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19. Managing the unknown or the art of preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in workplaces in a context of evolving science, precarious employment, and communication barriers. A qualitative situational analysis in Quebec and Ontario

Author

Côté, Daniel, primary, MacEachen, Ellen, additional, Huynh, Ai-Thuy, additional, León, Amelia, additional, Laberge, Marie, additional, Meyer, Samantha, additional, Majowicz, Shannon, additional, Amoako, Joyceline, additional, Jahangir, Yamin, additional, and Dubé, Jessica, additional

Published
2024
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33. Securite au travail dans les villes : reglementation des permis et dereglementation dans le secteur du taxi

Author

Reid-Musson, Emily, MacEachen, Ellen, Bartel, Emma, Saunders, Ron, Meyer, Samantha, and Bigelow, Philip

Subjects
Property and casualty insurance industry, Deregulation -- Ontario -- Canada, Automobile insurance, Business, general, Business, Economics, Human resources and labor relations, University of Waterloo
Abstract

Plusieurs grandes villes nord-américaines possèdent la juridiction sur les règlements qui déterminent l'emploi et les conditions de santé et de sécurité au travail des chauffeurs indépendants de taxi et de voiturage, comme Uber et Lyft. Cependant, il existe peu de recherche sur les effets de ces politiques et règlements municipaux sur les conditions de santé au travail des chauffeurs de taxi. Au Canada, la plupart d'entre eux sont des travailleurs indépendants et se trouvent, par conséquent, exclus des droits en santé et sécurité au travail, tout comme de l'indemnisation des accidentés. De plus, les régimes municipaux qui allouent les permis de taxi ont récemment été forcés à changer leurs règlements d'allocation à la suite des fortes pressions de nouvelles compagnies offrant des services de hélage électronique, notamment Uber. Notre étude fait partie d'une recherche plus vaste qui porte sur les conditions de santé et de sécurité au travail des chauffeurs de taxi et de voiturage. Nous utilisons une méthode de recherche multidimensionnelle qui vise à établir des liens entre l'expérience quotidienne des chauffeurs, les pratiques des compagnies et les secteurs administratifs qui supervisent les règlements et les lois, entre autres l'allocation des permis, les taxes et les assurances automobiles. Notre analyse se base sur des entrevues de fond avec des chauffeurs, des gestionnaires de taxi et d'Uber, ainsi qu'avec des intervenants-clés dans les sphères gouvernementale, légale et de l'assurance. Nous avons centré notre analyse sur une grande ville canadienne située dans une province où les municipalités administrent le secteur du taxi. Nous identifions les caractéristiques et les impacts de la déréglementation au niveau municipal dans le contexte de la montée des nouveaux services de hélage électronique sur demande. L'article identifie trois aspects de la déréglementation : 1--l'annulation des inspections de véhicules de taxi; 2--l'annulation de la formation obligatoire des chauffeurs de taxi : et 3--la transformation brusque du marché de taxi puisque le nombre de permis de voiturage alloué n'est plus plafonné. Ces changements aggravent les vulnérabilités et les risques reliés au travail des chauffeurs de taxi et de voiturage. Ces risques accrus nécessitent des interventions non seulement au niveau municipal, mais aussi des autorités compétentes aux niveaux provincial et fédéral. MOTS-CLÉS : permis municipaux, santé et sécurité au travail, travailleurs autonomes, taxi, service de hélage électronique, voiturage, Uber, Lyft. Many large North American cities have jurisdiction over licensing rules that shape the employment and health conditions of ride-hail and taxi drivers. Yet, there is a lack of research on the role of licensing agencies relating to the occupational health and safety conditions of taxi work. Based on qualitative research, the paper explores municipal deregulation in the era of on-demand ride-hailing, focusing on a large canadian city. changes to the city's bylaws affected taxi vehicle inspections, mandatory taxi cameras, driver training, and taxi license controls. our analysis argues that regulatory changes put in motion by the city administration, in line with ride-hail company lobbying, have compounded work vulnerabilities and hazards for taxi drivers and extended hazardous conditions to ride-hail drivers. These hazards suggest there should be interventions at a range of levels, actors and agencies, rather than solely by city licensing officials. Many large cities in North America have jurisdiction over licensing rules that shape the employment and health conditions of ride-hail and taxi drivers. Yet there is a lack of research on the role of licensing agencies relating to the occupational health and safety (OHS) of taxi drivers. Most taxi and ride-hail drivers in Canada are self-employed workers and are, by default, exempt from OHS and worker compensation laws. Additionally, municipal licensing regimes in Canada and the US have undergone various changes as a result of pressures from new platform-based ride-hail services, like Uber and Lyft. The analysis is part of a larger study on the health and safety conditions faced by ride-hail drivers. The research approach adopted a multi-level sampling and analysis strategy with the aim of connecting taxi drivers' everyday work experiences to company and sector practices, and with various regulatory arenas, including municipal licensing, taxation and car insurance. In this paper, the analysis draws from in-depth interviews at these different levels: with taxi and ride-hail drivers, with taxi and ride-hail managers, and with key informants in government, law, insurance, tax and elsewhere. The paper identifies features and impacts of municipal deregulation in the era of on-demand taxi services, focusing on a large Canadian city in a province where municipal authorities regulate the vehicle-for-hire sector. The research identified regulatory changes that included removing centralized taxi vehicle inspections, cancelling mandatory driver training, and instigating rapid changes to competition in the taxi workforce by issuing unlimited numbers of ride-hail licenses. Our analysis indicates that regulatory changes adopted by the city administration have compounded work vulnerabilities and hazards for taxi drivers, while extending hazardous conditions to ride-hail drivers. These hazards suggest the need for interventions at a range of levels, actors and agencies, rather than solely by city licensing officials. KEYWORDS: municipal licensing, occupational health and safety, self-employment, taxi, ride-hail, Uber, Lyft., Occupational Safety and the City: Licensing Regulation and Deregulation in the Taxi Sector Introduction Driving a taxi has historically been one of the most dangerous occupations in Canada and the [...]

Published
2020

37. Perceptions of COVID-19 related risks by platform-based couriers: An analysis of user comment threads on Reddit.

Author

Meyer, Samantha B., Rotolo, Bobbi, Majowicz, Shannon, Amoako, Joyceline, Crouch, Meghan, Hopwood, Pamela, Jahangir, Yamin T., and MacEachen, Ellen

Subjects
EMPLOYEE attitudes, COVID-19, ATTITUDE (Psychology), SOCIAL media, BLUE collar workers, PUBLIC health, OCCUPATIONAL exposure, RISK perception, QUALITATIVE research, POSTAL service, PSYCHOSOCIAL factors, RESEARCH funding, INFECTIOUS disease transmission, THEMATIC analysis, INDUSTRIAL hygiene, COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic increased demand for app-based platform-based couriers, creating job opportunities for individuals who have lost income because of COVID-19. Through various stages of lockdown, courier workers (e.g., delivering for Uber Eats, Amazon Flex, and Lyft) provide an essential service. At the same time, this form of work poses risks for exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus as these workers are highly mobile and in contact with many individuals. OBJECTIVE: To explore how platform-based couriers discuss risks associated with their work during periods of high (first wave, second wave, third wave/rise in concerns regarding variants) and low risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021. METHODS: We provide a narrative analysis of user posts (n = 2,866) on Reddit during periods of interest. RESULTS: Our analysis resulted in three central findings. First, we identified changing patterns in discourse as the pandemic went on. Second, we found that the theme of risk prevailed largely in the first wave, with dialogue dominated by tips and asking for advice about how to manage risk. Third, our findings reveal a growing polarization among users during the latter phases of the study. CONCLUSION: Polarization largely focused on acceptance (or not) of public health measures and the nature of their work as independent contractors and the role/responsibility of courier companies to offer protection. Our study is the first to document risks, from the perspectives of anonymous couriers who may be unwilling to share their honest opinions and thoughts through primary data collection where anonymity is not guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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44. The work disability trap: manifestations, causes and consequences of a policy paradox.

Author

Ståhl, Christian, De Wispelaere, Jurgen, and MacEachen, Ellen

Subjects
EMPLOYMENT of people with disabilities, ETHICS, RISK assessment, SOCIAL security, INCOME, PARADIGMS (Social sciences), SOCIAL isolation, GOVERNMENT policy, WAGES, INDUSTRIAL hygiene, EMPLOYMENT reentry, JOB performance, POVERTY, HEALTH promotion
Abstract

This article focuses on the risk that work disability policies lock people into work disability rather than promote durable health and return to work. We outline the concept of a work disability trap as a heuristic device to explore this policy paradox inherent in the design of most social insurance systems. This is a conceptual paper drawing on examples from existing research. We identify three manifestations of the disability trap: not overcoming disability; underperforming; and returning to work prematurely. The causes of these manifestations are identified as structural rather than based on malingering clients, while negative consequences are identified both on client and system levels. We emphasize the need for systems built on trust and reasonable expectations, and the need for providing rehabilitation support independently of economic compensation. Universal basic income is introduced as a potential tool to ameliorate some of the consequences of the disability trap. Compensation systems focusing too prominently on early return to work may have counter-productive effects on rehabilitation. Overly suspicious assessment systems nurture a view of people as malingerers. Rehabilitation professionals need to be attentive to system-generated effects which may prevent overcoming work disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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45. Disentangling assumptions: refugee women's access to and use of social assistance in Canada.

Author

Senthanar, Sonja and MacEachen, Ellen

Subjects
*WOMEN refugees, *PRECARIOUS employment, *SOCIAL skills, *SOCIAL adjustment, *PUBLIC welfare, *ADULTS
Abstract

Refugee women are often unable to secure meaningful employment on arrival to Canada. As a result, the uptake of social assistance is common among new arrivals as a temporary provision of income whilst attending programs or upgrading skills. This study explored the factors that contribute to the use of social assistance among refugee women with a focus on the women's views and experience with the current welfare state as a tool for social protection. A modified grounded theory analysis guided our study which consisted of interviews with 20 recent refugee women and 9 settlement agency staff. The women described issues with the design and administration of social assistance which, at times, did not align with their needs. Some contrasted the conundrum of working in precarious jobs and receiving reduced social assistance payments as a consequence. Findings question prior assumptions on the use of social assistance among refugee groups. In particular, the refugee women appeared eager to work but were not afforded the same opportunities as other immigrant groups suggesting the need for social assistance schemes to adapt to the particular circumstances of refugee women to facilitate employment integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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46. Laws, Policies, and Collective Agreements Protecting Low-wage and Digital Platform Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

MacEachen, Ellen, primary, de Rijk, Angelique, additional, Dyreborg, Johnny, additional, Fassier, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Fletcher, Michael, additional, Hopwood, Pamela, additional, Koivusalo, Meri, additional, Majowicz, Shannon, additional, Meyer, Samantha, additional, Ståhl, Christian, additional, and Welti, Felix, additional

Published
2022
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48. Evaluation of a Student-Older Adult Telephone Befriending Program to Reduce Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Evaluation

Author

Ahuja, Manan, Lewis, Kaitlin, Kim, Leanne, Owais, Sawayra, Compagnone, Jordana, Fallico, Laura, Fishbein, Francine, Stefanova, Isabella, Xu, Kai Man, Boulos, Mary, Gui, Shannon, Basu, Monisha, Cooper, Tracy, Kay, Kelly, Hogan, David B., Morais, José A., Molnar, Frank, Lam, Robert E., Borrie, Michael J., Koerber, Raphaelle, Vaccarello, Linh, Ho, Allan, MacKay, Scott, Ebert, Patricia, Harbridge, Cathy, Hogan, David, Mukharyamova, Alfiya, Foster, Nicoda, Wang, Irene, Kabitsis, Pauline P., Hamelin, Mary Ann, Troung, Nga, Lee, Janny, Sinha, Samir K., Thompson, Cody, Bharadia, Morgan, Sadowski, Cheryl, Chuen, Victoria, Chan, Adrian, Alibhai, Shabbir, Chau, Vicky, Dholakia, Saumil, Bagheri, Alireza, Simpson, Alexander (Sandy), Hewitt, David, Ratcliffe, Michael, Booth, Dr Malcolm, Lafleur, Benoit, Jibb, Samantha, Gingrich, Shaen, Lane, Susan, Clarke, Jo-Anne, Fat, Guillaume Lim, Gopaul, Aquila, Pananos, Demetri, Taabazuing, Mary-Margaret, Schnarr, Lindsay, Bater, Marilyn, Dai, Serina, Freedman, Amy, Degan, Sophie Del, Forget, Marie-France, Leblanc, Julie, Desjardins, Michaël, Durand, Madeleine, Vu, Thien Tuong Minh, Nguyen, Quoc Dinh, Desmarais, Philippe, Miles, Amy, Norris, Mireille, Reppas-Rindlisbacher, Christina, Finlay, Jessica M, Mahar, Alyson, Siddhpuria, Shailee, Hallet, Julie, Rochon, Paula, Kobayashi, Lindsay C, Wong, Eric, Gormley, Jessica, Lee, Justin, Conroy, Maeve, Patterson, Christopher, Xu, Victoria YY, Sham, Rosalind, Moy, Sally, Naglie, Gary, Smith, Jagger, Mahon, Joel, Almeida, Quincy, Bherer, Louis, Burhan, Amer, Liu-Ambrose, Teresa, Middleton, Laura, Nagamatsu, Lindsay, Speechley, Mark, Montero-Odasso, Manuel, Osman, Abdelhady, Ali, Shehzad, Payen, Anaïs, Beuscart, Jean-Baptiste, Soula, Julien, Verloop, David, Defebvre, Marguerite-Marie, Dambre, Delphine, Godard-Sebillotte, Claire, Pieruccini-Faria, Frederico, Haddad, Seyyed, Cornish, Ben, McIlroy, Bill, Bartha, Rob, Investigators, All ONDRI, Searle, Samuel, Walsh, Steve, Davis, Giselle, Mercier, Tara, Rockwood, Kenneth, Davis, Daniel, Haroon, Babar, Sultana, Munira, Campbell, Karen, Jennings, Morgan, Orange, Joseph B., Knowlton, Jill, George, Armin St., Bryant, Dianne, Akter, Ripa, Kim, Kristine, Huang, Allen, Arsenault-Lapierre, Geneviève, Bui, Tammy, Sourial, Nadia, Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie, Massamba, Victoria, Rochette, Louis, Morgan, Debra, Kosteniuk, Julie, Vedel, Isabelle, Aubin, Vincent, Paquet, Steve, Durand, Pierre J., Pageau, Félix, Bharaj, Neetika, Suárez, Pablo Solla, Obrand, Jeremy, Chetrit, Jessica, Ahmad, Fayeza, Lantagne, Sarah, Morrison, David, Xue, Xiaoqing, Afilalo, Marc, Richards, Brent, Afilalo, Jonathan, Bray, Nick W, Witt, Suzanne T, Bartha, Robert, Doherty, Timothy J, Nagamatsu, Lindsay S, Almeida, Quincy J, Arsenault-Lapierre, Genevieve, Cameron, Julie, Kolomitro, Klodiana, Dalgarno, Nancy, Turnnidge, Jennifer, Pelland, Lucie, Auais, Mohammad, Carr, Frances, Morgan, Angela, Devapura, Shehani, Williams, Christina, Symon, Jennifer, Howe-Riddell, Carolyn, Miller, Angela, Boone, Jennifer, Ebbage, Kevin, Jadaviji, Shalmin, Mathura, Pamela, Charles, Lesley, Parmar, Jasneet, Suzette, Brémault-Phillips, Pike, Ashley, Dobbs, Bonnie, Tian, Peter George, Piazza, Nicolo, Goldfarb, Michael, Martucci, Giuseppe, Rudski, Lawrence, Spaziano, Marco, Morin, Jean-Francois, Lachapelle, Kevin, Langlois, Yves, D’Amico, Danielle, Yusupov, Iris, Zhu, Lynn, Lass, Jordan W., Levine, Brian, Vandermorris, Susan, Troyer, Angela K., Ewa, Vivian, Lee, Jennifer, Jones, Chris, Gutscher, Abram, Feng, Chengying, Adebero, Tony, DePaul, Vincent, Vafaei, Afshin, Norman, Kathleen, Gallibois, Molly, Rogers, Kyle, Folkins, Chris, Jarrett, Pamela, Magalhaes, Sandra, Gibson, Kirstian, Gao, Yuchen, Ottley, Katherine M., Qiao, Thomas, Myge, Ivy, Compton, Roslyn M., Wickson-Griffiths, Abigail, Hunter, Paulette V., Network, Saskatchewan Long-Term Care, Gill, Navjot, Connelly, Denise, Godwin, Bradley, Hanson, Natasha, Kervin, Emily, Skerry, Leanne, McCloskey, Rose, Hassanabadi, Nazila, Berger, Claudie, Papaioannou, Alexandra, Cheung, Angela M, Rahme, Elham, Leslie, William D, Goltzman, David, Morin, Suzanne, Hogeveen, Sophie, Heckman, George, Milne, Kelly, Hirdes, John, Horne, Natalie, Marshall, Emily, Andrew, Melissa, Hunter, Susan, Somerville, Lyndsay, Lanting, Brent, Ivo, Jessica, Pitre, Teresa, Faisal, Sadaf, Antunes, Kristen, Oda, Kasumi, Patel, Tejal, Jacob, Gabriella, Sherwood, Malcolm, Malik, Shabhaz, Baker, Jacquie, Bhangu, Jaspreet, Khoury, Lara, Moors, Joy, Lampron, Jacynthe, Figueira, Sonshire, Nemnom, Marie-Joe, Eagles, Debra, Koop, Jennifer, Lee, Linda, Hillier, Loretta M., Gregg, Susie, Hickman, Kathy, Agla, Caitlin, Carducci, Jillian, Skimson, Kara, Dillon-Martin, Sharon, Kuzych, Lissa, Beuermann, Lindsay, Parikh, Ruchi, Lee, Catherine, Lee, Ahreum, McArthur, Caitlin, Ioannidis, George, Adachi, Jonathan D, Griffith, Lauren E, Thabane, Lehana, Giangregorio, Lora, Morin, Suzanne N, Madden, Kenneth, Feldman, Boris, Arishenkoff, Shane, Meneilly, Graydon, Mah, Jasmine, Godin, Judith, Stevens, Susan, Keefe, Janice, Sun, Michael, Goodwin, Josh, Cheung, Bonnie, von Maltzahn, Maia, Mailhot, Tanya, Clausen, Christina, Crump, Laura, Leblanc, Marie-Eve, Sanzone, Lia, Marr, Sharon, Doherty, Michelle, Siemon, Jennifer, Hillier, Loretta, Milroy, Desmond, Marrone, Erica, Maalouf, Mona, Moorhouse, Paige, Shetty, Nabha, Mallery, Laurie, Miller, Ashley, VonMaltzahn, Maia, Naug, Anne Marie Krueger, Tinning, Amanda, Buckler, Melissa, Stasiulis, Elaine, Sandhu, Harvir, Brookes, Jahnel, Vrkljan, Brenda, Mariano, Claudia, Gélinas, Isabelle, Byszewski, Anna, Rapoport, Mark J., Sanford, Sarah, Bédard, Michel, Belchior, Patricia, Crizzle, Alexander, Marshall, Shawn, Rapoport, Mark, Nene, Sofia, Bennett, Roxanne, Morin, Suzanne N., Nixon, Lara, Sampson, Megan, Punungwe, Fadzai Moreblessing, Kelly, Martina, Nuique, Kate, Papillon-Ferland, Louise, Castonguay, Valérie, Anderson, Sharon, Pollard, Cheryl, Poole, Lisa, Leslie, Myles, McGhan, Gwen, Weir, Carolyn, Pooler, Charlotte, Stickney-Lee, Jennifer, Shapkin, Kimberly, Peyrusqué, Eva, Kergoat, Marie-Jeanne, Bolduc, Aline, Buckinx, Fanny, Law, Caroline, Veillette, Nathalie, Fonseca, Raquel, Aubertin-Leheudre, Mylène, Quan, Samuel, Menec, Verena, O’Connell, Megan, Cloutier, Denise, Newall, Nancy, Tate, Robert, John, Philip St., Qureshi, Natasha, Djekic-Ivankovic, Maria, Wall, Michelle, Berry, Gregory, Mayo, Nancy, Gélinas, Céline, Funnell, Larry, Racey, Megan, Markle-Reid, Maureen, Fitzpatrick-Lewis, Donna, Ali, Muhammad Usman, Gagné, Hélène, Ploeg, Jenny, Sztramko, Richard, Harrison, Lisa, Sherifali, Diana, Sacco, Veronica, Stolee, Paul, Boscart, Veronique, MacEachen, Ellen, Malik, Shabaz, Borrie, Micheal, Fogarty, Jennifer, Savage, Rachel, Sirisegaram, Luxey, Thain, Jenny, Diachun, Laura, Lingard, Lorelei, Cristancho, Sayra, Triscott, Jean, Huang, James, Moores, David, Tian, Peter George Jaminal, and Cerna, Judith

Subjects
Abstracts, Eligible for the Edmund V. Cowdry Award, Finalists for the Willard and Phoebe Thompson Award, Posters, Eligible for the Réjean Hébert Canadian Institutes of Health Research - Institute on Aging Prize, Eligible for the Dr. Jack & Dr. ASA Award
Published
2021

49. Mapping low-wage and precarious employment among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries: A scoping review protocol

Author

Kinitz, David, MacKinnon, Kinnon, Kia, Hannah, Ross, Lori, MacEachen, Ellen, and Gesink, Dionne

Subjects
Precarious employment, Scoping review, Work, LGBTQ, ComputerSystemsOrganization_COMPUTER-COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS, Sexual and gender minority, Low-wage
Abstract

Background: Low-wage and precarious employment are prevalent and on the rise, disproportionately impacting marginalized populations. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) populations have been largely left out of economic justice movements and scholarly literature on precarious employment and its deleterious social and health impacts. Methods: This scoping review protocol will guide a theoretical and narrative mapping of the literature on low-wage and precarious employment among LGBTQ+ people to better understand the extent and nature of this phenomenon. We will include empirical literature that discuss dimensions of this phenomenon in Organisation and Economic Co-operation and Development countries published on/after January 1, 2000. PRISMA-ScR guidelines structure this protocol. We will search 10 bibliographic databases to locate literatures across disciplines: EconLit, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus, PsycInfo, Social Work Abstracts, ABI/Inform, Business Source Premier, LGBTQ+ Source, Gender Studies Database, and Web of Science, with support from a Public Health Research Librarian. A rigorous search strategy was developed for PsycInfo (OVID) and will be adapted for subsequent database searches. Titles and abstracts will be independently screened by a subset of co-authors, followed by a full text review. Data abstraction and charting will be conducted using a standardized abstraction tool.

Published
2022
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