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To verify characteristics associated with drug resistant epilepsy in children up to 36 months of age with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS).This is a prospective cohort study with children aged up to 36 months diagnosed with CZS. Obstetric, demographic, phenotype and other clinical signs, cranial tomography, growth and motor development of the children were collected.Of a total of 109 children diagnosed with CZS, 100 (91.7%) had epilepsy and 68 (68%) with drug resistant seizures. The types of seizures associated with drug resistant epilepsy were focal seizures from the occipital lobe, generalized tonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. There was an association between drug resistant epilepsy and microcephaly at birth, severe microcephaly at birth, excess nuchal skin, ventriculomegaly, reduced brain parenchyma volume, and hypoplasia or malformation of the cerebellum. Difficulty sleeping, irritability, continuous crying, dysphagia and gross motor function were clinical signs associated with drug resistant epilepsy, as were the presence of ocular abnormalities, low head circumference in the first year of life and low weight in the first six months.The prevalence of drug resistant epilepsy in children up to 36 months with CZS was 62.4% and was associated with the severity of the child's neurological damage, with emphasis on the reduction of brain parenchyma volume and damage to the cerebellum.

The objective of the study was to understand the perspective of doctors regarding the work process in Low-cost Health Clinics. To this end, we conducted qualitative research interviewing 8 young specialist doctors who work in these business firms in São Luís, Maranhão. We identified precarious working conditions, although presenting little resistance from the doctors, considering that these businesses are seen as spaces of projection in the local job market. Due to the limitations of the complaint-driven model of care, the interviewees activate an informal network, and the users of the Low-Cost Health Clinics are referred to the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Thus, the physician’s work process is challenged by this fragmented care model, which blurs the boundaries in the public-private interfaces leading to a naturalized double gateway to the SUS.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of physical activity among subjects from birth cohorts of three cities located in different regions of Brazil according to sociodemographic characteristics and sex, comparing the relationships within and between cohorts. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 12,724 adolescents and young adults who participated in five birth cohorts: Ribeirão Preto [1978/79 (37/39 years old in 2016) and 1994 (22 years in 2016)]; Pelotas [1982 (30 years in 2012) and 1993 (22 years in 2015)], and São Luís [1997/98 (18/19 years in 2016)]. Leisure-time physical activity was evaluated with questionnaires (insufficiently active

Evidence exists on the health impacts of the current COVID-19 pandemic on health workers, but less is known about its impact on their work dynamics and livelihoods. This matters, as health workers—and physicians in particular—are a scarce and expensive resource in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our cross-sectional survey set out to explore changes in working hours and earnings during the second year of the pandemic in a representative sample of 1183 physicians in Brazil’s São Paulo (SP) and Maranhão (MA) states. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were employed to explore differences in working hours and earnings among public and private sector physicians across the two locations. The workloads and earnings of doctors working exclusively in the public sector increased the most in the second year of the epidemic, particularly in MA. Conversely, the largest proportion of private-only doctors in our sample saw a decrease in their working hours (48.4%, 95% CI 41.8–55.0), whereas the largest proportion of public-only doctors in MA saw an increase in their working hours (44.4%, 95% CI 38.0–50.8). Although earnings remained broadly stable in the public sector, a third of public sector-only physicians in MA saw an increase in their earnings (95% CI 24.4–36.2). More than half of private-only doctors across both states saw a decrease in their earnings (52.2%, 95% CI 45.6–58.8). The largest proportion of dual practitioners (the majority in Brazil and in our sample) maintained their pre-pandemic levels of income (38.8%, 95% CI 35.3–42.3). As public-sector doctors have been key in the fight against the pandemic, it is critical to invest in these cadres in order to develop epidemic preparedness in LMICs, and to find new ways to harness for-profit actors to deliver social benefits.

To estimate the prevalence of social participation (exposure) and its association with positive self-assessment of overall health status (SAH) (outcome) among 7,712 Brazilian elderly interviewed in the National Health Survey 2013. A cross-sectional study that used Propensity Score (PS) to improve comparability between the group exposed and no exposed to social participation. Poisson regression was performed to determine the prevalence and association of interest using crude and adjusted by inverse probability of selection of PS. Social participation was reported by 25.1% (CI95%: 23.4-26.9) and was lower among poor older people, who depend on public transportation and live in more precarious contexts. Most did not SAH positively, but the proportion was higher when they had social participation (48.0%; CI95%: 46.0-51.0). There was a positive association of social participation with SAH positive. The association using the adjusted model (PR: 1.15; CI95%: 1.08-1.22) attenuated the estimated in the crude model. Elderly exposed were 15% more likely to provide a positive SAH. Despite low levels in Brazil, there was a positive association between of social participation and SAH, confirming that engagement in such activities provides important gains for the health and quality of life. Resumo Estimar a prevalência da participação social (exposição) e sua associação com a autoavaliação positiva do estado de saúde (AAS) (desfecho) de 7.712 idosos entrevistados na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Trata-se de estudo transversal que usou o Escore de Propensão (EP) para melhorar a comparação entre o grupo exposto e não exposto a participação social. Realizou-se regressão de Poisson para determinar a prevalência e associação em estudo com o modelo bruto e ajustado pelo inverso da probabilidade de seleção do EP. A participação social foi referida por 25,1% (IC:95%: 23,4-26,9) e foi menor entre os idosos pobres, que dependem de transporte público e vivem em contextos mais precários. A maioria não avaliou positivamente sua saúde, mas a proporção foi maior quando tem participação social (48,0%; IC95%: 46,0-51,0). Houve associação positiva da participação social com a AAS positiva. A magnitude de associação usando o modelo ajustado (RP: 1,15; IC95%: 1,08-1,22) atenuou a estimada no modelo bruto. Idosos expostos tiveram 15% a mais de chance de referir AAS positiva. Apesar de baixa prevalência no Brasil, houve positiva influência da participação social na avaliação de saúde, confirmando que o engajamento social permite ganhos importantes para a saúde e qualidade de vida.

Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e reprodutivos associados ao acolhimento ao parto em estabelecimentos de saúde vinculados à Rede Cegonha no Brasil, na perspectiva das usuárias. Foram selecionados 606 serviços com amostra de 10.540 puérperas. O desfecho foi a variável latente acolhimento da puérpera, composta por cinco indicadores: apresentação dos profissionais com nome e função, chamar a gestante pelo nome, compreensão das informações dadas, se sentir bem tratada e respeitada e ter as necessidades respondidas pela equipe. As variáveis explicativas foram: idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, situação conjugal, tipo de parto, paridade e peregrinação. Foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais. Observaram-se maiores percentuais de mulheres com idade de 20 a 34 anos (68,31%), que se autodeclararam como pardas (56,3%), com escolaridade entre 9 e 11 anos de estudo (56,1%) e que tinham companheiro (78,8%). Houve predominância de puérperas que tiveram parto vaginal (56,6%), com um a dois filhos (46%) e que relataram não peregrinar (91,9%). Apresentaram efeito direto positivo sobre o acolhimento mulheres com maior idade (CP = 0,094; p < 0,001) e maior escolaridade (CP = 0,096; p < 0,001). O parto cesáreo apresentou efeito direto negativo (CP = -0,059; p < 0,002) e cor da pele preta e parda apresentou efeitos direto e indireto negativos (CP = -0,081; p < 0,001 e CP = -0,014; p < 0,001). Puérpera com maior idade, maior escolaridade e que tiveram parto vaginal tiveram percepção mais positiva do acolhimento nos serviços de saúde. This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic and reproductive factors associated with childbirth care in health services affiliated with the Stork Network in Brazil, from the users’ perspective. The sample included 10,540 postpartum women from 606 services. The outcome was the latent variable reception of the patient, consisting of five indicators: healthcare staff members introducing themselves stating their names and roles, calling the pregnant woman by her name, the patient’s understanding of the information provided, the patient feeling well treated and respected, and the patient having her needs met by the staff. The explanatory variables were maternal age, schooling, skin color, marital status, type of delivery, parity, and number of services visited before admission for childbirth. Most of the women were 20 to 34 years of age (68.31%), self-identified as brown (56.3%), had 9 to 11 years of schooling (56.1%), and were married or lived with the partner (78.8%). There was a predominance of vaginal delivery (56.6%), with one or two previous children (46%), and reports of not having gone to more than one maternity service to be admitted (91.9%). There was a direct positive effect on reception for childbirth from patient´s higher age (SC = 0.094; p < 0.001) and more schooling (SC = 0.096; p < 0.001). Cesarean delivery had a direct negative effect (SC = -0.059; p < 0.002), and black and brown skin color had direct and indirect negative effects (SC = -0.081; p < 0.001 and SC = -0.014; p < 0.001). Older postpartum women and those with more schooling and vaginal delivery had a more positive perception of their reception by maternity services. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores sociodemográficos y reproductivos, asociados a la acogida en el parto, en establecimientos de salud vinculados a la Red Cegonha en Brasil, desde la perspectiva de las usuarias. Se seleccionaron 606 servicios en una muestra de 10.540 puérperas. El resultado fue la variable latente de acogida de la puérpera, compuesta por cinco indicadores: presentación de los profesionales con nombre y función, llamar a la gestante por el nombre, comprensión de la información proporcionada, sentirse bien tratada y respetada y contar con las necesidades cubiertas por el equipo. Las variables explicativas fueron: edad, escolaridad, color de piel, situación conyugal, tipo de parto, paridad y desplazamientos largos. Se utilizó un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se observaron mayores porcentajes de mujeres con una edad comprendida entre los 20 a los 34 años (68,31%), que se autodeclararon mestizas (56,3%), con una escolaridad entre 9 y 11 años de estudio (56,1%) y que tenían compañero (78,8%). Hubo una predominancia de puérperas que tuvieron un parto vaginal (56,6%), con de 1 a 2 hijos (46%) y que informaron no realizar grandes desplazamientos (91,9%). Presentaron un efecto directo positivo sobre la acogida mujeres con mayor edad (CP = 0,094; p < 0,001) y mayor escolaridad (CP = 0,096; p < 0,001). El parto por cesárea presentó un efecto directo negativo (CP = -0,059; p < 0,002) y color de la piel negra y mestiza presentó efectos directo e indirecto negativos (CP = -0,081; p < 0,001 e CP = -0,014; p < 0,001). Puérperas con mayor edad, mayor escolaridad y que tuvieran parto vaginal tuvieron una percepción más positiva de acogida en los servicios de salud.

Women face difficulties in accessing post-abortion care, as hierarchical care operates under discrimination mechanisms that condemn women in abortion. In addition, it is the Black and Brown women who are more subject to unsafe abortions and need hospitalization to complete the termination of pregnancy or treat associated complications. This study aimed at identifying factors associated with the institutional barriers in access to health services for women who underwent abortion by race/color. The survey encompassed 2640 users admitted to public hospitals in Salvador, Recife, and Sao Luis. Differences among covariables according to race/color (Black, Brown, and White women) were analyzed and tested for statistical significance using Pearson’s χ2 test. The regression analysis initially included variables that may express the technical criteria of priority in care (time of pregnancy when abortion occurred and conditions of arrival), then the sociodemographic characteristics, and, lastly, the type of abortion declared. Black women faced more institutional difficulties (27.7% vs 19.5% in White women and 18.7% in Brown women), such as waiting to be attended and getting a bed. The association between being Black women and institutional barriers remained, even after adjustments in the regression model. Institutional racism limits access to health services and timely care for Black women, acting as a performative mechanism, legitimizing and generating exclusionary behaviors. The results demonstrate that the intersection between racial discrimination and abortion stigma redouble institutional barriers that are denominated intersectional discrimination.

Background Little information on gross motor function of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) children is available. Objectives To evaluate gross motor function in CZS children aged up to 3 years, and its associated factors and changes in a minimum interval of 6 months. Methods One hundred children with CZS and cerebral palsy (36 with confirmed and 64 with presumed CZS) were evaluated with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88/GMFM-66). Forty-six were reevaluated. Wilcoxon tests, Wilcoxon tests for paired samples, percentile scores, and score changes were performed. Results Clinical and socioeconomic characteristics (except maternal age), GMFM scores and GMFCS classification of confirmed and probable cases, which were analyzed together, were similar. The mean age was 25.6 months (±5.5); the median GMFM-88 score was 8.0 (5.4–10.8); and the median GMFM-66 score was 20.5 (14.8–23.1); 89% were classified as GMFCS level V. Low economic class, microcephaly at birth, epilepsy, and brain parenchymal volume loss were associated with low GMFM-66 scores. The median GMFM-66 percentile score was 40 (20–55). On the second assessment, the GMFM-66 scores in two GMFCS level I children and one GMFCS level IV child improved significantly. In one GMFCS level III child, one GMFCS level IV child, and the group of GMFCS level V children, no significant changes were observed. Conclusions Almost all CZS children had severe cerebral palsy; in the third year of life, most presented no improvement in gross motor function and were likely approaching their maximal gross motor function potential.

Objective To determine the prevalence of inadequate birth interval and its associated factors in the BRISA study. Methods Cross-sectional study using data from the BRISA cohort. Birth interval was categorized into “adequate” (≥ 2 years or < 5 years between births), “short interval” (< 2 years) and “long interval” (≥ 5 years). The analysis of the factors associated with short and long birth intervals used multinomial logistic regression. Results The prevalence of adequate birth intervals was 48.3%, of long intervals, 34.6%, and of short intervals, 17.1%. Skin color, age, education level, economic status, type of delivery, number of prenatal visits, parity, blood pressure, diabetes, and anemia (p-value was < 0.2 in the univariate analysis) proceeded to the final model. The variable ≥ 3 births (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29; confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.65) was associated with short intervals. Age < 20 years old (OR = 0.48; CI: 0.02–0.12) or ≥ 35 years old (OR = 2.43; CI: 1.82–3.25), ≥ 6 prenatal visits (OR = 0.58; CI: 0.47–0.72), ≥ 3 births (OR = 0.59; CI: 0.49–0.73), and gestational diabetes (OR = 0.38; CI: 0.20–0.75) were associated with long intervals. Conclusion Older mothers were more likely to have long birth intervals, and higher parity increases the chances of short birth intervals. Furthermore, gestational diabetes and adequate prenatal care presented higher chances of having adequate birth intervals, indicating that health assistance during pregnancy is important to encourage an adequate interval between gestations. Resumo Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de intervalo inadequado de nascimento e seus fatores associados no estudo BRISA. Métodos Estudo transversal com dados da coorte BRISA. O intervalo de nascimento foi categorizado em “adequado” (≥ 2 anos ou < 5 anos entre os nascimentos), “intervalo curto” (< 2 anos) e “intervalo longo” (≥ 5 anos). A análise dos fatores associados aos intervalos de nascimento curtos e longos utilizou regressão logística multinomial. Resultados A prevalência de intervalos adequados de nascimento foi de 48,3%, longa de 34,6% e curta de 17,1%. A cor da pele, idade, escolaridade, status econômico, tipo de parto, número de consultas pré-natais, paridade, pressão arterial, diabetes e anemia (valor-p < 0,2 na análise univariada) prosseguiram para o modelo final. A variável ≥ 3 nascimentos (odds ratio [OR] = 1,29; intervalo de confiança [IC]: 1,01–1,65) esteve associada a intervalos curtos. Idade < 20 anos (OR = 0.48; CI: 0.02–0.12) ou ≥ 35 anos (OR = 2.43; CI: 1.82–3.25), ≥ 6 consultas pré-natais (OR = 0.58; CI: 0.47–0.72), ≥ 3 nascimentos (OR = 0.59; CI: 0.49–0.73), e diabetes gestacional (OR = 0.38; CI: 0.20–0.75) foram associados a longos intervalos. Conclusão As mães mais velhas apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter longos intervalos de nascimento, e uma paridade maior aumenta as chances de intervalos curtos de nascimento. Além disso, o diabetes gestacional e o pré-natal adequado apresentaram maiores chances de ter um intervalo adequado ao nascimento, indicando que a assistência à saúde durante a gravidez é importante para incentivar um intervalo adequado entre as gestações.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar mudanças na assistência à saúde materna durante a pandemia da Covid-19, segundo relatos dos profissionais de saúde. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com gestores, médicos, enfermeiros, residentes e técnicos de enfermagem atuantes nos setores de ambulatório de pré-natal, emergência obstétrica, hospitalização obstétrica e centro de parto de um hospital público federal de alta complexidade no Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados de no período de dezembro de 2020 a agosto de 2021. A amostra, escolhida intencionalmente, buscou a diversidade de características e situações, foi encerrada pelo critério da saturação de sentidos. Questionário estruturado e roteiro semiestruturado de entrevista foram utilizados para coleta dos dados. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas. Empregou-se a análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática. Resultados: entrevistaram-se 28 profissionais. Foram identificadas mudanças na dinâmica da assistência obstétrica categorizadas em: pré-natal; e parto/puerpério. No pré-natal, houve diminuição das consultas eletivas; aumento do tempo entre consultas; a paramentação atrasava o atendimento; implantação de novos protocolos de higienização; limitação do número de acompanhantes; criação de novos ambientes como a sala Covid-19 para gestantes sintomáticas; teleatendimento e sobrecarga de trabalho pelo aumento da demanda vinda da Atenção Primária à Saúde. No parto/puerpério, os relatos apontaram redução do número de leitos; testagem e isolamento das pacientes sintomáticas; limitação da deambulação, restrição de acompanhantes e obrigatoriedade do uso de máscara pela parturiente. Conclusão: a reestruturação dos serviços e a criação de novos espaços para atendimento de pacientes com Covid-19 ocasionaram redução na oferta de vagas para consultas de pré-natal e pós-parto. As mudanças foram acompanhadas por novas regras de atendimento, com retrocessos quanto à garantia de direitos previamente conquistados.

Objective: to analyze changes in maternal health care during the Covid-19 pandemic, according to reports by health professionals. Method: qualitative research, conducted with managers, physicians, nurses, residents and nursing technicians working in a prenatal outpatient clinic, obstetric emergency department, delivery center and obstetric inpatient ward of a high complexity federal public hospital in the Northeast of Brazil. Data were collected from December 2020 to August 2021. The sample, chosen intentionally, sought the diversity of characteristics and situations, was closed by the criterion of saturation of meaning. A structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview script were used for data collection. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was used in the thematic modality. Results: 28 professionals were interviewed. Changes in the dynamics of obstetric care were identified and categorized as: prenatal care; and childbirth/postpartum. In prenatal care, there was a decrease in elective consultations; increased time between consultations; delayed care due to paramentation; implementation of new hygiene protocols; limitation of the number of companions; creation of new environments such as the Covid-19 isolation room for symptomatic pregnant women; teleservice and work overload due to the increased demand coming from Primary Health Care. In childbirth/postparum, the reports indicated a reduction in the number of beds; testing and isolation of symptomatic patients; limitating walking, restriction of companions and mandatory use of mask by pregnant woman. Conclusion: the restructuring of services and the creation of new spaces to care for patients with Covid-19 led to a reduction in the availability of vacancies for prenatal and postpartum consultations. The changes were accompanied by new service rules, with setbacks regarding the guarantee of rights.

Objective: to know the perspectives, practices and challenges in decision-making for admitting patients into the Intensive Care Unit during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: a qualitative study developed in two public hospitals in Maranhão, Brazil, from November/2020 to January/2021. Data collection took place through individual interviews guided by a script. A total of 22 professionals participated in the study: nurses and doctors who worked in the Intensive Care Unit and Bed Regulation in the first wave of the pandemic. Content Analysis was used in the thematic mode, with support from the Qualitative Data Analysis software program for data categorization. The theory of Responsibility for Reasonableness guided the study. Results: two main categories emerged: “The context of the decision-making process - the paradox of celestial discharges” and “Decision-making for admission”. In the scenario of high demand, a lack of beds, and the uncertainties of the “new disease”, deciding who would occupy the bed was arduous and conflicting. Clinical and non-clinical criteria such as severity, chance of survival, distance to be covered and transport conditions were considered. It was found that the ambivalence of feelings attributed to death and care at that moment of the pandemic marked the social and technical environment of intensive care. Conclusions: the complexity of the decision-making process for admission to an intensive care unit was evidenced, demonstrating the importance of analyzing the allocation of critical resources in pandemic scenarios. Knowing the perspectives of professionals and their reflections on the experiences in that period can help in planning the allocation of health resources in future emergency scenarios.

Resumo: Este trabalho analisou a influência da ocorrência de violência psicológica no desenvolvimento de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) em adolescentes. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte, cujo segundo segmento foi realizado em 2016. Aplicou-se um questionário em 2.486 adolescentes, por meio do qual se abordou aspectos individuais, familiares, sociais e da vivência de violência psicológica. Utilizou-se o escore de propensão para se criar o inverso da probabilidade de seleção (IPS). Dessa forma, atribuiu-se uma probabilidade para cada adolescente, sendo 1/IPS aqueles que compõem o grupo dos expostos e 1/(1-IPS) aqueles do grupo dos não expostos. Essa condição tornou os dois grupos mais homogêneos e comparáveis entre si. A associação entre a ocorrência de violência psicológica e de TEPT foi estimada pela odds ratio (OR), enquanto o intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%) foi estimado por meio da regressão logística binária bruta e ajustada, ponderada pelo IPS. Verificou-se que 30,3% relataram ter sofrido violência severa. A prevalência do TEPT foi de 4,8% entre os expostos contra 1,5% entre os não expostos à violência psicológica. Observou-se uma associação da violência severa com o TEPT nas duas análises realizadas. Porém, a magnitude no modelo estruturado pelo escore de propensão (OR = 1,97; IC95%: 1,08-3,56) indicou um ajuste da medida de associação da análise bruta (OR = 3,40; IC95%: 2,03-5,69). Nesse sentido, este estudo contribui para a escassa literatura sobre a exposição à violência psicológica e a sua associação com o desenvolvimento de TEPT, confirmando o impacto negativo dessa forma de abuso na saúde mental do indivíduo. Abstract: The study analyzed the impact of psychological violence on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This was a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort in which the second follow-up was conducted in 2016. A questionnaire was applied to 2,486 adolescents and approached individual, family, and social aspects and experience with psychological violence. Propensity score was used to create inverse probability weighting (IPW). Thus, a probability was assigned to each adolescent, where 1/IPW represent those in the exposed group and 1/(1-IPW) those in the unexposed group. This procedure made the two groups more homogeneous and mutually comparable. The association between the occurrence of psychological violence and PTSD was estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) via crude binary logistic regression and adjusted logistic regression (weighted by IPW). According to the results, 30.3% reported having suffered severe violence. Prevalence of PTSD was 4.8% among exposed and 1.5% in unexposed to psychological violence. An association was observed between severe violence and PTSD in the two analyses, but the magnitude in the model structured by the propensity score (OR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.08-3.56) indicated an adjustment to the measure from the crude analysis (OR = 3.40; 95%CI: 2.03-5.69). The current study contributes to the scarce literature on exposure to psychological violence and its association with the development of PTSD, confirming the negative impact of this form of abuse on the individual´s mental health. Resumen: Se analizó la influencia de la ocurrencia de violencia psicológica en el desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Se trató de un estudio transversal anidado en una cohorte, cuyo segundo seguimiento se realizó en 2016. Se aplicó un cuestionario en 2.486 adolescentes, a través del cual se abordaron aspectos individuales, familiares, sociales, así como de vivencia de violencia psicológica. Se utilizó el marcador de propensión para que se creara el inverso de la probabilidad de selección (IPS). De esta forma, se atribuyó una probabilidad para cada adolescente, siendo 1/IPS para aquellos que componen el grupo de expuestos y 1/(1-IPS) para aquellos del grupo no expuestos. Esta condición hizo los dos grupos más homogéneos y comparables entre sí. La asociación entre ocurrencia de violencia psicológica y TEPT se estimó mediante OR (odds ratio) y el IC95% (intervalo de 95% de confianza) por medio de la regresión logística binaria bruta y ajustada (ponderada por el IPS). Se verificó que un 30,3% informaron haber sufrido violencia severa. La prevalencia del TEPT fue de un 4,8% entre los expuestos contra un 1,5% en no expuestos a la violencia psicológica. Se observó una asociación de la violencia severa con el TEPT en los dos análisis realizados, no obstante, la magnitud en el modelo estructurado por el marcador de propensión (OR = 1,97; IC95%: 1,08-3,56) indicó un ajuste de la medida de asociación del análisis bruto (OR = 3,40; IC95%: 2,03-5,69). Este estudio contribuye a la escasa literatura sobre la exposición de violencia psicológica y su asociación con el desarrollo del TEPT, confirmando el impacto negativo de esa forma de abuso en la salud mental del individuo.

This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic and reproductive factors associated with childbirth care in health services affiliated with the Stork Network in Brazil, from the users' perspective. The sample included 10,540 postpartum women from 606 services. The outcome was the latent variable reception of the patient, consisting of five indicators: healthcare staff members introducing themselves stating their names and roles, calling the pregnant woman by her name, the patient's understanding of the information provided, the patient feeling well treated and respected, and the patient having her needs met by the staff. The explanatory variables were maternal age, schooling, skin color, marital status, type of delivery, parity, and number of services visited before admission for childbirth. Most of the women were 20 to 34 years of age (68.31%), self-identified as brown (56.3%), had 9 to 11 years of schooling (56.1%), and were married or lived with the partner (78.8%). There was a predominance of vaginal delivery (56.6%), with one or two previous children (46%), and reports of not having gone to more than one maternity service to be admitted (91.9%). There was a direct positive effect on reception for childbirth from patient´s higher age (SC = 0.094; p0.001) and more schooling (SC = 0.096; p0.001). Cesarean delivery had a direct negative effect (SC = -0.059; p0.002), and black and brown skin color had direct and indirect negative effects (SC = -0.081; p0.001 and SC = -0.014; p0.001). Older postpartum women and those with more schooling and vaginal delivery had a more positive perception of their reception by maternity services.Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e reprodutivos associados ao acolhimento ao parto em estabelecimentos de saúde vinculados à Rede Cegonha no Brasil, na perspectiva das usuárias. Foram selecionados 606 serviços com amostra de 10.540 puérperas. O desfecho foi a variável latente acolhimento da puérpera, composta por cinco indicadores: apresentação dos profissionais com nome e função, chamar a gestante pelo nome, compreensão das informações dadas, se sentir bem tratada e respeitada e ter as necessidades respondidas pela equipe. As variáveis explicativas foram: idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, situação conjugal, tipo de parto, paridade e peregrinação. Foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais. Observaram-se maiores percentuais de mulheres com idade de 20 a 34 anos (68,31%), que se autodeclararam como pardas (56,3%), com escolaridade entre 9 e 11 anos de estudo (56,1%) e que tinham companheiro (78,8%). Houve predominância de puérperas que tiveram parto vaginal (56,6%), com um a dois filhos (46%) e que relataram não peregrinar (91,9%). Apresentaram efeito direto positivo sobre o acolhimento mulheres com maior idade (CP = 0,094; p0,001) e maior escolaridade (CP = 0,096; p0,001). O parto cesáreo apresentou efeito direto negativo (CP = -0,059; p0,002) e cor da pele preta e parda apresentou efeitos direto e indireto negativos (CP = -0,081; p0,001 e CP = -0,014; p0,001). Puérpera com maior idade, maior escolaridade e que tiveram parto vaginal tiveram percepção mais positiva do acolhimento nos serviços de saúde.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores sociodemográficos y reproductivos, asociados a la acogida en el parto, en establecimientos de salud vinculados a la Red Cegonha en Brasil, desde la perspectiva de las usuarias. Se seleccionaron 606 servicios en una muestra de 10.540 puérperas. El resultado fue la variable latente de acogida de la puérpera, compuesta por cinco indicadores: presentación de los profesionales con nombre y función, llamar a la gestante por el nombre, comprensión de la información proporcionada, sentirse bien tratada y respetada y contar con las necesidades cubiertas por el equipo. Las variables explicativas fueron: edad, escolaridad, color de piel, situación conyugal, tipo de parto, paridad y desplazamientos largos. Se utilizó un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se observaron mayores porcentajes de mujeres con una edad comprendida entre los 20 a los 34 años (68,31%), que se autodeclararon mestizas (56,3%), con una escolaridad entre 9 y 11 años de estudio (56,1%) y que tenían compañero (78,8%). Hubo una predominancia de puérperas que tuvieron un parto vaginal (56,6%), con de 1 a 2 hijos (46%) y que informaron no realizar grandes desplazamientos (91,9%). Presentaron un efecto directo positivo sobre la acogida mujeres con mayor edad (CP = 0,094; p0,001) y mayor escolaridad (CP = 0,096; p0,001). El parto por cesárea presentó un efecto directo negativo (CP = -0,059; p0,002) y color de la piel negra y mestiza presentó efectos directo e indirecto negativos (CP = -0,081; p0,001 e CP = -0,014; p0,001). Puérperas con mayor edad, mayor escolaridad y que tuvieran parto vaginal tuvieron una percepción más positiva de acogida en los servicios de salud.

A presença de acompanhante de livre escolha durante o parto é uma prática humanizada percebida de forma positiva pelas mulheres que a vivenciam. Este artigo analisou os desejos, expectativas e experiências de mulheres no período gravídico-puerperal em relação à presença de acompanhante de livre escolha durante o parto. Realizamos pesquisa qualitativa em Hospital Universitário de capital do nordeste brasileiro a partir entrevistas no pré-natal e no pós-parto, observação no momento do parto e consulta em prontuário. Os dados foram analisados através da Análise de Conteúdo, na modalidade temática. Participaram da pesquisa 18 mulheres. As categorias identificadas foram “O desejo por ter acompanhante”, “Expectativa: incerteza pela presença de acompanhante de livre escolha” e “Experiência: a presença de acompanhante como um direito em construção”. As mulheres desejavam a presença de acompanhante mas as expectativas demonstraram incerteza quanto à presença desta figura durante o parto. As mulheres desejavam, na maioria, ter o companheiro como acompanhante. As experiências demonstraram que todas tiveram acompanhante, porém não em todos os momentos do parto. Consideramos que os desejos com relação à presença de acompanhante foram distintos das expectativas; algumas destas expectativas mostraram-se congruentes às experiências. A implementação integral da prática estudada ainda se mostra um desafio.

Evidence exists on the health impacts of the current COVID-19 pandemic on health workers, but less is known about its impact on their work dynamics and livelihoods. This matters, as health workers—and physicians in particular—are a scarce and expensive resource in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our cross-sectional survey set out to explore changes in working hours and earnings during the second year of the pandemic in a representative sample of 1183 physicians in Brazil’s São Paulo (SP) and Maranhão (MA) states. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were employed to explore differences in working hours and earnings among public and private sector physicians across the two locations. The workloads and earnings of doctors working exclusively in the public sector increased the most in the second year of the epidemic, particularly in MA. Conversely, the largest proportion of private-only doctors in our sample saw a decrease in their working hours (48.4%, 95% CI 41.8–55.0), whereas the largest proportion of public-only doctors in MA saw an increase in their working hours (44.4%, 95% CI 38.0–50.8). Although earnings remained broadly stable in the public sector, a third of public sector-only physicians in MA saw an increase in their earnings (95% CI 24.4–36.2). More than half of private-only doctors across both states saw a decrease in their earnings (52.2%, 95% CI 45.6–58.8). The largest proportion of dual practitioners (the majority in Brazil and in our sample) maintained their pre-pandemic levels of income (38.8%, 95% CI 35.3–42.3). As public-sector doctors have been key in the fight against the pandemic, it is critical to invest in these cadres in order to develop epidemic preparedness in LMICs, and to find new ways to harness for-profit actors to deliver social benefits.

Resumo Em 2015, no Brasil, houve uma epidemia de microcefalia que foi associada à infecção pelo vírus Zika. A condição destas crianças impulsionou os pais a percorrerem um caminho em busca por tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o itinerário terapêutico percorrido por pais e/ou cuidadores de crianças com microcefalia pelo vírus Zika nos setores de atenção à saúde. Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, realizada em um Centro de Referência em Neurodesenvolvimento, no período de abril de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018, com pais e/ou cuidadores de crianças com microcefalia pelo vírus Zika. A amostra obedeceu aos critérios de saturação de sentidos. Foram feitas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas, gravadas e transcritas. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática. Os resultados demostraram desorientação e incertezas na busca pelo cuidado nos setores de saúde. O setor mais procurado foi o profissional, seguido pelo informal e popular. As informações veiculadas na mídia e redes sociais, que fazem parte do setor informal, contribuíram para esclarecer o significado da microcefalia e vírus Zika e auxiliou na busca por tratamento. O cuidado na rede de Atenção à Saúde foi marcado pela peregrinação. Diante de uma situação nova e emergencial, o caminho percorrido, entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento, foi árduo. Abstract In 2015, there was an epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil that was associated with infection by the Zika virus. The condition of these children obliged the parents to embark on a quest in search of treatment. The scope of this study was to establish the therapeutic itinerary pursued in healthcare sectors by parents and/or caregivers of children with microcephaly due to the Zika virus. It involved qualitative research, conducted at a Center of Reference on Neurodevelopment between April 2017 and February 2018, with parents and/or caregivers of children with microcephaly caused by the Zika virus. The sample complied with the criteria of saturation. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed, and content analysis was applied. The results revealed disorientation and uncertainties in the search for care in the health sector. The most sought-after sector was the professional sector, followed by the informal sector. The information conveyed in the media and social networks, which constitute part of the informal sector, helped to clarify the significance of microcephaly and the Zika virus and assisted in the search for treatment. Care in the healthcare network was marked by difficulties and, faced with a new and emergency situation, the route between diagnosis and treatment was arduous.

This article aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication in adolescents. Cross-sectional study, nested in cohort, with 2,515 adolescents aged 18-19 years born in São Luís-MA. The use of medication in the last 15 days without a medical prescription or by a qualified professional was considered self-medication. Factors associated with self-medication were evaluated using Poisson regression with robust variances and hierarchical selection of variables. Medicines were used in the last 15 days by 48.05% of adolescents. Among these, 70.09% use it without a prescription or indication from another health professional. The most used medications for self-medication were “over the counter” (93.68%). Self-medication was positively associated with female gender (PR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.25-1.59), screen time ≥5h/day (PR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.05-1.67) and self-reported diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (PR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.02-1.39); however, negatively associated with self-satisfaction with health (PR: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.67-0.94) and hospitalization in the previous year (PR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.50-0.97). Self-medication was common among adolescents and to reduce this practice, greater attention should be given to women, individuals with intense exposure to meshes and allergic diseases.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar práticas de atenção ao parto e nascimento em maternidades do Norte e Nordeste brasileiros. Avaliação qualitativa realizada em 91 maternidades no Norte e 181 no Nordeste do Brasil. A técnica de pesquisa foi a observação sistematizada, realizada por 44 avaliadores previamente treinados e registrada em diário de campo. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Os núcleos temáticos encontrados foram: Desafios da Gestão Colegiada; Desafios para o enfrentamento da Violência Obstétrica; e Potencial do processo avaliativo na indução de mudanças. Foram identificados avanços na implantação de boas práticas na gestão do cuidado e atenção à saúde, embora algumas maternidades ainda reproduzam um modelo hierárquico, sem espaços colegiados de gestão e com práticas de violência obstétrica. Situações de risco em gestantes justificaram menor adesão dos profissionais de saúde às boas práticas, ainda que ações em direção à humanização também tenham sido visibilizadas. Identificou-se a potência do processo avaliativo na indução de mudanças. Foram evidenciadas mudanças em direção às boas práticas preconizadas pela Rede Cegonha, tanto na gestão quanto na atenção, mas são muitos os desafios frente ao predomínio de um modelo de gestão hierárquico associado a um modelo de atenção com práticas intervencionistas.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with hesitancy in getting the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from October 19 to 30, 2020. The estimates were calculated based on clustering, stratification, and non-response. A three-stage sampling was adopted, considering stratum, census tracts, and domicile. After systematic analysis, thirty sectors were selected in each stratum, totaling 150 sectors. Each sector contained a fixed number of 34 households, thus totaling 5,100 households. One individual within each household (resident for at least six months and aged one year or more) was selected by a simple random sampling. We questioned participants about their vaccination intention. Univariate association between independent variables and the outcome were verified using descriptive analysis (weighted frequencies) and Pearson's chi-square test (p < 0.05). Robust multivariate analysis was performed using a three-level hierarchical model. RESULTS: We found 17.5% (95%CI 16.1–19.1%) of the 4,630 individuals interviewed to report hesitancy to be vaccinated against covid-19. After final model adjustment, vaccination hesitancy was statistically higher among residents of the cities of Imperatriz (24.0%; RP = 1.48; IC95% 1.09–2.02) and municipalities of the Grande Ilha de São Luís (20.7%; RP = 1.34; 95%CI 1.02–1.76), female individuals (19.8%; RP = 1.44; 95%CI 1.20–1.75), older adults (22.8%; RP = 1.79; IC95% 1.30–2.46), evangelicals (24.1%; RP = 1.49; 95%CI 1.24–1.79), and those without reported symptoms (18.6%; RP = 1.24; 95%CI 1.02–1.51). We found no statistical differences for other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, as well as variables related to the labor market, behaviors, and health conditions of the interviewees. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy in Maranhão and its association with individual, contextual, and clinical factors enable us to identify the groups and contexts of greatest resistance, requiring special attention from public strategies to ensure wide vaccination.

O estudo avaliou os atributos essenciais e derivados da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na perspectiva dos usuários e profissionais de 35 Unidades de Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brasil. Os dados de 73 profissionais e 386 usuários foram coletados em entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Para os profissionais, o resultado foi satisfatório no escore geral (7,54), escore essencial (7,28) e escore derivado (8,02), exceto no atributo acesso de primeiro contato. Os usuários avaliaram como insatisfatório todos os atributos. As divergências encontradas revelaram que as demandas da população não são atendidas nesse nível de atenção à saúde. Se a população não acessa os serviços, não se beneficia de nenhum dos outros atributos dessa modalidade de atenção. El estudio evaluó los atributos esenciales y derivados de la Atención Primaria de la Salud desde la perspectiva de los usuarios y profesionales de 35 Unidades de Salud en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de São José de Ribamar, estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos de 73 profesionales y 386 usuarios se colectaron en entrevistas utilizando Primary Care Assessment Tool. Para los profesionales el resultado fue satisfactorio en el Puntaje General (7,54), Puntaje Esencial (7,28) y Puntaje Derivado (8,02), excepto en el atributo acceso del primer contacto. Los usuarios evaluaron como insatisfactorios todos los atributos. Las divergencias encontradas revelaron que las demandas de la población no se atienden en ese nivel de atención de la salud. Si la población no tiene acceso a los servicios, no se beneficia de ninguno de los demás atributos de esa modalidad de atención. This study assessed the essential and derivative attributes of primary health care from the perspective of health service users and professionals from 35 primary health facilities in São José de Ribamar in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Data were collected from 73 professionals and 386 service users through interviews based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The health professionals rated all attributes except first-contact care as satisfactory (overall score = 7.54, essential attributes score = 7.28, and derivative attributes score = 8.02), while the service users rated all attributes as unsatisfactory. The differences in perceptions between health professionals and service users reveal that the population’s health needs are not being met at this level of care. If the population fails to access services, it fails to benefit from any of the other attributes of this level of care.