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133 results on '"Malm, Aili"'

27. How accurate are drug cryptomarket listings by content, weight, purity and repeat purchase?

Author

Barratt, Monica J., Coomber, Ross, Kowalski, Michala, Aldridge, Judith, Munksgaard, Rasmus, Ferris, Jason, Malm, Aili, Martin, James, and Décary-Hétu, David

Abstract

Purpose: Drug cryptomarkets increase information available to market actors, which should reduce information asymmetry and increase market efficiency. This study aims to determine whether cryptomarket listings accurately represent the advertised substance, weight or number and purity, and whether there are differences in products purchased from the same listing multiple times. Design/methodology/approach: Law enforcement drug purchases – predominantly cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA and heroin – from Australian cryptomarket vendors (n = 38 in 2016/2017) were chemically analysed and matched with cryptomarket listings (n = 23). Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted. Findings: Almost all samples contained the advertised substance. In most of these cases, drugs were either supplied as-advertised-weight or number, or overweight or number. All listings that quantified purity overestimated the actual purity. There was no consistent relationship between advertised purity terms and actual purity. Across the six listings purchased from multiple times, repeat purchases from the same listing varied in purity, sometimes drastically, with wide variation detected on listings purchased from only one month apart. Research limitations/implications: In this data set, cryptomarket listings were mostly accurate, but the system was far from perfect, with purity overestimated. A newer, larger, globally representative sample should be obtained to test the applicability of these findings to currently operating cryptomarkets. Originality/value: This paper reports on the largest data set of forensic analysis of drug samples obtained from cryptomarkets, where data about advertised drug strength/dose were obtained.

Published
2023
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31. An investigation of global patterns of small-scale domestic cannabis cultivation

Author

Lenton, Simon, Grigg, Jodie, Barratt, Monica, Kowalski, Michala, Decorte, Tom, Pardal, Mafalda, Milot, David-Martin, Bertrand, Karine, Bear, Daniel, Frank, Vibeke, Houborg, Esben, Soegaard, Thomas, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Jauffret-Roustide, Marie, Kirtadeze, Irma, Werse, Bernd, Kamphausen, Gerrit, Sznitman, Sharon, Fortin, Davide, Wilkinson, Chris, Oliveira, Jorge, Faria, Rita, Zobel, Frank, Granville, Ashley, Potter, Gary, Malm, Aili, Sevigny, Eric, Meisel, Josh, Queirolo, Rosario, Álvarez, Eliana, and Sotto, Belén

Subjects
Medicine and Health Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

The earliest empirical studies on cannabis cultivation focused on large-scale, commercially oriented growers (Weisheit, 1991; Bovenkerk & Hogewind, 2002), or covered rather small samples (Hough et al., 2003). These studies often based their conclusions on police data, and may lead to false perceptions of the prevalence of different types of growers and growing operations and related criminal behaviours (Wilkins & Casswell, 2003), with important consequences for future policy choices. The Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium (GCCRC) is a group of researchers interested in better understanding domestic cannabis cultivation, especially by small-scale growers. In 2011, given the absence of any significant international comparative research, the GCCRC developed the (semi-)standardized International Cannabis Cultivation Questionnaire (ICCQ 1.0) designed to facilitate international comparisons of small-scale cultivation. However, the cannabis policy landscape has changed since 2011, with medical and recreational schemes moving forward in multiple countries. We therefore have many questions about how these new policy settings may be influencing home cannabis growers. In response to the shifting policy landscape, the GCCRC launched their second global cannabis cultivation questionnaire in 2021. The overall aims are twofold; (1) to describe various aspects of small-scale domestic cannabis cultivation; and (2) to conduct comparative analysis of cannabis cultivation across countries and with the original dataset from 2012.

Published
2022
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44. Police Body-Worn Cameras as a Tool for Achieving Police Reform.

Author

D. White, Michael and Malm, Aili

Subjects
POLICE, POLICE reform, WEARABLE video devices in police work, POLICY sciences, RESEARCH
Abstract

An editorial is presented on the Police Body-Worn Cameras (BWC) as a tool for achieving police reform. It expresses the view on two factors relating to the police agency deploying cameras such as the agency's pre-deployment starting point and the agency's BWC implementation methods. It also highlights the importance of the local context for the researchers, policymakers, and police practitioners.

Published
2022
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45. Harm Reduction Policing: An Evaluation of Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) in San Francisco.

Author

Perrone, Dina, Malm, Aili, and Magaña, Erica Jovanna

Subjects
*HARM reduction, *LAW enforcement, *POLICE, *FELONIES, *PROPENSITY score matching, *MISDEMEANORS, *SEX work
Abstract

In 2017, San Francisco (SF) implemented Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD), a program Beckett described as harm reduction policing. Through a process and outcome evaluation of LEAD SF, this paper demonstrates the positive impacts of harm reduction policing, on those who use drugs and/or engage in sex work. When law enforcement officers used their discretion to divert individuals into LEAD rather than arrest, those individuals had significantly fewer felony and misdemeanor arrests and felony cases, in comparison to a propensity score matched group. The focus group and interview data describe that the collaboration, the warm handoff, and LEAD's harm reduction principles were mechanisms of success. However, obtaining officer buy-in was a key challenge. Despite that obstacle, LEAD SF's harm reduction policing reduces offending, improves the wellbeing of people who use drugs and engage in sex work, and allows the police to carry out their mandate to protect and serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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46. A Process Evaluation of San Francisco's Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion Program.

Author

Magaña, Erica Jovanna, Perrone, Dina, and Malm, Aili

Subjects
LAW enforcement, DRUG laws, SEX work, POLICE, FOCUS groups, CUSTOMER loyalty, SUCCESS
Abstract

In 2016, San Francisco (SF) implemented the Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) program, a harm reduction–based pre-booking diversion system for people who violate drug laws and/or are engaged in sex work. LEAD is set apart from existing diversion programs, as it uses police as point of entry. Prior LEAD studies indicate some success in reducing recidivism and improving life outcomes. However, less is known about program implementation, including barriers and facilitators. Relying on policy documents, interviews, and focus groups, this study describes the LEAD SF's development, operations, adaptations, and challenges. It also identifies the unique context of LEAD SF that led to implementation barriers and facilitators. Results show that SF experienced success in collaboration, relationship building, and client connections to services but experienced challenges in securing and maintaining police officer buy-in and keeping clear and open lines of communication regarding LEAD goals, objectives, policies, and procedures. This led to the termination of LEAD SF in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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48. Supplemental Material, Appendix - Activation of Body-Worn Cameras: Variation by Officer, Over Time, and by Policing Activity

Author

Lawrence, Daniel S., McClure, David, Malm, Aili, Lynch, Mathew, and Vigne, Nancy La

Subjects
160299 Criminology not elsewhere classified, FOS: Law
Abstract

Supplemental Material, Appendix for Activation of Body-Worn Cameras: Variation by Officer, Over Time, and by Policing Activity by Daniel S. Lawrence, David McClure, Aili Malm, Mathew Lynch and Nancy La Vigne in Criminal Justice Review

Published
2019
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50. The challenges and benefits of analyzing feedback comments in surveys:Lessons from a cross-national online survey of small scale cannabis growers

Author

Decorte, Tom, Malm, Aili, Sznitman, Sharon, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Barratt, Monica, Potter, Gary Richard, Werse, Bernd, Kamphausen, Gerrit, Lenton, Simon, Frank, Vibeke Asmussen, Decorte, Tom, Malm, Aili, Sznitman, Sharon, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Barratt, Monica, Potter, Gary Richard, Werse, Bernd, Kamphausen, Gerrit, Lenton, Simon, and Frank, Vibeke Asmussen

Abstract

It is common practice in survey questionnaires to include a general open and non-directive feedback question at the end, but the analysis of this type of data is rarely discussed in the methodological literature. While these open-ended comments can be useful, most researchers fail to report on this issue. The aim of this article is to illustrate and reflect upon the benefits and challenges of analyzing responses to open-ended feedback questions. The article describes the experiences of coding and analyzing data generated through a feedback question at the end of an international online survey with small-scale cannabis cultivators carried out by the Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium. After describing the design and dataset of the web survey, the analytical approach and coding frame are presented. The analytical strategies chosen in this study illustrate the diversity and complexity of feedback comments which pose methodological challenges to researchers wishing to use them for data analyses. In this article, three types of feedback comments (political/policy comments, general comments of positive and negative appreciation, and methodological comments) are used to illustrate the difficulties and advantages of analyzing this type of data. The advantages of analyzing feedback comments are well known, but they seem to be rarely exploited. General feedback questions at the end of surveys are typically non-directive. If researchers want to use these data for research and analyses, they need a clear strategy. They ought to give enough thought to why they are including this type of question, and develop an analytical strategy at the design stage of the study.

Published
2019

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