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While many factors influence the success of a given well, the permeability of the surrounding formation is one of the most important properties to understand the nature of any reservoir and to be utilized for effective oil and gas drilling. Gathering data from well logs for different wells can be highly expensive and time-consuming. The goal of this work is to find the best artificial intelligent model which can predict the permeability values with minimum error while saving time and money. Therefore, accurately estimating is highly beneficial to use such a model for further field and engineering applications. In this project, a trial was accomplished through a Machine Learning (ML) approach using several modules of Artificial Intelligent including ANFIS and ANN to examine and build a permeability prediction model based on nine (9) well-logging parameters taken from well-logging data measured at a borehole in carbonate rock. The permeability was predicted from well-log data using Artificial Intelligent (AI) technique. Field data were recorded at one borehole, where all logs are correlated together. After obtaining results, the prediction model can be considered successful, it is highly recommended to utilize ANFIS- Genfis2 as it gives outstanding results as the correlation coefficient training was 1.0 and testing was 0.9347 compared with ANFIS-Genfis1 which was not satisfying with training correlation coefficient of 1.0 and testing 0.4073, including a significant reduction in the percentage error of 14.3% compared of 301%, and utilize ANN with a double layer not single, as the result of single layer showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9337 in training and 0.9924 in testing. In addition, single layer method showed higher error compared with double layer. Conclusively, it is recommended to apply the model with other data obtained from the same reservoir, to minimize the number of unneeded data, enhance the measurement performance by avoiding human errors, and develop other relationships between a set of parameters that can result in a better and most effective prediction model. In novelty, utilizing and studying the output of this trial application of the machine learning approach will summarize the best models and techniques for predicting many important reservoir properties such as Permeability. The number of well logging parameters is high and has been statically analyzed to increase the resolution of the input data. Building this prediction model will increase the recovered amount from the subsurface and will lead to significant cost savings in drilling and exploration operational

In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) model is used to estimate the multiplicity per rapidity for charged pions and kaons observed in various high-energy experiments from central [Formula: see text] heavy-ion collisions with energies ranging from 2–200 GeV, and then compared to available experimental data, including RHIC-BRAHMS experiment, and covering the energy range of the future accelerator facilities at NICA and FAIR. We also used Landau hydrodynamical approach, which has a better description for the evolution of hot and dense matter produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The approach is fitted to both results estimated from experiment and ANN simulation. We noted that the Landau model accurately reproduces the entire range of multiplicity per rapidity for all created particles at all energies. Also ANN model can reproduce the multiplicity per rapidity very well for all the considered particles. This encourages us to use ANN model to predict the multiplicity per rapidity for [Formula: see text] particles at energies [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] GeV.

Background: Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) also known as Secondary cataract is the most common complication following cataract surgery. It can occur between few months and many years after implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs), with incidence figures ranging from

The rapidity distribution of well-identified particles such as pions, kaons, protons and their antiparticles measured in AGS, SPS, and BRAHMS experiments (Au+Au collisions), at various energies spanning from higher energies s NN = 200 down to lower energies 2 GeV, are compared with that obtained from huge statistical ensembles of 100, 000 events generated from the Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo (CRMC) EPOS event-generator. All these data are then compared to the results calculated in the frame work of Landau hydrodynamical model. The EPOS event-generator can describe the experimental data of the rapidity distribution for all mentioned particles at all considered energies. This leads to use the EPOS event-generator to produce the rapidity distribution for various particles at energies where there are no experimental data yet to compare with. Such a prediction might serve as an input for future experiments such as FAIR and NICA for instance. A successful comparison between the Landau hydrodynamical approach and the computational CRMC EPOS 1.99 model in describing the rapidity distribution for the mentioned particles is shown in the presence of the experimental data. We conclude that the Landau hydrodynamical model is capable of describing both experimental data and EPOS 1.99 event-generator results, and they are in a good agreement.

The particle ratios $k^+/\pi^+$, $\pi^-/K^-$, $\bar{p}/\pi^-$, $\Lambda/\pi^-$, $\Omega/\pi^-$, $p/\pi^+$, $\pi^-/\pi^+$, $K^-/K^+$, $\bar{p}/p$, $\bar{\Lambda}/\Lambda$, $\bar{\Sigma}/\Sigma$, $ \bar{\Omega}/\Omega$ measured at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies are compared with large statistical ensembles of $100,000$ events deduced from the CRMC EPOS $1.99$ and the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) hybrid model. In the UrQMD hybrid model two types of phase transitions are taken into account. All these are then confronted to the Hadron Resonance Gas Model. The two types of phase transitions are apparently indistinguishable. Apart from $k^+/\pi^+$, $k^-/\pi^-$, $\Omega/\pi^-$, $\bar{p}/\pi^+$, and $\bar{\Omega}/\Omega$, the UrQMD hybrid model agrees well with the CRMC EPOS $1.99$. Also, we conclude that the CRMC EPOS $1.99$ seems to largely underestimate $k^+/\pi^+$, $k^-/\pi^-$, $\Omega/\pi^-$, and $\bar{p}/\pi^+$., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, submitted to JETP

Background Over the last decade, the accuracy of 3D computer-assisted orthognathic surgery has been extensively investigated. However, patient-reported outcome measures have been rarely reported for this technology. This study aimed to assess quality of life following orthognathic surgery using CAD/CAM bone splints compared to the classic occlusal wafers in patients with dentofacial deformities. Methods Thirty-two patients were randomly allocated into two groups where group I utilized CAD/CAM splints and patient specific osteosynthesis for maxillary positioning and group II utilized occlusal wafers fabricated on a semi-adjustable articulator. Patients were assessed using orthognathic quality of life Questionnaire (OQLQ) preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Results Mean OQLQ overall score change of 24.375±11.96 took place in group I patients while group II showed a mean change of 23±8.39. Conclusions The study showed evident improvement in quality of life following orthognathic surgery compared to before surgery. However, computer-assisted surgery did not show any significant improvement over the classic approach.

Background Spinal infection is an uncommon disease, which may result in serious complications with potentially high morbidity and mortality. Objective The aim was to evaluate the outcome of patients with postoperative spondylodiscitis after management in relation to age, sex, general condition, symptoms, signs, radiological findings, type, and time of intervention. Patients and methods A prospective study was conducted on 20 patients having postoperative spinal infection managed in the period between June 2017 to June 2019 in the Neurosurgery Department at Menoufia University Hospitals and Al Haram Hospital. Patients with postoperative spinal infection were evaluated neurologically by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, pain was evaluated by Denis score, and they were followed up radiologically by MRI and radiography for assessment of their neurological integrity, deficits, and outcome. Results There was a statistically significant difference between postmanagement Denis pain score, ASIA score, and C-reactive protein as compared with before management (P Conclusion Among the wide variety of organisms responsible for postoperative spinal infection, we found that Staphylococcus aureus accounted for most of it. The best modality of treatment is medical treatment with antibiotics and surgical management when failure of the medical one or presence of neurological deficits.

This study was undertaken to compare laparoscopic and open sacral colpopexies for efficacy and safety. This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in the Gynecologic Department of El-Shatby Maternity Hospital, University of Alexandria in Egypt. It involved 30 women selected after fulfilling the criteria of inclusion into the study with informed consent to participate in the study. All patients in this study were randomly allocated into one of the two following groups: Group A (15 patients) where laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy was done. Group B (15 patients) where abdominal (open) sacrocolpopexy was done. Demographic and hospital data, complications, and follow-up visits were reviewed. Median follow-up was 12 months in the laparoscopic and open groups. Mean operating time was significantly greater in the laparoscopic versus open group, 90 min and 70 min, respectively. Estimated blood loss (84 mL vs 156 mL) and hospital stay duration (1 vs 2 days) were significantly less in the laparoscopic group than the open group. Demographic data, other perioperative data, quality of life assessment, subjective, objective cure rates, complications and reoperation rates were non-significant. As a conclusion, laparoscopic and open sacral colpopexies have comparable clinical outcomes. Although laparoscopic sacral colpopexy requires longer operating time, hospital stay and blood loss are significantly decreased. Postoperatively overall quality of life and sexual quality showed significant improvement. The subjective cure rate was 90%, the objective cure rate (no prolapse in any compartment) was 100%. The procedure is recommended for experienced laparoscopic surgeons because of severe intraoperative complications like bladder or rectal injuries.

This study investigated differences in colour preferences associated with academic field of study. This is because it is believed that educational background has an impact on personality traits affecting individual choices including colour preferences. A questionnaire was collected from 80 participants including students at graphic design and information technology departments at first and final years of study. Subjects were asked to choose the most preferred colour for clothing and living room. “Blue” was the most preferred colour for clothing by 15% of the total subjects. Colour preferences were not related to education concerning the clothing in all cases including students from first and final levels in graphic design and information technology departments. However, “White” was found the most preferred colour by 35% of total subjects. There were found significant relationships between educational background and colour preferences for living room. This relationship was investigated for final year students of graphic design and information technology χ 2 = 21.7; p=0.003; α=0.05, and for graphic design students from first and final years, the value of chi-square equals 14.5 which was significant at the 5% level p=0.02.

We aimed to present a rare case of uterine cervix angiomyxoma in a 39 years old female. Patient presented with vaginal mass and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Properative diangosis was large cervical polyp versus cervical fibroid. Total hystrectomy was done and specimen was sent for histopathology. The suspicious mass revealed spindle cell in myxoid stroma compatible with angiomyxoma. Uterine cervix angiomyxoma is a rare soft tissue tumor with few reported cases in the literature.

We aim to discuss cases with gastrointestinal stromal tumor and leiomatosis peritoneal dissemeniata LPD regarding their diagnosis and surgical management with pitfalls related. We also aim to focus on management of multiple nodular serosal lesions. Two cases are presented. Both were diagnosed as advanced ovarian cancer on CT and ultrasound imaging by multiple nodular peritoneal lesions, omental cake and adnexal masses. Tumor markers were normal in both cases. Both were scheduled for exploratory laparotomy. One patient diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type I. Midline laparotomy was done for one case revealing normal adnexa with multiple fibroid uterus, peritoneal solid masses with large mesenteric and omental masses related to the small intestine. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, total omentectomy and resection anastomosis for the small intestine with removal of macroscopic lesions were done. Midline line laparotomy was done for the second case revealing free adnexa with subserous vascular fibroids and omental fibroid solid masses. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and total omentectomy and removal of macroscopic peritoneal lesions seen were done. The second case was diagnosed as Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis, and the other case was diagnosed with multiple uterine fibroid and metastatic GIST on histopathology. Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis and metastatic GIST can be similar on imaging and operative findings. Also they are similar to other lesions especially peritoneal carcinomatosis as in advanced ovarian cancer. These pathologies should be kept on mind when encountering multiple solid nodular masses in the visceral and parietal wall peritoneum and the omentum on imaging and intra-operative especially with normal associated tumor markers of ovarian cancer as serum CA125. Surgical and postoperative management differ according to the pathology. These pathologies should be confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Frozen section is highly needed in these cases to optimize management.

Introduction The cornerstone of treatment for endometrial carcinoma is total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophoprectomy. Pelvic lymphadenectomy, with or without para-aortic lymphadenectomy, plays an important role in the surgical staging of endometrial carcinoma, and provides more accurate prognostic information. Aims We aimed to evaluate the value and techniques for SLN mapping in early stage endometrial cancer with low risk for lymph node metastasis and whether selective or systematic lymphadenectomy is needed according to the results of proposed algorithm. Method Between June 2016 and June 2017, 120 patients with early stage endometrial cancer with low risk for nodal metastasis underwent surgical staging. Patients were classified equally according to SLN mapping technique used for injecting the methylene blue dye. Group A included hysteroscopic guided methylene blue injection, Group B included transcervical injection, Group C included subserosal uterine injection and Group D included combined transcervical and subserosal injection. Blue lymph nodes and enlarged suspicious whether stained or non stained ones were dissected for frozen section evaluation done then bilateral pelvic node dissection was done and tissues were sent for pathological examination. Results Clinical and pathological SLN detection were more with hysteroscopic technique than others and pathological detection was lower than clinical detection in all techniques. Metastatic disease was more common in nodes with suspicious appearance. About 10% of negative suspicious and mapped nodes were associated with positive other nodes for metastasis. Conclusion SLN in endometrial cancer has a role in staging of endometrial cancer with best technique for detection, hysteroscopic guided blue dye injection. SLN can be used in patients with low risk for lymph node metastasis for selective lymphadenectomy. Blue dye labelling using methylene blue dye is good in low resource countries as it is cheap. We recommended the following algorithm for surgical staging in early endometrial cancer with better results than using SLN alone. Stage I type 1, grade 1,2 endometrial cancer should undergo surgical staging with initial evaluation of the peritoneum which if affected, it is stage III with no need for lymphadenectomy. Then, dissection of the blue and suspicious nodes which if any is positive on frozen section, selective same side pelvic and paraaortic nodal dissection should be done. If they are negative, no need for lymphadenectomy. This approach can help patients to avoid the side effects associated with a complete lymphadenectomy. The higher rate of detection using this algorithm is related to combining the suspicions nodes with the stained ones.

Nowadays, the interest in the synchronous reluctance machines is growing up due to their several merits in comparison to other machine types. These machines offer high torque density with respect to the induction machines. Their torque density is slightly lower than permanent magnet synchronous machines even though the lower performance is compensated by a much cheaper rotor. Since synchronous reluctance machines do not induce voltage when the stator is not supplied, there are not short circuit currents and braking torques due to the electrical faults, e.g. they have high fault tolerant capability. In addition, synchronous reluctance machine has a robust structure, and a wide constant power speed range. For these aforementioned reasons, these machines are employed in several applications. However, there is a prominent defect of this kind of machines which is the low power factor. This defect is addressed by assisting the motor by permanent magnets within the flux barriers of the rotor leading to the permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor. In addition, these kinds of machines has high torque ripple. This is due to the high harmonic content in the magneto motive force which interacts with the rotor anisotropy. Several approaches are proposed to reduce the torque ripple, such as: (a) using skewed rotor, (b) adopting two different flux-barrier geometries in the same lamination, i.e., asymmetric rotor, (c) using equally spaced the flux-barrier ends along the rotor periphery, and (d) optimization approaches were applied to smooth the torque. The synchronous reluctance machine is becoming of great interest in the last years, due to two key reasons: (i) the increase of rare earth permanent magnet cost and (ii) the increasing request of high-efficiency machines. Therefore, the reluctance motor and the ferrite permanent assisted reluctance motor are becoming competitors of both surface-mounted permanent magnet machines and induction machines in many applications. Such motors are also becoming particularly interesting when the control is based on the sensor-less rotor position detection. Even if there is a great interest in this kind of machines, there is a few work about the analytical design of their rotor, e.g. about how to select the end barrier angles, designing the iron ribs, and designing the permanent magnet robust towards the demagnetization. In the majority of the cases the reluctance machine is analyzed by using finite element analysis. The results are precise and useful for achieving a specific geometry to be prototyped, but they refer to that particular solution and they lose generality. In other words, it is difficult to find general rules to design reluctance machines, since the analysis approach is focused on a single objective. During the manufacturing process, there are some manufacturing imprecision, such as mass unbalance, bearing tolerance, shaft bow, and etc., cause eccentricity fault. Eccentricity may cause magnetic and dynamic problems with additional vibrations, noises, and torque pulsations. Although the eccentricity faults in induction and permanent magnet motors are extensively investigated, there are a few publications on synchronous reluctance machines with eccentricity. It is important to study the effect of rotor eccentricity on these machines because of their high anisotropy and critical iron parts in the rotor (iron ribs). For the aim of designing the iron ribs thicknesses, the unbalanced magnetic force acting on theses ribs should be accurately estimated. Main contribution of the thesis This thesis aims to give an useful analytical approach for reaching a preliminary geometry of both synchronous reluctance and permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors, as starting point for a successive optimization. For more accurate design of the rotor iron ribs, the electro-magnetic force acting on the rotor, in different rotor eccentricity cases, are analytically computed. In addition, a comparative studies (analytically and FE) between the synchronous reluctance, permanent magnet assisted, and surface mounted permanent magnet machines, in different eccentricity cases, is carried out. Therefore, this thesis is divided into four main parts. At the first part, an analytical model based on the magnetic equivalent lumped network of the reluctance motor is discussed. This model studies the magnetic performance of the concentric synchronous reluctance motor. Then, this analytical model is adopted in order to study the impact of different eccentricity scenarios (static and dynamic eccentricity) on the reluctance motor. Different stator windings configurations (distributed and concentrated windings) and different rotor geometries (symmetric and asymmetric rotor) are considered. After that, the eccentric synchronous reluctance machine is compared with the eccentric permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine. The impact of the barrier dimensions, the rotor geometry, and the permanent magnet type is highlighted in this comparison. Furthermore, an analytical comparison between the reluctance motor and the surface mounted permanent magnet motor is carried out in different cases of eccentricity. The axial non uniform displacement of the rotor axis from the stator axis, at one end and both ends of the axis, are involved in this analytical comparison. The second part aims to achieve more realistic estimation of the electromagnetic forces acting on the rotor by considering the effect of stator slots and the magnetic voltage drop due to the actual B-H curve of the motor iron. The analytical model is developed for both eccentric and concentric synchronous reluctance motor. Then, an experimental validation of the analytical and FE analysis is carried out. At the third part, an analytical approach for designing the permanent magnet of the permanent magnet assisted reluctance motor is proposed. The width and the thickness are selected so as to achieve the desired no-load air-gap flux density and resist the demagnetization under the desired loading conditions, respectively. Both complete and simplified analytical analyses are discussed. In addition, the analytical approach is presented in both cases of neglecting and considering the rotor iron ribs. Then, from the previously mentioned three parts of this thesis, a rapid multi-objectives analytical approach is proposed to achieve the initial design of the synchronous reluctance and permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors. Finally, at the fourth part, a graphical user interface application for concentric and eccentric synchronous reluctance motor is developed. This application estimates stator and rotor scalar magnetic potential, air-gap flux density, electromagnetic torque, magnetic force acting on the rotor. The input parameters of this application are - the geometrical data of the stator and rotor, - the electric loading (kA/m), the electric load angle in (electric degree), - the rotor geometry type, e.g., symmetric or asymmetric rotor geometry, - number of flux-barriers per rotor pole, - eccentricity type or no eccentricity, e.g., healthy case, - the eccentricity value. Then, the user can run the application to estimate the magnetic performance of both concentric and eccentric synchronous reluctance motor.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of different methods of decompression in lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) with regard to the effectiveness of different techniques in relieving symptoms, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, and decreasing of postoperative complications. Background LCS is defined as a narrowing of any part of the lumbar spinal canal. Several surgical techniques for lumbar spine decompression have been described over the last few decades. The aim of surgery for symptomatic LCS is to relieve the symptoms by adequate neural decompression while preserving the anatomy and the biomechanical function of the lumbar spine as much as possible. Patients and methods This prospective study was conducted from September 2015 to August 2017 including three groups: group A treated with conventional laminectomy (CL), group B treated with CL with posterolateral fusion, and group C treated with unilateral laminectomy with bilateral decompression. We used Oswestry disability index to assess preoperative and postoperative disabilities and pain. Results In this study, statistical results revealed that there was statistical significance in the improvement of claudicating sciatica between the three groups as regards the Oswestry disability index (P < 0.001). There was statistical significance between three groups with regard to blood loss (P < 0.001), length of surgical procedure (P = 0.009), postoperative hospital stays (P < 0.001), and postoperative complication. Conclusion On the basis of short-term follow-up, a minimally invasive technique like unilateral laminectomy with bilateral decompression allowed decompression, preserving spine stability with a natural range of motion, with less blood loss, less hospital stay, and decreased intraoperative and postoperative complication rather than CL with or without posterolateral fusion.