the reproductive endocrine gynaecology clinic, St Mary's Hospital. Results: Compared with PCOS, women with FHA had significantly lower body mass index (BMI; 20.1 ± 2.9 vs. 31.1 ± 7.8 kg/m2; p<.0001) and a thinner endometrium (3.75 ± 2.23 vs. 6.82 ± 3.32 mm; p<.0001). Women with FHA had significantly lower luteinising hormone (LH; 3.46 ± 7.31 vs. 8.79 ± 4.98 IU/L; p<.0001), and lower LH to follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, estradiol, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and prolactin levels; there was no significant difference in FSH levels. BMI had the greatest predictive performance for FHA (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.93; p<.001), followed by estradiol (AUC: 0.89; p<.001), LH (AUC: 0.88; p<.001) and LH:FSH ratio (AUC: 0.86; p<.001). Conclusions: Our data provides quantification for diagnostic accuracy of clinical parameters to differentiate FHA from PCOS, namely low BMI, estradiol, LH and LH:FSH ratio. These data could help clinicians more reliably diagnose FHA in women with secondary amenorrhoea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to validate a commercially available luteinising hormone (LH) cat ELISA, to determine whether the increases in plasma LH concentration that occur after neutering are maintained throughout cats' lives and if other factors such as calendar seasons in both intact and neutered cats, and neutering age in neutered cats, influence plasma LH concentrations. Methods: Stored plasma samples from client-owned cats were used for the measurement of LH concentrations. Clinical data, including age, sex, age at neutering and medical history, were reviewed. Two populations were included in this study: (1) a senior and geriatric cat population (⩾9 years old), including 18 intact and 18 neutered cats matched for age, sex and month of sample collection; and (2) an adult cat population (2–8 years old), including 45 neutered cats. LH concentrations were measured using a commercially available feline ELISA. Results: Senior and geriatric neutered cats had higher plasma LH concentrations than age-matched intact cats (P <0.001). Calendar season did not influence plasma LH concentrations in the adult (P = 0.727) or senior/geriatric (P = 0.745) cats included in this study. No influence of age at neutering was observed on plasma LH concentrations (P = 0.296). Conclusions and relevance: Neutering causes a significant long-term increase in LH concentrations in cats and further studies are required to determine the consequences on feline health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated whether human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), rather than porcine luteinising hormone (pLH), could induce ovulation in the tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii) after priming with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). pLH is effective, but is more expensive and supply is problematic. On Day 0 pouch young were removed (RPY) and 5 mg kg-1 of bromocriptine mesylate was administered to all non-pregnant wallabies (n = 12) to reactivate an oestrous cycle. On Day 20 RPY each female received 20IU PMSG i.m. and three days later (Day 23 RPY), the Single-Dose group (n = 6) received 500IU of hCG suspended in oil at 0900 hours, and the Multi-Dose group (n = 6) received 500IU of hCG at 0900, 1230 and 1630 hours. From Day 25 to Day 28 RPY copulatory plugs were observed in the Single-Dose (n = 4 of 6; Day 25.3 to 28.3 RPY) and Multi-Dose (n = 5 of 6; Day 25 to 28 RPY) groups. Autopsy on Day 31 RPY revealed that all females had reactivated, and despite all having large preovulatory follicles (4-6 mm) in both ovaries, no ovulations or embryos were observed. We conclude that hCG is not an effective source of exogenous LH for the induction of ovulation in the tammar wallaby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative detection of luteinising hormone (LH) is critical for the study of the physiological mechanism of reproductive function and the assessment of infertility and the clinical treatment of reproductive disorders. However, conventional approaches for LH detection are mostly based on an antibody recognition module with the limitations of sensitivity, simplicity and cost. The development of robust LH sensing methods is therefore highly demanded for facilitating the diagnosis of LH-related diseases. We establish a convenient, amplified and sensitive fluorescent aptamer LH assay based on new target-triggered and cascaded autocatalytic hairpin assembly (C-aCHA) circuit amplification means via initiator sequence replication. Target LH molecules bind the aptamers in the aptamer/initiator duplexes to release the initiator sequences, which trigger CHA formation of DNA three-way junctions (TWJs) and the unfolding of fluorescently quenched signal hairpins to show amplified fluorescence. The TWJs further activate another CHA cycle for the yield of more initiator sequences to form the C-aCHA circuit amplification cycles, which lead to the unfolding of many signal hairpins to exhibit substantially magnified fluorescence recovery for detecting LH down to 8.56 pM in the range from 10 pM to 50 nM. In addition, the monitoring of trace LH in diluted serums by this sensing approach has been also verified. Our LH assay clearly outperforms current existing antibody-based methods and the C-aCHA signal amplification strategy can be easily extended as a robust means for sensitively monitoring various biomolecular markers with simple replacement of the corresponding aptamers for diverse applications. [Display omitted] • A new aptasensor for enzyme-free fluorescent assay of luteinising hormone is reported. • The cascaded autoCHA molecular circuit enables significantly amplified signal output. • The luteinising hormone assay shows a low detection limit and high selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kisspeptin (Kp) and (Arg)(Phe) related peptide 3 (RFRP‐3) are two RF‐amides acting in the hypothalamus to control reproduction. In the past 10 years, it has become clear that, apart from their role in reproductive physiology, both neuropeptides are also involved in the control of food intake, as well as glucose and energy metabolism. To investigate further the neural mechanisms responsible for these metabolic actions, we assessed the effect of acute i.c.v. administration of Kp or RFRP‐3 in ad lib. fed male Wistar rats on feeding behaviour, glucose and energy metabolism, circulating hormones (luteinising hormone, testosterone, insulin and corticosterone) and hypothalamic neuronal activity. Kp increased plasma testosterone levels, had an anorexigenic effect and increased lipid catabolism, as attested by a decreased respiratory exchange ratio (RER). RFRP‐3 also increased plasma testosterone levels but did not modify food intake or energy metabolism. Both RF‐amides increased endogenous glucose production, yet with no change in plasma glucose levels, suggesting that these peptides provoke not only a release of hepatic glucose, but also a change in glucose utilisation. Finally, plasma insulin and corticosterone levels did not change after the RF‐amide treatment. The Kp effects were associated with an increased c‐Fos expression in the median preoptic area and a reduction in pro‐opiomelanocortin immunostaining in the arcuate nucleus. No effects on neuronal activation were found for RFRP‐3. Our results provide further evidence that Kp is not only a very potent hypothalamic activator of reproduction, but also part of the hypothalamic circuit controlling energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between hypogonadism symptoms and the levels of serum hormones are still in debate. To investigate the relationship between hypogonadism symptoms and serum hormones in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese men, this community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted based on a total of 965 ageing men. The ageing males' symptom (AMS) scale, International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaires and related variables were assessed. Blood tests for total testosterone (TT), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and luteinising hormone (LH) were performed. Serum level of free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (Bio‐T) was calculated. The mean age was 56.34 ± 8.85 years. Total AMS score was significantly associated with all five serum hormones (LH: p < 0.001; SHBG: p < 0.001; TT: p =.043; FT: p = 0.007; Bio‐T: p < 0.001). We identified sexual and somatic symptoms were obviously related to five serum hormones, while psychological symptoms seemed to have no association with serum hormones. After adjusting for age and BMI, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that LH had positive correlations with total AMS score, somatic and sexual symptom score (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LH and SHBG had the strongest correlation hypogonadism and might be used as early predictors for symptomatic hypogonadism in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of preoperative hormonal values on varicocelectomy success. A total of 136 patients who underwent varicocelectomy for infertility in our clinic were analysed retrospectively. Improvement in semen quality was defined as >50% increase in post‐operative total motile sperm count (TMSC) in those with preoperative TMSC >5 million and at least 100% increase in those with <5 million. The patients were divided into two groups as benefiting from the treatment (Group A) and no benefits (Group B). The best cut‐off value for follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinising hormone/testosterone ratio (LTR) that can predict varicocelectomy success were 7.01 and 0.016 with an area under the curve of 0.844 and 0.856 respectively. The highest sensitivities and specificities of FSH and LTR were 0.845 and 0.788 and 0.821 and 0.846 respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed FSH (odds ratio [OR]: 3.7; p <.001) and LTR (OR: 5.2; p <.001) as independent predictive factors in predicting varicocelectomy success. Our study demonstrated that low FSH (7.01 IU/L) and LTR (<.016) can be a useful preoperative predictive tool to help identify men who benefit most from varicocelectomy in infertile patients with varicocele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular sperm extraction is a common surgical procedure to retrieve spermatozoa from men with azoospermia which may affect the tissue and cause hypogonadism (Human Reproduction Update, 24, 2018, 442). We aimed to evaluate the acute effect of micro‐TESE on blood total testosterone (TT) and luteinising hormone (LH) levels. Between April 2018 and September 2019, 60 selected NOA (i.e. with normal TT and LH) patients were included in the study. After procedure, blood samples were collected to evaluate the levels of TT and LH at 1st and 24th hour and first week. Values were compared. In addition, patients were divided into two groups according to their body mass index. Mean age of patients was 27.37 ± 4.52 years, and mean of body mass index was 24.49 ± 3.78 kg/m2. Mean TT levels at the 1st hour, 24th hour and the 1st week were 3.81, 3.50 and 3.05 ng/ml respectively. Mean LH levels at the 1st hour, 24th hour and the 1st week were 5.03, 5.15 and 5.46 IU/L respectively. Statistically significant differences between pre‐ and post‐operative 24th hour and 1st week values were detected (p =.001, p <.001 respectively). No statistical differences were found between two BMI's groups. TT decreased in acute period after the procedure, whereas the increase of LH levels was observed after 24th hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Patients with ED were selected from the Department of Urology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. The International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) was used to evaluate the severity of ED. Serum nesfatin‐1 and gonadal hormone levels, including luteinising hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were measured. The IIEF‐5 scores (t = −21.034, p <.001) and nesfatin‐1 levels (t = −7.043, p <.001) in patients with ED were significantly lower than in healthy controls. Moreover, patients with ED showed decreased testosterone levels (t = −3.478, p =.001), whereas there were no significant differences in serum levels of FSH (t = −0.088, p =.930) and LH (t = 1.114, p =.270) between the two groups. Furthermore, positive relationships were found between serum nesfatin‐1 and testosterone concentrations (r =.742, p =.001) and IIEF‐5 scores (r =.395, p =.009) in ED patients. Additionally, based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under curve for nesfatin‐1 was 0.884 with 83.3% sensitivity and 81.4% specificity in discriminating ED patients from healthy controls. The decrease in serum nesfatin‐1 level may be related to testosterone and the severity of ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine basal and gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa)‐stimulated peak luteinising hormone (LH) cut‐offs to diagnose onset of early or normal puberty in girls with each Tanner stage of breast (II and III). Design, Patients and Measurements: A retrospective study of 601 girls with breast onset before 8 years of age who underwent GnRHa test was conducted. Patients were categorized as CPP and premature thelarche. Each group was divided into two subgroups; Tanner II and III. Cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed. Results: In comparison with basal LH cut‐off of 0.3 IU/L, basal LH cut‐off of 0.2 IU/L had comparable specificity (Tanner II: 98.0% vs 94.8%, Tanner III: 98.8% vs 93.8%), but greater sensitivity (Tanner II: 28.3% vs 41.7%, Tanner III: 45.2% vs 59.3%). Specificity of basal LH cut‐off of 0.2 IU/L was not inferior to that of the traditionally used peak LH of 5 IU/L. Using basal LH cut‐off of 0.2 IU/L followed by GnRHa test in girls with negative basal LH was more cost‐saving when compared with using the cut‐off of 0.3 IU/L. Moreover, using basal LH cut‐off of 0.2 IU/L followed by GnRHa test provided a cost reduction when compared with performing GnRHa test in all patients. Conclusions: Basal serum LH cut‐off of 0.2 IU/L could be a simple and cost‐saving tool for initial diagnosis of onset of early or normal puberty in girls with Tanner II and III before proceeding to GnRH testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on plasma levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinising hormone (Lh) are reported for female greater amberjack Seriola dumerili with post‐vitellogenic ovarian oocytes. Five females were implanted with pellets containing GnRHa (600 μg kg−1 body weight), while five other females were injected with saline. All females implanted with GnRHa‐containing pellets ovulated 36–42 h post‐implantation. The GnRHa implants elevated Lh, but not Fsh plasma levels within 42 h of GnRHa administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a patient-side blood test in determining neuter status in female cats. Methods: Residual blood samples from female cats of unknown neuter status that were admitted to four cat adoption centres in the UK were tested for luteinising hormone (LH) using the Witness LH test (Zoetis). A positive LH test result indicated that the cat was neutered. Cats were assessed for evidence of a surgical scar suggestive of prior neutering; if none was found, an exploratory laparotomy was performed to confirm neuter status. The LH test performance was assessed (sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value). Results: Two hundred and thirty-six cats had both LH test and exploratory laparotomy data. The specificity of the test in detecting neutered cats was 100% (95% confidence interval 96.2–99.9) and the sensitivity was 69% (95% confidence interval 59.3–76.8). The prevalence of neutered cats in this sample was 49%. The positive and negative predictive values were 1 and 0.77, respectively. Conclusions and relevance: The Witness LH test correctly detected all unneutered cats and thus there were no false-positive results that incorrectly indicated a cat was neutered. This study therefore suggests that positive LH test results avoid the need to perform surgery to confirm neuter status. This has significant welfare benefits for cats as it provides a lower risk, faster and less traumatic alternative to surgery and, in the shelter setting, it will have a positive impact on the cost, speed of assessment and time to rehoming of cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical sterilisation is a common tool in most of the developed world for combatting the overpopulation of unwanted dogs and eliminating the risk of reproductive diseases in pet dogs. Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the secretion of gonadal steroid hormones, which negatively feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to decrease the secretion of GnRH and LH, respectively. However, in the desexed mammal, there is no negative feedback of LH, which results in supraphysiological circulating concentrations. LH receptors in non-reproductive tissues may induce cell division and stimulate nitric oxide release. With constant activation following gonad removal, these receptors are upregulated, further magnifying the effects of the supraphysiological LH concentrations in non-reproductive tissues. Non-reproductive long-term health complications resulting from canine desexing are discussed, as well as how these effects are mediated by LH receptor activation in non-reproductive target tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adiponectin, a beneficial adipocytokine plays a crucial role that regulates insulin sensitivity and also has a role in the ovulation process. Visceral adiposity adversely affects the reproductive hormone production and ovulation that impacts fertility in reproductive females. Adiponectin may be considered as the vital link between central obesity and insulin resistance that regulates ovulation to occur. Aim: To compare the levels of Adiponectin in insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant infertile women with ovulatory dysfunction and to correlate Adiponectin levels with hormones such as Luteinising Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), insulin and variables like Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SRM Medical College and Research centre, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included 88 married women of reproductive age group between 20 to 40 years attending the infertility clinic. All the participants had a complete physical examination with measurements of weight (Kg), height (m), WC (cm) and HC (cm) to calculate the BMI and WHR. After overnight fasting, blood samples were collected on second or third day of menstrual cycle for estimating LH, FSH, TSH, insulin and Adiponectin levels. Based on HOMA-IR calculation the individuals were categorised as Insulin resistant Group (A) n=48 with HOMAIR ≥2 and non-Insulin resistant Group (B) n=40 with HOMAIR

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of monochromatic light on luteinising hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations, LH and FSH mRNA levels, and mRNA levels of their receptors (LHR and FSHR) in Pigeons (Columba livia). A total of 60 paired adult White King pigeons were randomly divided into four groups; each group was exposed to violet light (VL), green light (GL), red light (RL), or white light for 16 h. Nine paired pigeons from each group were selected for analysis of FSH and LH concentrations and six paired pigeons from each group were selected for analysis of mRNA. The results showed that the concentration of LH in females was lower in the VL group (P<0.05), and in males, it was lower in the VL and GL groups (P<0.05). The concentration of FSH in females was significantly higher in the RL group than in the VL group (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in males (P>0.05). In females, the LH and FSH mRNA levels were relatively high in the pituitary gland, whereas LHR and FSHR mRNA levels were relatively high in the ovary. In males, the LH, LHR, FSH, and FSHR mRNA levels were high in the pituitary gland, whereas their respective mRNA levels were relatively low in the testis. These results suggest that RL has the potential to improve LH and FSH concentrations and mRNA levels, and indicates that RL could promote reproductive performance of pigeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Testosterone is primarily produced by Leydig cells of the mammalian male gonads. The cellular functions of Leydig cells are regulated by the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis, whereas the microRNA (miRNA) changes of LH‐treated Leydig cells are unknown. Mouse TM3 Leydig cells were treated with LH, and deep sequencing showed that 29 miRNAs were significantly different between two groups (fold change of >1.5 or <0.5, p < .05), of which 27 were upregulated and two were downregulated. The differential expression of miR‐29b‐3p, miR‐378b, miR‐193b and miR‐3695 was confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that miRNAs regulated a large number of genes with different functions. Pathway analysis indicated that miRNAs were involved in the Wingless and INT‐1, adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, NF‐kappa B and Toll‐like receptor signalling pathways. Results showed that miRNAs might be involved in the regulation of LH to Leydig cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Males have higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) than females. Sex hormones may be a risk factor. The aim was to determine the levels of sex hormones in male and female patients with HCC and cirrhosis versus controls and its possible relationship with HCC. This study was conducted on 90 subjects divided into 40 patients with HCC, 30 patients with liver cirrhosis and 20 apparently healthy subjects complete blood picture, liver function tests. Determination of AFP levels and hormonal assay of oestrogen, progesterone, total testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH were performed on all subjects. Total testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the two patients groups compared with controls. While oestrogen levels were significantly decreased in the HCC group in comparison with other two groups, prolactin levels were significantly decreased in the HCC group compared with the liver cirrhosis group and increased in the liver cirrhosis group when compared to controls. FSH and LH levels were significantly increased in the HCC group when compared to controls. There is no significant correlation between sex hormones assay and both the size of HCC and degree of cirrhosis in both patient groups. It is concluded that there is no strong relation between sex hormones and HCC when the study was carried out on the levels of sex hormones in patients with HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]